Yolande from Flanders

This article deals with the regent of the County Bar; for the Empress of the Latin Empire, see Jolante von Flanders .

Yolande von Flanders (also Yolande de Dampierre , Yolande de Cassel and Yolande de Bar , born September 15, 1326 in Alluyes Castle , † December 12, 1395 at La Motte-aux-Bois Castle near Nieppe ), the daughter of Robert de Cassel , Seigneur de Marle et de Cassel , was a politically active woman in northern and eastern France.

Life

Yolande grew up as a relative of Joan of Burgundy , the first wife of Philip of Valois at the French royal court. Her brother died young when she was only a few years old herself; she inherited its apanage , d. H. especially Flandre maritime (now roughly the Dunkerque arrondissement ). She was promised to be a wife to Ludwig von Male , the future Count of Flanders, but then married another relative, Heinrich IV von Bar , son of Edward I von Bar and Maria von Burgundy , in 1338 at the age of 12 with church dispensation . She became a mother for the first time when she was 13. Heinrich died six years after the wedding, leaving behind two children aged five and one year. The 18-year-old Yolande took over the reign until her son Edward II came of age , but had to fight against Peter von Bar, Lord of Pierrefort , and Theobald von Bar, Lord of Pierrepont , who wanted to take part in the reign. In alliances with Philip VI. of France and Duke Rudolf of Lorraine , she managed to keep the role of cousins ​​small.

Eduard was declared of legal age on October 10, 1349. The following year, the troops of Marie de Châtillon , regent of Lorraine, and the Count of Salm devastated the county of Bar. In retaliation, Yolande, Eduard and Adhémar de Monteil , Bishop of Metz , ravaged the area around Nancy . An armistice ended the conflict on August 14, 1351. Edward II died the following year. His brother Robert I succeeded him, but was only seven years old himself.

The problem of regency was now different from what it was seven years earlier. Yolande was about to remarry: Philip of Navarre , Count of Longueville , who contested the throne of John II of France . On the other hand, Johanna von Bar, Countess of Surrey and daughter of Henry III. von Bar , let King John II know that she was ready to take over the reign. The parlement in Paris decided on June 5, 1352 that bar was in the hands of the king, who then transferred the regency to Johanna von Bar on July 27, 1352. Yolande, who had initially renounced the reign, reconsidered her decision and raised troops to fight Jeanne de Bar. In October 1353, after their remarriage, Philip of Navarre took part in the defense of Bars, into which the Lorrainers had invaded. He was arrested and imprisoned by Heinrich von Bar, Herr von Pierrefort. After King John's arrest and intervention, Yolande renounced the reign.

After his release in 1356, Philip of Navarre joined the cause of his brother Charles II , known as "the Evil", King of Navarre , who was in captivity with the King of France. He allied himself in Normandy with Edward III. of England and opened the Seine valley to the English by entrenching himself in Évreux . With his brother Louis of Navarre , he called King John and his son Charles, the future King Charles V out. However, he did not succeed in subjugating the entire province. On September 19, 1356 he fought at the Battle of Poitiers at the head of the forces of Navarre under the command of the Black Prince .

The defeat of the French army deprived Johanna von Bar of the support of the King of France, who had been captured. Yolande took over the reign again and her son Robert was knighted in December 1356. On November 8, 1359 he was declared of legal age. In 1354 Emperor Charles IV raised the county of Bar to a duchy - Bar was an imperial fiefdom, although the count had been a vassal of the King of France for half a century in relation to the land on the left of the Meuse . When he married Mary of France, daughter of John II, in 1364, he was the son-in-law of the old and brother-in-law of the new French king, through the mother of his wife, Jutta von Luxemburg , and nephew of the emperor. Johann II died on April 8, 1364, on May 19 Robert took part in Charles V's coronation in Reims.

Philip of Navarre joined the Treaty of Brétigny between France, England and Navarre in 1360 . His brother Karl became his deputy in France and Normandy. After his reconciliation with the king, he fought alongside Bertrand du Guesclin . In 1363 he was asked by Charles V to accompany him on a crusade and gave him his powers in this project. Philpp of Navarre died, however, on August 29, 1363 in Vernon without an heir, whereupon Charles V offered Philip's county to Bertrud du Guesclin, who had just won the battle of Cocherel against Navarre. Yolande of Flanders, Philip's widow, opposed du Guesclin to secure her widow claims to the county, but she only got her husband's debts.

In 1370 the relations between Yolande and Peter von Bar deteriorated after the Lord von Pierrefort had made a series of attacks. Charles V himself called on Yolande to take measures to restore order. In October / November 1370 they made the mistake of arresting Heinrich von Bar in Vincennes , i.e. on the territory of the king. The king, in turn, seemed to have forgotten his request for the restoration of order, resented Yolande's initiative and now invoked lese majesty . Yolande was arrested in 1371 and in the Temple blocked and impeded their case nor their escape .: the person was arrested and brought again to the temple. In Flanders, the superiors intervene in their favor. In 1373 she was released for a ransom of 18,000 livres .

In 1378 the occidental schism began , Ludwig von Male supported Urban VI. , Yolande, on the other hand, Clemens VII , did not get rid of the debts of her deceased husband. The English, who supported Urban, invaded France on a “Despenser's Crusade” and sacked Dunkerque , Yolande fled to her Hôtel de Cassel in Paris.

On October 1, 1388, she began a trial before the Parlement in Paris against Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy and Count of Flanders, on the grounds that he wanted to enact laws in the cities that belonged to her, even though she was the only one authorized to do so. On May 25, 1389, the parliament approved her. After her relationship with the Duke had calmed down again in 1391, she received 1400 livres from Philip the Bold in exchange for claims she made on the cities of Watten and Bergues .

Towards the end of her life, Yolande stayed frequently in her castle La Motte-aux-Bois, where she also died. She was buried in cash .

Marriage and offspring

From her marriage to Heinrich IV. Von Bar she had three children:

1. Eduard († young)
2. Eduard II (* 1339, † 1352), Count of Bar
3. Robert I (* 1344, † 1411), Count and later Duke of Bar, Marquis de Pont-à-Mousson , Seigneur de Cassel

In 1344 she became a widow, in 1353 she married Philip of Navarre († 1363), brother of Charles II the Evil , King of Navarre. No offspring from this marriage

literature

• Michelle Bubenicek, Quand les femmes gouvernent, droit et politique au XIVe siècle: Yolande de Flandre , Paris, École nationale des chartes , Collection Mémoires et documents de l'École des Chartes , No. 64, 2002, ISBN 2-900791-49- 9
• Michelle Bubenicek, Yolande de Flande , biographical note in: Dictionnaire des femmes de l'Ancien Régime , Société internationale pour l'étude des femmes de l'Ancien Régime, 2008
• J.-J. Carlier, Henri d'Oisy, fragment d'études historiques , in: Mémoire de la Société dunkerquoise pour l'encouragement des sciences, des lettres et des arts , 1857, published 1858, Dunkerque, ( online )
• Stéphane Curveiller, Dunkerque: ville et port de Flandre à la fin du Moyen Âge.
• Joseph Kervyn de Lettenhove , Froissart: étude littéraire sur le XIVe siècle , Volume 1
• Mémoire de la Société dunkerquoise pour l'encouragement des sciences, des lettres et des arts , 1853–1854, p. 173 ( online )

Remarks

1. ^ Carlier, p. 93
2. ↑ Bubenicek, 2002, p. 224
3. ↑ Bubenicek, p. 209
4. ↑ Bubenicek, p. 248
5. ↑ Bubenicek, p. 252
6. ↑ Bubenicek, p. 260
7. ↑ Curve Iller, p 229
8. ↑ Curveiller, p. 20
9. ^ Bubenicek, S: 209
10. ↑ Carlier, pp. 101 and 112
11. ↑ Carlier, p. 113
12. ↑ Mémoire, p. 173
13. ^ Carlier, p. 128