Foam herbs

Foam herbs
Meadow foam herb ( Cardamine pratensis ), illustration
Systematics
Rosids Eurosiden II Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales) Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) Tribe : Cardamineae Genre : Foam herbs
Scientific name
Cardamines
L.

The foam herbs ( cardamines ) are a genus of plants in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The genus Zahnwurzen ( Dentaria ), which was long run as an independent, is now integrated as a subgenus in the genus Cardamine . The German common name foam herb probably goes back to the foam cicadas (Cercopidae), which are often found in some species and surround themselves with a foam for their protection.

description

Illustration from Sturm of 1) pinnate tooth root ( Cardamine heptaphylla ) and 2) onion tooth root ( Cardamine bulbifera )

Fruits of spring foam herb ( Cardamine impatiens )

Vegetative characteristics

The foam herb species are annual , biennial to perennial herbaceous plants . Above-ground parts of plants can be covered with simple trichomes (plant hair). They grow upright. Some species (the former genus Dentaria ) have underground, fleshy and with low leaves occupied rhizomes , some species form tubers Überdauerungsorgene and Cardamine flagellifera stolons are present. The upright, ascending, prostrate to lying stems can be branched.

The leaves are on the rhizome, in basal rosettes or mostly alternate, rarely opposite or distributed in whorls on the stem. The leaves of the former genus Dentaria are fingered three to five times, with the leaves being over 3 cm long, pointed and standing in whorls. Otherwise, the leaves are pinnate with blunt, less than 3 cm long, stalked or sessile leaflets, or pinnate, or undivided. The leaves are stalked or sessile, some are heart-shaped at the base, but not encompassing the stem. The leaf margins are smooth, toothed or lobed.

Generative characteristics

The racemose inflorescences stand together individually or in groups in paniculate or umbrella- shaped inflorescences and they contain many flowers , but only Cardamine pattersonii has bracts. The inflorescences lengthen until the fruit is ripe. The slender or stocky flower stalks are rising, sparse or bent back when the fruit ripens.

The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four mostly smooth sepals are mostly upright or ascending. The inner sepals are slightly sagged. The four reddish, purple, pure white, yellowish white or yellow petals are usually over 1 cm long and they can be nailed, rarely missing. The anthers are yellow or purple. There are usually six, rarely four, stamens of the same length . The middle nectar glands may be present or absent. There are 4 to 80 ovules each ovary present. The short or clear stylus ends in a cephalic scar and is slightly bilobed.

The pods are compressed, over 1 mm wide, at least 1 cm long, and longer than the fruit stalks when ripe. The flaps curve in a spiral to maturity. The seeds stand in a row, they protrude to the middle of the septum and form a single longitudinal line. They are not sunk into the septum, which is why the fruit flaps over the seeds are bumpy. The elongated, egg-shaped or spherical seeds rarely have wings and are rarely edged.

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 7, 8.

Locations

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The Cardamine species grow mainly on moist, humus rich soils .

Subgenus Zahnwurz (Subgenus Dentaria ): Onion-Zahnwurz ( Cardamine bulbifera )

Subgenus Zahnwurz (Subgenus Dentaria ): Whorl-leaved Zahnwurz ( Cardamine enneaphyllos )

Subgenus Zahnwurz (Subgenus Dentaria ): runners tooth root ( Cardamine glanduligera )

Subgenus Zahnwurz (Subgenus Dentaria ): Fieder-Zahnwurz ( Cardamine heptaphylla )

Systematics and distribution

The generic name Cardamine was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 654-656. In 1913 the species Cardamine pratensis L. was established as the lectotype . Synonyms for Cardamine L. are: Dentaria L. (today rank of a subgenus), Dracamine Nieuwl. , Heterocarpus Phil. , Loxostemon Hook. f. & Thomson , Porphyrocodon Hook. f. , Sphaerotorrhiza (OESchulz) Khokhrjakov . The generic name Cardamine goes back to Vorlinneische authors and is derived from a Greek word kardamon for garden cress (see also " foam cress ").

The genus Zahnwurzen ( Dentaria ), which has long been run as an independent, is now a sub-genus of the Cardamine genus . The genus Cardamine belongs to the tribe Cardamineae in the family of Brassicaceae .

The cardamine genus is found worldwide.

Subgenus foam herb (subgenus Cardamine ): Alpine foam herb ( Cardamine alpina )

Subgenus Cardamine (Subgenus Cardamine ): Bitter foam herb ( Cardamine amara )

Subgenus foam herb (subgenus Cardamine ): forest foam herb ( Cardamine flexuosa )

Subgenus foam herb (subgenus Cardamine ): Spring foam herb ( Cardamine impatiens )

Subgenus Cardamine (subgenus Cardamine ): Reseda-leaved foam herb ( Cardamine resedifolia )

Subgenus Cardamine (subgenus Cardamine ): Clover-leaved foam herb ( Cardamine trifolia )

The genus includes (previously about 150 species) around 200 species.

The species found in Central Europe are:

• Subgenus Zahnwurz (Subgenus Dentaria )
  • Onion tooth root ( Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz )
  • Whorled tooth root ( Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz )
  • Runners tooth root ( Cardamine glanduligera O. Schwarz ): It occurs in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Romania, Moldova and the Ukraine.
  • Feather tooth root ( Cardamine heptaphylla (Vill.) OESchulz )
  • Multi-leaved tooth root ( Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer ): According to Euro + Med, it occurs in Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • Finger tooth root ( Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz )
  • Sava tooth root ( Cardamine waldsteinii Dyer )

• Subgenus Cardamine (Subgenus Cardamine )
  • Alpine foam herb ( Cardamine alpina Willd. ): It occurs in Spain, Andorra, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Austria.
  • Bitter foam herb ( Cardamine amara L. )
  • New Zealand foam herb ( Cardamine corymbosa Hook. F. )
  • Swamp foam herb ( Cardamine dentata Schult. , Syn .: Cardamine fragmentosa Pénzes & Vida , Cardamine grandiflora Hallier , Cardamine paludosa Knaf , Cardamine palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Peterm. , Cardamine pratensis subsp. Dentata (Schult.) Čelak. , Cardamine pratensis subsp. paludosa (Knaf) Čelak. , Cardamine pratensis subsp. palustris (Wimm. & grave.) Janch. , Cardamine pratensis var. palustris Wimm. & grave. , Cardamine pratensis var. dentata (Schult.) Wimm. & grave . , Cardamine dentata var. Palustris (Wimm. & Grab.) Khatri ): There are many synonyms and it occurs after Euro + Med in numerous European countries.
  • Forest foam herb ( Cardamine flexuosa With. )
  • Hairy foam herb ( Cardamine hirsuta L. )
  • Spring foam herb ( Cardamine impatiens L. )
  • Májovský meadow foam herb ( Cardamine majovskii Marhold & Záborský ): It occurs in Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine.
  • White meadow foam herb ( Cardamine matthioli Moretti ): It occurs in Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Slovakia and the Ukraine.
  • Japanese rice field foam herb ( Cardamine occulta Hornem. = Cardamine hamiltonii G. Don ), neophyte from East Asia. The species occurs as a neophyte in numerous countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and America.
  • Small-flowered foam herb ( Cardamine parviflora L. ): It occurs in Europe and North America.
  • Meadow foam herb ( Cardamine pratensis L. )
  • Reseda-leaved foam herb ( Cardamine resedifolia L. )
  • Mountain meadow foam herb ( Cardamine rivularis Schur ): It occurs only in Bulgaria and Romania. It is not identical to the 'Cardamine rivularis', which occurs subalpine in the Eastern Alps.
  • Clover-leaved foam herb ( Cardamine trifolia L. )
  • Morass meadow foam herb ( Cardamine "udicola" Jord. ), Diploid, hardly distinguishable from the polyploid populations of Cardamine pratensis . According to Euro + Med, it is a synonym for Cardamine pratensis .

• Not yet classified in a sub-genus:
  • Cardamine acris Griseb. : It occurs in Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia.
  • Cardamine amporitana (Cadevall) Sennen & Pau : It occurs in Spain and Italy.
  • Cardamine apennina Lihová, Tribsch & Marhold : It only occurs in Italy.
  • Hazelwort foam herb ( Cardamine asarifolia L. ): It occurs in France, Switzerland and Italy.
  • Cardamine barbaraeoides Halácsy : It occurs in Greece.
  • Cardamine battagliae Cesca & Peruzzi : It occurs only in Italy.
  • Cardamine bellidifolia L .: It occurs in North America, Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Jan Mayen, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, in Siberia and in Far Eastern Asian Russia.
  • Cardamine bipinnata (CAMey.) OESchulz : It occurs in Georgia.
  • Cardamine caldeiranum Guthnick : It occurs in the Azores.
  • Cardamine carnosa Waldst. & Kit. : It occurs in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia and Greece.
  • Cardamine castellana Lihová & Marhold : It occurs in Spain.
  • Cardamine chelidonia L .: It occurs in Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • Cardamine crassifolia Pourr. : It occurs in Spain and France, but is called by some authors as a subspecies Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. nuriae ( herdsmen ) herdsmen to Cardamine pratensis .
  • Cardamine dubia Nicotra : It is believed to be found in Italy.
  • Cardamine ferrarii Burnat : It occurs in France and Italy.
  • Cardamine gallaecica (M.Laínz) Rivas-Mart. & Izco : It occurs in Spain.
  • Blue-green foam herb ( Cardamine glauca DC. ): It occurs in Italy, Sicily, Slovenia and on the Balkan Peninsula.
  • Cardamine graeca L .: It occurs in southern Europe.
  • Cardamine granulosa (Arcang.) All. : It only occurs in Italy.
  • Cardamine maritima DC. : It occurs on the Balkan Peninsula.
  • Cardamine microphylla (Willd.) OESchulz : It was first described from the Caucasus region.
  • Cardamine monteluccii Brilli-Catt. & Gubellini : It occurs in Italy and Sicily.
  • Cardamine nymanii Gand. : It occurs in Europe in the north.
  • Cardamine opizii J.Presl & C.Presl : It occurs after Euro + Med in Austria, Poland, Romania and the Ukraine.
  • Cardamine pancicii Hayek : It occurs in Serbia, Albania and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
  • Cardamine pectinata DC. : It is also called the variety Cardamine impatiens L. var. Pectinata (Pall. Ex DC.) Trautv. put to Cardamine impatiens . In Europe it occurs in Russia, Bulgaria and Greece.
  • Cardamine penzesii Ančev & Marhold : It occurs in Bulgaria and in European and Asian Turkey.
  • Meadow rue-leaved foam herb , Plumiers foam herb ( Cardamine plumieri Vill. , Syn .: Cardamine bocconei Vis. , Cardamine corsica Sieber ex Turcz. , Cardamine glaucescens Rchb. , Cardamine hederacea DC. , Cardamine thalictroidea St.-Lag. , Cardamine thalictroides All. ): It occurs in Corsica, France, Switzerland, Italy, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Greece.
  • Cardamine quinquefolia (M.Bieb.) Schmalh. : It occurs in Romania, Bulgaria, in European and Asian Turkey, in Armenia, Moldova, in Ukraine, in European Russia, in the Caucasus region and in Georgia.
  • Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr. : It occurs in Spain, Andorra and France.
  • Cardamine schulzii Urbanska-Worytkiewicz : It occurs in Switzerland.
  • Cardamine seilitziana Albov : It occurs in Georgia, in the Caucasus region and in Turkey.
  • Cardamine silana Marhold & Perný : It only occurs in Italy.
  • Cardamine tenera C.A.Mey. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Ukraine, in the Caucasus region and in Georgia.
  • Cardamine trifida (Poir.) BMGJones : In Europe it is only found in Russia.
  • Cardamine uliginosa M.Bieb. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Lebanon, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and in the Caucasus region.
  • Cardamine wiedemanniana Boiss. (Syn .: Cardamine lazica Boiss. & Balansa ): It occurs in Turkey, Georgia and in the Caucasus region.

• Species outside of Europe and the Mediterranean (selection):
  • Cardamine africana L .: It occurs in tropical and southern Africa and in Madagascar. In Bolivia and Argentina it is a neophyte.
  • Cardamine bonariensis Pers. : It is common from Mexico and Costa Rica to South America.
  • Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. Ex Muhl.) Britton et al. (Syn .: Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC. ): It is widespread from Canada to the USA.
  • Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O.Schwarz (Syn .: Dentaria concatenata Michx. , Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Ex Willd. ): It is distributed from Canada to the USA.
  • Cardamine cordifolia A.Gray (Syn .: Cardamine cordifolia var. Lyallii (S.Watson) A.Nelson & JFMacbr. , Cardamine lyallii S.Watson ): It is distributed from Canada to the USA.
  • Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph.Wood : Home is eastern Canada and the USA.
  • Cardamine douglassii Britton : It is common in Ontario and the USA.
  • Cardamine loxostemonoides O.E.Schulz
• Cardamine lyrata Bunge : It is common in China , Japan , Korea , Mongolia , Siberia, and Russia's Far East .
  • Cardamine macrophylla Willd. : It is widespread in large parts of the European as well as the Asian part of Russia.
  • Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Alph.Wood (Syn .: Dentaria maxima Nutt. ): It is widespread in eastern Canada and the northeastern USA.
  • Cardamine micranthera Rollins : It is only found in North Carolina.
  • Cardamine nuttallii Greene (Syn .: Cardamine nuttallii var. Pulcherrima (Greene) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde , Cardamine pulcherrima Greene , Cardamine pulcherrima var. Tenella (Pursh) Cronquist , Dentaria tenella Pursh ): It is from British Columbia , via Washington and Oregon spreads to California.
  • Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich.

use

The leaves are eaten by some species. The medicinal effects of some species have been studied.

swell

• Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Karol Marhold, Judita Lihová: Cardamine , p. 464 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
• Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. : Cardamine , p. 86 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 . (Sections Description, Systematics and Use)
• Tor Carlsen, Walter Bleeker, Herbert Hurka, Reidar Elven & Christian Brochmann: Biogeography and Phylogeny of Cardamine (Brassicaceae) , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 96, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 215-236. ISSN  0026-6493 doi : 10.3417 / 2007047
• Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. CD-ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
2. ^ Cardamine at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Cardamine in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
4. ^ ^{A b c d} Manfred A. Fischer , Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
5. ↑ Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Karol Marhold, Judita Lihová: Cardamine , p. 464 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 .
6. ↑ Marcus A. Koch, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz: Molecular Systematics and Evolution of "wild" crucifers (Brassicaceae or Cruciferae). (PDF 286.19 KB) (No longer available online.) Biology and Breeding of Crucifers. Taylor and Francis Group, 2008, archived from the original on March 21, 2012 ; accessed on July 9, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq} Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae . : Cardamine at The Euro + Med Editorial Committee: Werner Greuter , Vernon Heywood, Stephen Jury, Karol Marhold, Pertti Uotila, Benito Valdés: Euro + Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
9. ↑ F. Wolfgang Bomble: Japanese rice field foam herb (Cardamine hamiltonii) in Aachen. Yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association. Vol. 6, 2015, pp. 7–11 ( PDF 2.7 MB)
10. ↑ F. Wolfgang Bomble: Cardamine - foam herb: small-flowered species in North Rhine-Westphalia. Yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association. Vol. 9, 2018, pp. 175–187 ( PDF 13.4 MB)
11. ↑ For example Cardamine amara , Cardamine impatiens , Cardamine leucantha , Cardamine oligosperma , pratensis at Plants for A Future .

Web links

Commons : Foam Herbs ( Cardamine )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

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