Sedge grass

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Sedge grass
Dune Sedge (Cyperus capitatus)

Dune Sedge ( Cyperus capitatus )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Subfamily : Cyperoideae
Genre : Sedge grass
Scientific name
Cyperus
L.

The plant genus Zypergräser ( Cyperus ) belongs to the sour grass family (Cyperaceae). The approximately 600 species are distributed almost worldwide from the temperate to subtropical to tropical areas.

description

Illustration of Cyperus dentatus
Nuts from Cyperus congestus

Appearance and leaves

The Zypergras species are usually perennial, less often one to two year old herbaceous plants . They often form rhizomes , runners or, rarely, plant tubers . Depending on the species, they can form more or less dense or extensive clumps . The single or multiple stalks are triangular or round in cross-section and leafed at the base.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

The entire inflorescence has foliage-like bracts and is composed of flat ears . The ears are sessile and tufted, or they are stalked and spirally arranged. The spikelets are profuse and have keeled bracts that are densely arranged in two rows. Only in Cyperus michelianus are the bracts three lines. There are flowers in all bracts . The flowers stand in the axilla of a bract. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic, rarely unisexual. There are no bracts. There are one to three stamens present. On the ovary is a two- or three-pronged stylus with two or three stigmas.

The nuts are flattened, lenticular in two-grain species and triangular in three-grain species.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cyperus was established by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . As Lectotypusart was Cyperus esculentus L. by Nathaniel Lord Britton in the Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Jamaica set, Volume 5, Supplement 1, 1907, p. 6

The extent of the genus Cyperus is controversial (300 to 600 species). Synonyms for Cyperus L. s. l. are: Papyrus Willd. , Indocourtoisia Bennet & Raizada nom. illeg., Pseudomariscus Rauschert nom. illeg., Aliniella J.Raynal nom. illeg., Mariscus Vahl nom. cons., Mariscus Gaertn. nom. illeg., Courtoisia Nees nom. illeg., Duval-jouvea Palla , Diclidium Schrad. ex Nees , Adupla Bosc ex Juss. , Remirea Aubl. , Opetiola Gaertn. , Epiphystis Trin. , Torulinium Desv. ex Ham. , Anosporum Nees , Oxycaryum Nees , Galilea Parl. , Hydroschoenus inches. & Moritzi , Atomostylis Steud. , Pterocyperus Opiz , Sorostachys Steud. , Borabora Steud. , Trentepohlia Boeckeler , Crepidocarpus Klotzsch ex Boeckeler , Cylindrolepis Boeckeler , Juncellus C.B.Clarke , Ungeria Nees ex CBClarke , Didymia Phil. , Chlorocyperus Rikli , Eucyperus Rikli , Acorellus Palla ex Kneuck. , Sphaeromariscus E.G.Camus , Mariscopsis Cherm. , Ascopholis C.EC fish. , Sphaerocyperus Lye , Alinula J.Raynal , Courtoisina Soják , Raynalia Soják , Marisculus Goetgh. , Queenslandiella Domin , Kyllingiella R.W. Haines & Lye . The genus Cyperus is only monophyletic when the species are incorporated into ten smaller genera. The species list below corresponds to Cyperus s. l. and includes these types.

The genus Cyperus belongs to the tribe Cypereae in the subfamily Cyperoideae within the family Cyperaceae .

The range of the genus Cyperus includes the temperate, subtropical and tropical areas almost worldwide. There are around 96 species in North America. There are around 62 species in China, eight of them only there. There are around 40 species in Pakistan. There are around 53 species in Nicaragua and around 58 in Costa Rica. There are about 97 species in Madagascar, 38 of them only there.

About 27 species are native to Europe. In Central Europe come Brown nutsedge ( Cyperus fuscus ), Cyperus Eragrostis ( Cyperus eragrostis ), yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus ), Snarl nutsedge ( Cyperus glomeratus ) High nutsedge ( Cyperus longus subsp. Longus ), Auburn nutsedge ( Cyperus longus subsp. Badius ), Dwarf Sedge ( Cyperus michelianus ), Pannonian Sedge ( Cyperus pannonicus ) and, as a neophyte, also bulbous Sedge ( Cyperus rotundus ).

Inflorescence of Cyperus acuminatus
Inflorescence of Cyperus aggregatus
Inflorescences of Cyperus albostriatus
Dune Sedge ( Cyperus capitatus )
Habitus and inflorescence of Cyperus compressus
Inflorescence of Cyperus congestus
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus cyperinus
Inflorescence of Cyperus cyperoides
Habitus and inflorescence of Cyperus difformis
Habitus of Cyperus diffusus
Inflorescence of Cyperus echinatus
Habitus and inflorescence of Cyperus entrerianus
Inflorescence of fresh green sedge ( Cyperus eragrostis )
Inflorescence of Cyperus erythrorhizos
Tiger almond inflorescence ( Cyperus esculentus )
Inflorescences of the brown sedge ( Cyperus fuscus )
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus gracilis
Inflorescences of Cyperus haspan
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus involucratus , it is used as an ornamental plant
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus javanicus
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus laevigatus
Inflorescence of Cyperus ligularis
Illustration from Johann Georg Sturm: Germany's flora in illustrations , 1796:
“1. Long cypergrass, Cyperus longus
2. Maroon cypergrass, C. badius “ - Today it is the two subspecies
1. Cyperus longus L. subsp. longus
2. Cyperus longus subsp. badius (Desf.) Bonnier & Layens
Inflorescence of Cyperus malaccensis
Inflorescence of Cyperus nipponicus
Habitus and inflorescence of Cyperus odoratus
Habitus and inflorescences of the real papyrus ( Cyperus papyrus )
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus pennatiformis var. Bryanii
Inflorescence of Cyperus phleoides
Habitus and inflorescences of the bulbous sedge ( Cyperus rotundus )
Inflorescence of Cyperus strigosus
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus textilis
Habitus and inflorescences of Cyperus trachysanthos
Inflorescence of Cyperus ustulatus

The genus Cyperus s. l. contains around 600 species: Since 2014, some more species have been newly described or numerous new combinations have taken place. The list of species in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families even lists 949 species in 2017.

Species that were added to Pycreus do not belong to the genus Cyperus , for example:

etymology

The generic name Cyperus was already used by Pliny the Elder for the Zypergras. The name is derived from the Greek kýperon , which referred to a water or meadow plant with aromatic roots ( Homer , Theophrast , Herodotus ). Perhaps it comes from the Mycenaean kuparo- , which is interpreted as Cyperus longus . A connection with Greek kypros henna and kýprion plantain , both of which are viewed as Semitic loanwords, is discussed but is uncertain.

use

Few species are used. Tigernut ( Cyperus esculentus ) and nutgrass ( Cyperus rotundus ) serve as food. Papyrus was made from real papyrus ( Cyperus papyrus ) . Cyperus alternifolius is a popular houseplant.

history

swell

Historical illustrations

literature

  • Gordon C. Tucker, Brian G. Marcks, J. Richard Carter: Cyperus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515207-7 , pp. 141 (English, online ). (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
  • Lun-Kai Dai, Gordon C. Tucker, David A. Simpson: Cyperus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 219 (English, online ). (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)
  • Santiago Castroviejo: Cyperus . In: Santiago Castroviejo, Modesto Luceño, Antonio Galán, Pedro Jiménez Mejías, Francisco José Cabezas, Leopoldo Medina (eds.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares . Vol. XVIII. Cyperaceae - Pontederiaceae . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2007, ISBN 978-84-00-08624-4 , p. 8–27 ( PDF file ). (Section description)
  • David A. Simpson, A. Muthama Muasya, M. Alves, JJ Bruhl, S. Dhooge, Mark W. Chase, CA Furness, K. Ghamkhar P. Goetghebeur, TR Hodkinson, AD Marchant, AA Reznicek, R. Nieuwborg, EA Roalson, Erik Smets, JR Starr, WW Thomas, KL Wilson, X. Zhang: Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based on DNA sequence data - a new rbcL analysis. In: Aliso. Volume 23, 2007, pp. 72-83 (PDF file) . (Section systematics)
  • A. Muthama Muasya, David A. Simpson, G. Anthony Verboom, Paul Goetghebeur, Robert FC Naczi, Mark W. Chase & Erik Smets: Phylogeny of Cyperaceae Based on DNA Sequence Data: Current Progress and Future Prospects. In: The Botanical Review. Volume 75, No. 1, 2009, pp. 2–21, DOI: 10.1007 / s12229-008-9019-3 (section systematics)
  • A. Muthama Muasya, David A. Simpson, Mark W. Chase .: Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperus sl (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 138, No. 2, 2002, pp. 145-153, doi : 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2002.138002145.x . (Section systematics)
  • A. Muthama Muasya, A. Vrijdaghs, David A. Simpson, Mark W. Chase, Paul Goetghebeur, Eric Smets: What is a genus in Cypereae: phylogeny, character homology assessment and generic circumscription. In: The Botanical Review. Volume 75, No. 1, 2009, pp. 52-66, DOI: 10.1007 / s12229-008-9018-4 PDF file . (Section systematics)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Gordon C. Tucker, Brian G. Marcks, J. Richard Carter: Cyperus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515207-7 , pp. 141 (English, online ).
  2. ↑ a b c d e Lun-Kai Dai, Gordon C. Tucker, David A. Simpson: Cyperus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 219 (English, online ).
  3. ↑ Santiago Castroviejo: Cyperus . In: Santiago Castroviejo, Modesto Luceño, Antonio Galán, Pedro Jiménez Mejías, Francisco José Cabezas, Leopoldo Medina (eds.): Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares . Vol. XVIII. Cyperaceae - Pontederiaceae . Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2007, ISBN 978-84-00-08624-4 , p. 8–27 ( PDF file ).
  4. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 44 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D44%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  5. ↑ Cyperus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 23, 2014.
  6. ^ A b Cyperus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cyperus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  8. ↑ Ilkka Kukkonen: Flora of Pakistan 206: Cyperaceae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany / Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-09-1 , pp. 219-240, online at efloras.org , at tropicos at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  9. ↑ Cyperus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ↑ Cyperus at Tropicos.org. In: 66 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  11. ↑ a b Cyperus at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  12. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  13. ^ Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Exkursionsflora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13th edition. tape  2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
  14. ^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
  15. ↑ a b P. Jiménez-Mejías, M. Luceño: Cyperaceae. Cyperus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Berlin 2011.
  16. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 195 (reprint from 1996).
  17. ↑ George Arthur Stuart: Chinese Materia Medica. Vegetable Kindom. Shanghai 1911, pp. 141–142: Cyperus (digitized version)
  18. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century: De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Translation. Julius Berendes . Pedanius Dioscurides' medicine theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902, p. 27 (Book I, Chapter 4): Kypeiros (digitized version )
  19. ↑ Pliny the Elder , 1st century: Naturalis historia book XXI, chapter LXX (§ 117-118): Cyperos (digitized version ) ; Translation Külb 1855 (digitized version )
  20. ↑ Galen , 2nd century De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus , Book VII, Chapter 64 (based on the Kühn 1826 edition, Volume XII, p. 54): Cyperi radices (digitized version )
  21. ↑ Avicenna , 11th century: Canon of Medicine . Translation and adaptation by Gerhard von Cremona , Arnaldus de Villanova and Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Volume II, Chapter 148: Cyperus (digitized version)
  22. ↑ Constantine the African , 11th century: Liber de gradibus simplicium . Pressure. Opera . Basel 1536, p. 362: Cyperus (digitized version)
  23. ↑ Circa instans 12th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 194v: Ciperus (digitized)
  24. ^ Pseudo-Serapion 13th century, print. Venice 1497, sheet 124r – v (No CLXXXXII): Ciperus (digitized)
  25. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar , 13th century, Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart, Volume II 1842, pp. 21–22: Cyperus (digitized version)
  26. ^ Pseudo-Macer . Edition: Ludwig Choulant. Macer floridus de virtutibus herbarum… Leipzig 1832, chapter 48: Cyperus (digitized version)
  27. ^ German Macer . Cyperus . After: Bernhard Schnell, William Crossgrove: The German Macer. Vulgate version. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2003, chapter 72. --- Cpg 226 , Alsace, 1459–1469, sheets 202v – 203r (digitized version ) . Transcription: (.lxx. Cyprus is called madelblüte or rietgraß and is hot and print on the other grade (whoever throws it steadily in it drips the stone (whoever urges to work, it is also good (it displaces the dead birth whether the wip the boiled krut bewet (the krut brewed and the smoke to the mouth in calm dispenses the addiction is called lyenis (what healthier oneself with it jme turns into the lights (if the white and the poor smell / the juice with oley tempered and painted on it helps daruor (The juice thickly consumed spoils the wicked humores (The krut puled and tempered with honey and coated on the wonden the fule are or swern it subverts them (The puluer is sere good with the swears in the mouth (Where you put it in it) the stomach / the same puluer helps the water addicts drank thick when it dispenses the fuchtickeit (Cyprus poked vnd vff the sere lysed / that broads and braids wants to dispense the same
  28. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Part I, Chapter 43: Cyperus, wild galien (digitized
  29. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . Mainz 1485, Chapter 112: Cyperus (digitized version)
  30. ↑ Hortus sanitatis 1491, Mainz 1491, Part I, Chapter 121: Ciperus (digitized version )
  31. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs : New Kreütterbuch… Michael Isingrin, Basel 1543, chapter 172: Wilder Galgan (digitized version )
  32. ↑ Hieronymus Bock : New Kreütter Bůch . Wendel Rihel, Strasbourg 1546, Part II, Chapter 139: Wild Galgan (digital copy )
  33. ^ Pietro Andrea Mattioli : Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei, de medica materia. Translation by Georg Handsch, edited by Joachim Camerarius the Younger , Johan Feyerabend, Franckfurt am Mayn 1586, sheet 5r – 6r: Wilder Galgan (digitized)
  34. ↑ Nicolas Lémery  : Dictionnaire universel des drogues simples. , Paris 1699, pp. 250-251: Cyperus (digitized version) ; Translation. Complete material lexicon. Initially drafted in French, but now after the third edition, which has been enlarged by a large [...] edition, translated into high German / By Christoph Friedrich Richtern, [...]. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun, 1721, Sp. 388: Cyperus (digitized)
  35. ↑ Albrecht von Haller (editor): Onomatologia medica completa or Medicinisches Lexicon which explains all names and artificial words which are peculiar to the science of medicine and the art of pharmacy clearly and completely [...]. Gaumische Handlung, Ulm / Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 1755, p. 530: Cyperus longus, Cyperus rotundus (digitized version )
  36. ↑ August Friedrich Hecker 's practical medicine theory. Revised and enriched with the latest discoveries by a practicing doctor . Camesius, Vienna, Volume I 1814, p. 299: Cypari longi, Cyperi rotundi… Both… formerly in use. (Digitized version)

Web links

Commons : Zypergräser ( Cyperus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Zypergras  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations