Tooth scheme

Plexiglass model of the adult dentition

A tooth scheme is a system for tooth names with which teeth are clearly named in their position in the jaw and in the dental arch . Internationally, the dental scheme of the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) is mainly used in dentistry . In addition, the American tooth chart is used in the USA and the Palmer tooth chart in the United Kingdom . Furthermore, the tooth schemes according to Zsigmondy and Haderup are of historical and local importance. A total of around 40 different tooth schemes have been developed worldwide.

Dental schemes are used both for the documentation of findings ( tooth status ) and for treatment planning and the creation of a treatment and cost plan . They are used for communication between doctors , dentists , dental assistants , dental technicians , health insurance companies and private health insurance companies . They are also used for oral epidemiological studies and in international communication. In the forensic dentistry and forensic medicine the documentation based on the tooth pattern in the identity verification of unknown remains and analysis of bite marks on. The comparison of the tooth status in the tooth chart of the unknown with that of a missing person is a primary identification method in addition to fingerprint comparison and DNA analysis .

The Triadan tooth scheme is used by veterinarians on dogs, cats and horses.

Tooth formula of man

2	·	1	·	2	·	3	=  32
2	·	1	·	2	·	3

Permanent dentition

The tooth formula is an overview of the teeth that occur. It is only shown for one half of the upper and lower jaw (in the formula in the right picture: both left halves of the dentition). Bits are always vertically mirror-symmetrical. Each quadrant consists of two incisors, one canine, two premolars and three molars: 2 • 1 • 2 • 3rd (4 × 8 = 32).

The human dentition is heterodont ( ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros , German 'different' ; ὀδόντ odont tooth), which means that it contains different tooth shapes :

• Dens incisivus (medialis / lateralis; superior / inferior) - Incisivus (incisor)
• Dens caninus (superior / inferior) - Caninus (canine)
• Dens premolaris (primus / secundus; superior / inferior) - premolar (premolar)
• Dens molaris (primus / secundus / tertius (Dens serotinus or sapientiae); superior / inferior) - molar (molar)

The first large molar is also called the six-year molar because it usually erupts around the age of six.

2	·	1	·	2	·	0	=  20
2	·	1	·	2	·	0

Milk teeth

The human dentition is diphyodont ( ancient Greek διφυής diphyḗs , German 'double' ), which means that it is subject to a change of teeth :

• Baby teeth : first (lacteal) dentition
• Permanent teeth: Second (permanent) dentition (change of teeth)

The human set of teeth is also thekodont ( ancient Greek θήκη thḗkē , German 'Fach' ), which means that the teeth are anchored in the jaw in a bone compartment .

It is brachyodont ( ancient Greek βραχύς brachýs , German 'short' ), the teeth consist of a low crown and fully developed roots that are longer than the crown.

The molars are known as bunodont ( ancient Greek βουνός bounos , German 'hill' ) because they are provided with cusps. If there are four cusps, the teeth are oligobunodont (ὀλίγος olígos few), with more cusps they are polybunodont (πολύς polýs many). Bunodonte teeth characterize the " omnivorous dentition ".

• 

  Right - "paper form" - left

• 

  Right - permanent dentition - left

view

As is usual in medicine, all schemes are based on page designations from the patient's point of view, not from the viewer's point of view. The arrangement in the records is how the dentist sees the teeth, i.e. viewed from the front, i.e. viewed from the front. H. the right side of the dentition is written on the left in the diagram. If you as a patient look at a documented dental scheme (for example in paper form), you can see your teeth like in a photo, not like in a mirror. The right half of his teeth can therefore be seen "on paper" on the left and vice versa.

The various common and former dental schemes are shown below.

The most common dental schemes

FDI tooth scheme

The FDI dental scheme is named after the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI), the world dental association, which in 1970 at its annual conference in Bucharest approved this dental scheme developed by the Berlin university professor Joachim Viohl with an absolute majority as an internationally valid dental scheme. It has been used consistently in German-speaking countries since then.

history

Dental scheme according to Viohl

80-column punch card with the EBCDIC character set developed in 1964 .

In 1928, IBM patented an 80-column punched card format with rectangular holes, which was widely used as the IBM card until the 1970s . It was used as a data carrier in System / 360 , a mainframe architecture from IBM . The Free University of Berlin had been using a tooth scheme since 1960 that was based on this punch card format and was developed in 1924 by Joachim Viohl (* 1933) based on an idea by the Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet (1874–1929). George B. Denton (1885–1963) proposed a similar system in 1963 - shortly before his death - but with different quadrant numbering. Due to the limitation to 80 columns, equal to 80 characters, the tooth designations in the tooth scheme were reduced to just two digits per tooth. The 32 teeth of the human dentition could be represented and recorded with 64 digits, equal to 64 characters. The term “upper, right, permanent, first molar” became the abbreviation “16”. The entry into data processing was thus created.

FDI

When the FDI was looking for a uniform, internationally recognized system for tooth designations for international communication, in particular for examinations in the context of forensic dentistry , Viohl proposed his two-digit system for designating teeth to the FDI special committee for uniform findings of the Subcommittee on Forensic Odontology . Due to the many years of successful use of the documentation of dental findings at the Dental Clinic of the Free University of Berlin, his proposal was the solution for the FDI. It has since also by the World Health Organization ( Engl. : World Health Organization , WHO) called WHO odontogram (ger .: WHO Tooth numbering system ) and the International Association for Dental Research (IADR, dt .: International Society for dental Research '). It is also known as ISO 3950 notation . It is also called the two-digit system .

Systematics of the dental scheme

• 

  FDI tooth scheme: quadrant division

• 

  Primary dentition with FDI tooth scheme

• 

  Tooth model with FDI tooth diagram upper jaw (without wisdom teeth)

• 

  Tooth model with FDI tooth scheme lower jaw (without wisdom teeth)

A quadrant is one half of the jaw. The dentition thus consists of four quadrants. In the FDI scheme, the quadrant number is placed in front of the code number of the tooth. The quadrants are numbered counterclockwise from the patient's point of view, starting with the upper jaw on the right. The quadrants were numbered in accordance with the procedure that was already common at that time for the investigation, which is carried out “in a circle”. The teeth, in turn, are numbered from the center backwards. The upper right canine is labeled with the code number “13”. The "1" stands for the upper right quadrant, the "3" for the third tooth calculated from the middle. The lower left first premolar is given the code number "34".

Since this is a two-digit identifier and not a two-digit number, the digits are named one after the other and no number is formed from them; it is therefore called “one-three” and “three-four”, not “thirteen” and “thirty-four”.

The deciduous tooth quadrants are numbered accordingly from 5 to 8, so that the upper left lateral incisor is given the code numbers "62" (six-two), the lower right second deciduous molar the code number "85" (eight-five). This sometimes met with criticism, since the milk teeth erupt first and therefore the quadrant division of the milk teeth should have been 1, 2, 3, 4 and for the permanent teeth 5, 6, 7, 8, as Pirquet had originally suggested.

FDI tooth scheme (according to Viohl)

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
18th	17th	16	15th	14th	13	12	11	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28
48	47	46	45	44	43	42	41	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			55	54	53	52	51	61	62	63	64	65
			85	84	83	82	81	71	72	73	74	75
bottom right								bottom left

Incisors (incisors) , canini (canines) , premolars (premolar teeth) , molars (molars)

Treatment and cost plan with printed FDI tooth scheme. The findings and the treatment plan are entered in the lines above and below.

application

For the FDI scheme there are stamps or stickers with which the scheme is entered in the patient card in order to record the dental findings there. The FDI scheme is already printed in other tabs. In 1979 Siemens introduced a computer program for practice administration called Sirodata . A new keyboard was developed for this purpose , which had two additional rows of keys with the tooth information of the FDI scheme for simplified electronic recording of findings above the usual keys. In practice management systems , the FDI tooth chart is programmed in prescribed forms, such as the treatment plan imprinted for statutory health insurance in Germany. (When filling out a treatment and cost plan for patients with statutory health insurance in Germany, special rules and abbreviations apply .)

Assessment recording

The dentist records the results of the dentition during the preventive examination in the dental chart . This includes, above all, the entry of missing , carious , destroyed, crowned , bridged and replaced teeth, existing implants , retained (not erupted) and teeth to be extracted . Periodontological and orthodontic findings are also documented in extended diagnostic schemes . The entries are made with abbreviations, usually with the first letters of the findings, for example “f” for a missing tooth, “e” for a tooth that has been replaced. These abbreviations are entered at the respective tooth designation. On a large scale, this information is used for evaluations within epidemiological and scientific studies. The recording of the findings is one of the documentation obligations of the dentist according to § 630f BGB.

Examples of findings in the tooth scheme:

• f = absent
• z = destroyed
• c = carious
• x = worth extracting
• e = replaced
• k = crown
• b = pontic
• i = implant

For further designations see position and direction designations on the teeth

Tilted or elongated (seemingly elongated) teeth are characterized in the diagnostic chart with arrows that indicate the direction of the tilt, elongation or tooth migration : → or ←, ↑ or ↓. A gap closure is indicated by two opposite brackets) (. If the gap has been closed by tooth migration, additional arrows are indicated before or after the brackets: →) (←, depending on whether the tooth located distal or medial to the gap has migrated.

Treatment planning

Dental schemes are also used for treatment planning. In order to be able to distinguish between findings and plans, findings are entered in lower case letters and treatment plans in capital letters. The following entry in the FDI tooth scheme shows the finding in the left upper jaw that tooth 26 is missing (f) and teeth 25 and 27 are carious (c). The planning therefore provides for a bridge : teeth 25 and 27 will be fitted with a crown (K), the missing tooth 26 will be bridged with a pontic (B).

Fully veneered ceramic bridge 27–25

Example of treatment planning in the FDI tooth scheme

top right								top left
												K	B.	K		planning
												c	f	c		Finding
18th	17th	16	15th	14th	13	12	11	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28	Tooth designation
48	47	46	45	44	43	42	41	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38
																Finding
																planning
bottom right								bottom left

OMS dental scheme

In 1981 an attempt was made to differentiate the teeth more clearly according to the quadrants in the FDI tooth scheme. In this developed OMS odontogram ( Engl .: oral & maxillofacial surgery tooth numbering system ) dental terms of FDI odontogram been added to a point between the digits, ie 1.1 instead of 11, or 4.5 instead of 45, to separate debate - as stated above - to underline. However, it did not catch on. P. S. Sharma and P. Wadhwa suggested connecting the two digits with a hyphen, i.e. 1-1 instead of 11 or 4-5 instead of 45. They wanted to help avoid any risk of confusion with the American tooth scheme.

The American tooth scheme

In the American tooth scheme (Universal Numbering System) , which was developed in 1883 by the British George Cunningham (1852-1919) based on an idea by Gustav Julius Parreidt (1849-1933), the teeth are starting with the upper right wisdom tooth and ending with the lower right wisdom tooth Numbered clockwise from 1 to 32. It continues to be used with preference in the USA and has been the official tooth scheme of the American Dental Association (ADA) since 1975 . There is no marking of the quadrants. The upper right canine is given the code number “6”, the lower left first premolar the code number “21”. The deciduous teeth are labeled with the letters “A” to “T” starting from the top right and clockwise, so that the upper left lateral incisor is labeled “G” and the lower right second deciduous molar is labeled “T”. Alternatively, the milk teeth are also numbered consecutively and given a following "d" (from deciduous dentition ) as a distinguishing feature . The right upper deciduous molar is given either the designation "A" or "1d"

In the American tooth scheme, the teeth are noted in such a way that the tooth on the right from the patient's point of view is noted on the right in the scheme from the dentist's point of view. The upper right wisdom tooth from the patient's point of view is therefore entered in the diagram at the top right. The patient therefore sees his dental scheme in the American system - in contrast to the FDI dental scheme - as in the mirror.

American dental scheme

Permanent dentition
top left								top right
16	15th	14th	13	12	11	10	9	8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1
17th	18th	19th	20th	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28	29	30th	31	32
bottom left								bottom right
Deciduous teeth
top left								top right
			J	I.	H	G	F.	E.	D.	C.	B.	A.
			K	L.	M.	N	O	P	Q	R.	S.	T
bottom left								bottom right
Alternative names for milk teeth
top left								top right
			10d	9d	8d	7d	6d	5d	4d	3d	2d	1d
			11d	12d	13d	14d	15d	16d	17d	18d	19d	20d
bottom left								bottom right

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

The use of the American dental scheme is not uniform, so that a notation is also used in which the teeth - as in the FDI dental scheme - are recorded from the patient's point of view.

Universal numbering system

Only the way of recording in the American tooth scheme can change; the name of the tooth itself does not change. For example, the upper right wisdom tooth always has the tooth designation “1” in both variants.

Alternate universal numbering system

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	13	14th	15th	16
32	31	30th	29	28	27	26th	25th	24	23	22nd	21st	20th	19th	18th	17th
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			A.	B.	C.	D.	E.	F.	G	H	I.	J
			T	S.	R.	Q	P	O	N	M.	L.	K
Alternative names for deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			1d	2d	3d	4d	5d	6d	7d	8d	9d	10d
			20d	19d	18d	17d	16d	15d	14d	13d	12d	11d
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Modifications of the universal numbering system are used in the US armed forces:

U.S. Army Dental Scheme

In the US Army tooth scheme , the permanent teeth of the upper jaw are numbered from the middle to the back from 1 to 8, in the lower jaw from 9 to 16. The milk teeth in the upper jaw are each numbered from the middle with the letters A to E and im Lower jaw designated with the letters F to J.

Army system

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
16	15th	14th	13	12	11	10	9	9	10	11	12	13	14th	15th	16
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.
			J	I.	H	G	F.	F.	G	H	I.	J
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

U.S. Navy Tooth Scheme

The US Navy uses the universal numbering system, but with the difference that the numbering starts in the right jaw and not “in a circle”. In the deciduous dentition, either letters or Roman numerals are used in the same system.

Navy system

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	13	14th	15th	16
17th	18th	19th	20th	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28	29	30th	31	32
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			A.	B.	C.	D.	E.	F.	G	H	I.	J
			K	L.	M.	N	O	P	Q	R.	S.	T
Deciduous teeth (alternative)
top right								top left
			I.	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX	X
			XI	XII	XIII	XIV	XV	XVI	XVII	XVIII	XIX	XX
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Zsigmondy tooth scheme

This dental scheme was developed in 1861 by Adolph Zsigmondy (1816–1880). It is also known as the Old German System . It can still be found in older records in index cards.

He assigned the teeth to their quadrant by a right angle with a horizontal and a vertical leg, which represents the midline and the occlusal plane. The horizontal line of the angle is below the number in the upper jaw teeth and above it in the lower jaw. The vertical part of the angle is in the first and fourth quadrants to the right of the number, in the second and third to the left. The upper right canine is labeled 3 , the lower left first premolar is labeled 4 . The following is spoken: "top right three" or "bottom left four".

The milk teeth with Roman numerals referred, so that the upper left lateral incisor the marking II is obtained, the lower right second deciduous molar labeling V .

Tooth model of an adult (without wisdom teeth)
top left in the picture tooth 7

bottom left in the picture tooth 7

In an earlier variant, the slash "/" (for top) and the backslash "\" (for bottom) - (slash and backslash) - were used, which were placed in front of the number (for left) or after (for right). The upper right canine was marked 3 / earlier, later 3 , the lower left first premolar was marked \ 4, later 4 .

Zsigmondy tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			V	IV	III	II	I.	I.	II	III	IV	V
			V	IV	III	II	I.	I.	II	III	IV	V
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Palmer tooth scheme

The dentist Corydon Spencer Palmer (1820–1917, Ohio, USA) retained the Zsigmondy tooth scheme for permanent dentition, but changed it in 1870 for primary dentition. He designated the milk teeth with Latin capital letters to reduce the likelihood of confusion. In the American spelling, the "1" is written as "I" without an upward stroke, which means that in the Zsigmondy tooth scheme, when the tooth is indicated I, it was not possible to differentiate between the milk front tooth and the permanent front tooth. Tooth II was incorrectly read as 11 . That is why Palmer has designated the milk teeth in each quadrant with the letters A to E from the center backwards. The Palmer notation, named after him since then, is preferred by students and dentists in the United Kingdom . But orthodontists and oral surgeons in the USA also prefer to use the Palmer notation.

Palmer notation: lower right central deciduous incisor

Palmer tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.
			E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Dental schemes in comparison

The most common tooth schemes are shown in comparison below. The tooth names of surplus teeth are only given additionally if necessary.

Permanent dentition

Dental schemes in comparison

FDI tooth scheme	right								Left
upper jaw	18th	17th	16	15th	14th	13	12	11	21st	22nd	23	24	25th	26th	27	28
Lower jaw	48	47	46	45	44	43	42	41	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38
American dental scheme	right								Left
upper jaw	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th	9	10	11	12	13	14th	15th	16
Lower jaw	32	31	30th	29	28	27	26th	25th	24	23	22nd	21st	20th	19th	18th	17th
Palmer tooth scheme	right								Left
upper jaw	8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
Lower jaw	8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Deciduous teeth

Right - deciduous teeth - left

Dental schemes in comparison

FDI tooth scheme	right					Left
upper jaw	55	54	53	52	51	61	62	63	64	65
Lower jaw	85	84	83	82	81	71	72	73	74	75
American dental scheme	right					Left
upper jaw	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.	F.	G	H	I.	J
Lower jaw	T	S.	R.	Q	P	O	N	M.	L.	K
Alternative tooth scheme	right					Left
upper jaw	1d	2d	3d	4d	5d	6d	7d	8d	9d	10d
Lower jaw	20d	19d	18d	17d	16d	15d	14d	13d	12d	11d
Palmer tooth scheme	right					Left
upper jaw	E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.
Lower jaw	E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Likelihood of confusion

There is a risk of confusion with the FDI tooth scheme when using tooth names internationally, for example when referring a patient. For example, a dentist using the American system designates the second molar of the left upper half of the jaw with “15” ( fifteen - fifteen). A dentist who uses the international system reads the FDI designation as tooth one-five, i.e. the upper right premolar, the fifth tooth of the first quadrant, although the FDI tooth scheme refers to tooth 27 (two-seven).

Unusual dental schemes

In the older specialist literature in particular, one can find previously common tooth schemes, which are described below.

Tooth scheme according to Haderup

Victor Haderup

In the dental scheme after the Danish dentist Victor Haderup (1845–1913), who developed it in 1891, the teeth are assigned to their quadrant by a plus sign in the upper jaw and a minus sign in the lower jaw. It is also known as the Scandinavian system , or the Danish system . It can be found in older records but is still used today in Denmark and Switzerland. The plus and minus signs are each arranged towards the center line, that is, they are placed after the number in the first and fourth quadrant, and in front of it in the second and third. The upper right canine is labeled “3+” and the lower left first premolar is labeled “–4”. The following is spoken: "top right three" or "bottom left four".

The deciduous teeth are preceded by a “0” so that the upper left lateral deciduous incisor is marked “+02” and the lower right second deciduous molar is marked “05–”. There was previously the variant of prefixing milk teeth with an “l” (for Latin : lacteus , milky) instead of the “0” .

Tooth model of an adult (without wisdom teeth)
top left in the picture tooth 7+
bottom left in the picture tooth 7–

Tooth scheme according to Haderup

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8+	7+	6+	5+	4+	3+	2+	1+	+1	+2	+3	+4	+5	+6	+7	+8
8−	7−	6−	5−	4−	3−	2−	1−	−1	−2	−3	−4	−5	−6	−7	−8
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			05+	04+	03+	02+	01+	+01	+02	+03	+04	+05
			05−	04−	03−	02−	01−	−01	−02	−03	−04	−05
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth (alternative)
top right								top left
			V +	IV +	III +	II +	I +	+ I	+ II	+ III	+ IV	+ V
			V−	IV−	III−	II−	I−	−I	−II	−III	−IV	−V
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

The French tooth scheme

In the French tooth scheme ( French: Numérotation de la denture humaine ) a combination of letters and Arabic or Roman numerals was used in the past. "D" stands for droite ( French right) and "G" for gauche (left). The capital letters are used for the upper jaw, the lower case letters for the lower jaw. The Arabic numerals denote permanent teeth and the Roman numerals the milk teeth.

French tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
D8	D7	D6	D5	D4	D3	D2	D1	G1	G2	G3	G4	G5	G6	G7	G8
d8	d7	d6	d5	d4	d3	d2	d1	g1	g2	g3	g4	g5	g6	g7	g8
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			DV	DIV	DIII	DII	DI	GI	GII	GIII	GIV	GV
			dV	dIV	dIII	dII	dI	gI	gII	gIII	gIV	gV
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Tooth scheme according to Bosworth

The American Bosworth developed his own tooth scheme system. He dispenses with quadrant designations and numbers the teeth of the upper jaw from the middle to the distal (rear) from 1 to 8. In the lower jaw, he uses the letters A to H from the middle, deciduous teeth become a "D" (for deciduous teeth , milk teeth).

Tooth scheme according to Bosworth

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8th	7th	6th	5	4th	3	2	1	1	2	3	4th	5	6th	7th	8th
H	G	F.	E.	D.	C.	B.	A.	A.	B.	C.	D.	E.	F.	G	H
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			D5	D4	D3	D2	D1	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5
			DE	DD	DC	DB	THERE	THERE	DB	DC	DD	DE
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Tooth scheme according to Hillischer

The Viennese dentist Hermann Theodor Hillischer (1850–1926) published a dental scheme in 1885 that marked the quadrants with dots and underlines and overlines. The tooth information was separated by a comma. For example, the point to the right of the number of the tooth was placed in the upper right quadrant, and to the left of the number in the upper left quadrant. The designation was above a line to identify the tooth as belonging to the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the indication of the tooth is below a line. In the case of milk teeth, a colon is placed to the right or left of the tooth instead of the point. However, the numbering of the permanent teeth is used to identify the deciduous molars. Findings are assigned to the respective tooth with letters in brackets, which represent abbreviations for the tooth surfaces. For example, the finding of a permanent, upper, right molar with mesial, coronal and distal caries is recorded as follows:

6 • (mcd) ,

Tooth scheme according to Hillischer

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
8 • ,	7 • ,	6 • ,	5 • ,	4 • ,	3 • ,	2 • ,	1 • ,	• 1 ,	• 2 ,	• 3 ,	• 4 ,	• 5 ,	• 6 ,	• 7 ,	• 8th
8 • ,	7 • ,	6 • ,	5 • ,	4 • ,	3 • ,	2 • ,	1 • ,	• 1 ,	• 2 ,	• 3 ,	• 4 ,	• 5 ,	• 6 ,	• 7 ,	• 8th
bottom right								bottom left
Deciduous teeth
top right								top left
			7 ,	6: ,	3 ,	2 ,	1 ,	: 1 ,	: 2 ,	: 3 ,	: 6 ,	: 7
			7 ,	6: ,	3 ,	2 ,	1 ,	: 1 ,	: 2 ,	: 3 ,	: 6 ,	: 7
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Tooth scheme according to Dubois

In 1890, the French dentist Paul Dubois developed a dental scheme that marked the teeth of the right jaw quadrant with even numbers and the teeth of the left jaw quadrant with odd numbers. In order to distinguish the upper jaw teeth from the lower jaw teeth, the lower jaw tooth information was given an underscore.

Tooth scheme according to Dubois

Permanent dentition
top right								top left
16	14th	12	10	8th	6th	4th	2	1	3	5	7th	9	11	13	15th
16	14th	12	10	8th	6th	4th	2	1	3	5	7th	9	11	13	15th
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Zaryev tooth scheme

The Indian dentist Sonkurla S. Sarjeev is trying a new type of tooth scheme in order to be able to better represent excess teeth. He names the quadrants with lowercase letters from the Greek alphabet . The lower permanent right canine is called "Delta-three", the lower right deciduous canine "Eta-three". 3.1% of men and 2.6% of women have excess teeth. The incidence varies between 0.45% and 3%, depending on the literature, with the largest proportion (80%) being attributable to the mesiodes , an excess central anterior tooth, followed by fourth molars. However, the tooth specifications of the surplus teeth in the Sarjeev system are not clear.

Quadrant designations

Permanent dentition	Deciduous teeth
α alpha	π pi
β beta	ε epsilon
γ gamma	λ lambda
δ delta	η Eta

Zaryev tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
top right (α)								top left (β)
α8	α7	α6	α5	α4	α3	α2	α1	β1	β2	β3	β4	β5	β6	β7	β8
δ8	δ7	δ6	δ5	δ4	δ3	δ2	δ1	γ1	γ2	γ3	γ4	γ5	γ6	γ7	γ8
bottom right (δ)								bottom left (γ)
Deciduous teeth
top right (π)								top left (ε)
			π5	π4	π3	π2	π1	ε1	ε2	ε3	ε4	ε5
			η5	η4	η3	η2	η1	λ1	λ2	λ3	λ4	λ5
bottom right (η)								bottom left (λ)

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

The Latin tooth scheme

Latin tooth scheme (B = P)

The Latin tooth scheme was developed in 1870 by the Salzburg dentist Eduard Mühlreiter (1839-1917) and consists of the first letters of the Latin name for the teeth. The permanent teeth were designated with uppercase letters, the milk teeth with lowercase letters and numbered consecutively. However, the designation was only evident from the entire tooth scheme because, for example, the designation M ₁ did not express which first molar (upper jaw or lower jaw, right or left) it was.

Latin tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
M 3    M 2    M 1   P 2    P 1   C    I 2    I 1	I 1    I 2   C    P 1    P 2   M 1    M 2    M 3
M 3    M 2    M 1   P 2    P 1   C    I 2    I 1	I 1    I 2   C    P 1    P 2   M 1    M 2    M 3
Deciduous teeth
m 2    m 1   c   i 2    i 1	i 1    i 2   c    m 1    m 2
m 2    m 1   c    i 2    i 1	i 1    i 2   c    m 1    m 2

( I - Incisivi , C - Canini , P - Premolars , M - Molars ).

MICAP dental scheme

A new development in 2011 is the MICAP tooth scheme. The abbreviation stands for the first letters of the Latin tooth names, interrupted by the initials of the Malaysian dentist Ashfaq Akram and his development team , i.e. Molar, Incisor, Caninus, Akram, Premolar . The teeth themselves are referred to as ANAASEA letters, which are short for the English continent names Asia, North America, South America, Europe and Africa , meaning that all people on these continents have the same types of teeth. It is more like a tooth formula. For example, in the four corners of the "I" (incisor, incisor) are the numbering of the two incisors, accordingly the two upper right incisors in the upper left corner, the two upper left incisors in the upper right corner and the two lower left incisors in the lower right corner Incisors and in the lower left corner the two lower right incisors. The canines (C), the two premolars (P) and the three molars (M) are numbered in the same way from the middle to the back. The milk teeth differ in that a “d” (for decidous teeth ) is placed after the hash # . The indication # ₂ dM denotes the lower, right, second deciduous molar, the indication #dC ¹ denotes the upper left deciduous canine. In the associated findings sheet ( periodontal status ), two pocket depths of the gingival pockets and the degree of mobility can be entered for each tooth. The other findings and any treatment planning are entered in a findings sheet based on the findings. This means that, for example, all carious teeth are entered with the MICAP designation in a “Caries” field, all missing teeth in the “Missing teeth” field and so on.

Periodontal status in the MICAP tooth scheme

MICAP tooth scheme (I = Incisives, C = Canini, P = Premolars, M = Molars)

Example of a MICAP diagnostic scheme

Dutch tooth scheme

In the Dutch system, an attempt was made to specify the unclear names of the Latin system by adding an additional Latin name as an abbreviation under the respective tooth. It stands

• sd for superior dexter (top right)
• id for inferior dexter (bottom right)
• ss for superior sinister (top left)
• is for inferior sinister (bottom left)

Dutch tooth scheme

Permanent dentition
M 3    M 2    M 1   P 2    P 1   C    I 2    I 1	I 1    I 2   C    P 1    P 2   M 1    M 2    M 3
sd sd sd    sd sd    sd   sd sd	ss ss   ss   ss ss    ss ss ss
M 3    M 2    M 1   P 2    P 1   C    I 2    I 1	I 1    I 2  C    P 1    P 2   M 1    M 2    M 3
id id id    id id     id   id id	is is     is    is is     is is is

( I - Incisivi , C - Canini , P - Premolars , M - Molars ).

Dental schemes with number / letter combinations

Tooth scheme with number / letter combination. (The numbers are not tooth names, but references to the legend).

Based on the French tooth scheme, similar number / letter combinations were used in the different languages ​​for the four quadrants, whereby the teeth are counted from the middle to dorsal (back) as in the FDI tooth scheme:

• English:
  • UR - upper right
  • UL - upper left
  • LR - lower right
  • LL - lower left

"UL3" refers to the canine in the left upper jaw.

• German:
  • OR - top right
  • OL - top left
  • UR - lower right
  • UL - lower left

"UL3" refers to the canine in the left lower jaw in the German tooth scheme.

Historical diagnostic scheme

Historical report scheme (1907)

The SS White Company sold index cards in the USA in 1907 that had been developed by SH Guilford. The findings were entered there with special symbols.

General

Toothless jaw

In the toothless jaw, the jaw areas are also named after the teeth that should be in the respective toothed jaw section. If, for example, tooth 46 is missing (due to failure or after extraction ) and if the missing tooth is to be replaced, for example, by an implant or a bridge member or a partial prosthesis , the toothless jaw area is referred to as 46. The replaced teeth are also given the same name as the permanent teeth.

Hyperdontia

In the case of hyperdontia (excessive number of teeth), the counting continues (except in the American tooth scheme) in the respective system. In the FDI scheme, for example, a (surplus) tooth behind the right upper wisdom tooth , which has the designation 18, is consequently called tooth 19. In all schemes, however, there is the problem of naming a hyperdontia within a closed row of teeth. For example, a surplus front tooth in the lower jaw does not find a clear name. The above-described proposal by Sharma and Wadhwas, namely to connect the two digits of the FDI dental scheme with a hyphen, was again requested in 1986 by the Polish university professor Zdzisław Krysiński and in 1989 by Manuel Alfonso Villa Vigil , the President of the Spanish Dental Association, in order to be able to represent surplus teeth which are particularly common among some ethnic groups. Orthodontists Leo Toureno and Jae Hyun Park suggest adding a letter or a number to the three most common dental schemes. In the American tooth scheme, an excess central lower incisor would be given the designation “24A” (“twenty-four-A”) or “24.1” (“twenty-four-dot-1”); in the FDI tooth scheme, his tooth designation was then “31A” (“three-one-A”) or “31.1” (“three-one-point-1”); In the Palmer / Zsigmondy tooth scheme, the second premolar would be given the designation 5.1 or 5A (pronounced: "lower right five-point-one" or "lower right five-A").

Dental schemes in veterinary medicine

Animal dental schemes are used by veterinarians when they keep treatment records analogous to dentists.

Dental scheme according to Triadan

The naming of teeth in dogs , cats or horses is based on the dentist Hugo Triadan (1930–1987), who developed it in 1972 at the University of Bern . Triadan was based on the FDI human tooth scheme. In the Triadan tooth scheme - to differentiate it from the FDI tooth scheme of humans - the tooth numbers are counted from the middle towards the throat starting with a "0" after the quadrant numbers. The first tooth in each case therefore has the designation "01". It is also called the three-digit system. Accordingly, the upper right first incisor is given the designation “101” (one - zero - one), “1” for the first quadrant, “01” for the first tooth of this quadrant; the lower left canine tooth (canine tooth ) is named "304" (three - zero - four). (Dogs, cats and horses have three incisors per quadrant.) The quadrant numbering in the deciduous dentition is analogous to the FDI tooth scheme with the numbers 5, 6, 7, 8. The permanent dentition of the dog has 42 teeth, that of the cat 30 teeth Horse 36–44 teeth.

Dental scheme according to Triadan

Persistent dog teeth
top right											top left
	110	109	108	107	106	105	104	103	102	101	201	202	203	204	205	206	207	208	209	210
411	410	409	408	407	406	405	404	403	402	401	301	302	303	304	305	306	307	308	309	310	311
bottom right											bottom left
Baby teeth (dog)
top right											top left
			507	506	505		504	503	502	501	601	602	603	604		605	606	607
			807	806	805		804	803	802	801	701	702	703	704		705	706	707
bottom right											bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Dental scheme according to Triadan

Permanent cat teeth
top right								top left
108	107	106	105	104	103	102	101	201	202	203	204	205	206	207	208
407		406	405	404	403	402	401	301	302	303	304	305	306		307
bottom right								bottom left
Baby teeth (cat)
top right								top left
	507	506	505	504	503	502	501	601	602	603	604	605	606	607
		806	805	804	803	802	801	701	702	703	704	705	706
bottom right								bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

Dental scheme according to Triadan

Permanent horse teeth
top right											top left
111	110	109	108	107	106	(105)	(104)	103	102	101	201	202	203	(204)	(205)	206	207	208	209	210	211
411	410	409	408	407	406	(405)	(404)	403	402	401	301	302	303	(304)	(305)	306	307	308	309	310	311
bottom right											bottom left
Deciduous teeth (horse)
top right											top left
			507	506	505		(504)	503	502	501	601	602	603	(604)		605	606	607
			807	806	805		(804)	803	802	801	701	702	703	(704)		705	706	707
bottom right											bottom left

( Incisors , canini , premolars , molars ).

• 

  Dog
  teeth, 42 permanent teeth,
  28 milk teeth

• 

  Cat bite,
  30 permanent teeth,
  26 milk teeth

• 

  Horse
  teeth : 36–44 permanent teeth,
  foal teeth 24–28 teeth

• 

  Triadan tooth scheme of the horse

Dental schemes of various living things

→ Main article : Tooth formula

The tooth formula (also: dentition formula ) is an overview of the teeth that occur in a mammal . As a rule, it is only shown for one half of the upper and lower jaw, since the teeth are always vertically mirror-symmetrical. Knowledge of the tooth formulas enables the identification of non-formed teeth. In animal breeding, such individuals are often excluded from breeding. In zoology , a shorter type of dental formula is used to compare the dentition of different species or higher taxa .

literature

• Klaus M. Lehmann: Introduction to dentures . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, Vienna, Baltimore 1979, ISBN 3-541-07024-2 , pp. 5 f .

See also

Portal: Dentistry  - Overview of Wikipedia content on dentistry

Web links

Wiktionary: Tooth scheme  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Commons : Dental Schemes  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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4. ↑ bunodont . Lexicon of Biology. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
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30. ^ Paul Dubois, Aide-mémoire du chirurgien-dentiste , Vigo Frères (Ed.), 1889 p. 41.
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40. ^ Tooth Numbering in the Dog , Royal Veterinary College. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
41. ↑ ^{a b} Veterinary Dental Nomenclature (PDF) American Veterinary Dental College. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
42. ^ H. Triadan: Veterinary dentistry: tooth preservation (cavity therapy with "composite materials" and endodontics) in monkeys. In: Swiss Archives for Veterinary Medicine. Volume 114, No. 6, June 1972, pp. 292-316, ISSN  0036-7281 , PMID 4625330 .
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This article is about a health issue. It is not used for self-diagnosis and does not replace a diagnosis by a doctor. Please note the information on health issues !

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on June 30, 2015 in this version .