Talk:Rotation matrix and Chilean wine: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Casillero del Diablo wine.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Chilean Casillero del Diablo]] |
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[[Image:Vino Santa Monica.jpg|thumb|125px|right|Cabernet Sauvignon Santa Mónica]] |
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'''Chilean wine''' is [[wine]] made in the [[South America]]n country of [[Chile]]. The region has a long [[viticulture|viticultural]] history for a [[New World wine]] region dating to the 16th century when the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[conquistador]]s brought ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' vines with them as they [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|colonized the region]]. In the mid-18th century, [[French wine]] [[varietal]]s such as [[Cabernet Sauvignon]] and [[Merlot]] were introduced. In the early 1980s, a renaissance began with the introduction of stainless steel [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] tanks and the use of [[oak (wine)|oak]] barrels for aging. Wine [[export]]s grew very quickly as quality wine production increased. |
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The number of wineries has grown from 12 in 1995 to over 70 in 2005. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines to the [[United States]]. The climate has been described as midway between that of [[California]] and [[France]]. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and [[Carmenère]]. So far Chile has remained free of [[phylloxera]] louse which means that the country's [[grapevine]]s do not need to be [[grafting|grafted]].<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"> K. MacNeil ''The Wine Bible'' pg 836-843 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1563054345 </ref> |
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== Rotation tensor == |
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30 March 2007 - Leonid |
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Hi everyone! |
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==History== |
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I just added the bit about the Rotation Tensor representation and Rotation Matrix invariance with respect to change of coordinate frame. I think this invariance note is important in "Rotation Matrix" talks. From the other side, dealing with invariant objects is much more convinient especially if you start doing some advanced stuff like Elasticity Theory and Mechanics of Beams and Shells. |
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{{See also|History of Chile}} |
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[[Image:Fundacion de Santiago.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Pedro Lira's 1889 painting of the founding of Santiago by conquistadors. As the Spanish conquered the land they brought grapevines with them.]] |
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European ''Vitis vinifera'' vines were brought to Chile by Spanish conquistadors and [[missionaries]] in the 16th century around 1554. Local legend states that the conquistador [[Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)|Francisco de Aguirre]] himself planted the first vines.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> The vines most likely came from established Spanish vineyards planted in [[Peru]] which included the "common black grape", as it was known, that [[Hernán Cortés]] brought to [[Mexico]] in 1520. This grape variety would become the ancestor of the widely planted [[Pais]] grape that would be the most widely planted Chilean grape till the 21st century.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] cultivated these early vineyards, using the wine for the celebration of the [[Eucharist]]. By the late 16th century, the early Chilean historian [[Alonso de Ovalle]] described widespread plantings of "the common black grape", [[Muscatel]], [[Torontel]], [[Albilho]] and [[Mollar]].<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"> J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 163-167 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906 </ref> |
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During the Spanish rule, vineyards were restricted in production with the stipulation that the Chilean should purchase the bulk of their wines directly from Spain itself. For the most part the Chileans ignored these restrictions, preferring their domestic production to the [[oxidize]]d and [[vinegar|vinegary]] wines that didn't fare well during the long voyages from Spain. They were even so bold as to start exporting some of their wines to neighboring Peru with one such export shipment being captured at sea by the English [[privateer]] [[Francis Drake]]. When Spain heard of the event rather than being outraged at Drake, an indictment was sent back to Chile with the order to uproot most of their vineyards. This order, too, was mostly ignored.<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434"> H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 432-434 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0671687026 </ref> |
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Does [[rotation tensor]] thing deserve a page on it's own? |
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In the 18th century, Chile was known mostly for its [[sweetness of wine|sweet wines]] made from the Pais and Muscatel grapes. To achieve a high level of sweetness the wines were often [[boiled]] which concentrated the grape [[must]].<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> Following his shipwreck off the coast at [[Cape Horn]], Admiral [[John Byron]] (Grandfather of the poet [[Lord Byron]]) traveled across Chile and came back to England with a glowing review of Chilean Muscatel comparing it favorably to [[Madeira wine|Madeira]]. The 19th century wine writer [[André Julien (writer)|André Julien]] was not as impressed, comparing Chilean wines to a "potion of [[rhubarb]] and [[Senna (genus)|senna]]".<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434"/> |
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There is some similar bit on "Representation of Rotation" page, but the guy whom wrote that page is cleary in love with quaternions. I am in love with quaternions as well the moment some simulation of rigid body dynamics need to be done, but theory of rotation tensors is very old and deserve it's place (I think). The whole Classical Ellasticity Theory is built on it. |
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[[Image:Vino Don Francisco.jpg|right|thumb|Chilean Sauvignon blanc]] |
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Regards, |
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Despite being politically linked to Spain, Chile's wine history has been most profoundly influenced by [[French wine|French]], particularly [[Bordeaux wine|Bordeaux]], [[winemaking]]. Prior to the [[Great French Wine Blight|phylloxera epidemic]], wealthy Chilean landowners were influenced by their visits to France and began importing French vines to plant. Don [[Silvestre Ochagavia Echazareta]]<sup>6</sup> was the first, importing Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, [[Cabernet franc]], [[Malbec]], [[Sauvignon blanc]] and [[Sémillon]] in 1851. In 1870 Don Maximo Errazuriz founded the first winery dedicated to international varieties. He hired a French [[oenologist]] to oversee his vineyard planting and to produce wine in the Bordeaux style. Errázuriz saw potential in Chile and even experimented with the [[German wine]] grape [[Riesling]].<ref name="Johnson pg 432-434"/> In events that parallel those of the [[Rioja (wine)|Rioja]] wine region, the entrance of phylloxera into the French wine world turned into a positive event for the Chilean wine industry. With vineyards in ruin, many French winemakers traveled to South America, bringing their experience and techniques with them.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> |
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Dr.Leonid Paramonov |
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PDRA, Imperial College London, UK |
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Political instability in the 20th century, coupled with bureaucratic regulations and high taxes tempered the growth of the Chilean wine industry. Prior to the 1980s, the vast majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically. As awareness of Chile's favorable growing conditions for viticulture increased so did foreign investment in Chilean wineries. This period saw many technical advances in winemaking as Chile earned a reputation for reasonably priced premium quality wines. Chile began to export extensively, becoming the third leading exporter, after France and [[Italian wine|Italy]], into the United States by the turn of the 21st century. It has since dropped to fourth in the US, being surpassed by [[Australian wine|Australia]], but focus has switched to developing exports in the world's other major wine markets like the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Japan]].<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> |
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==Climate and geography== |
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17:41, 24 August 2006 - Alanic |
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{{See also|Climate of Chile|Geography of Chile}} |
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[[Image:Chile map2 with wine regions highlighted.JPG|left|thumb|Chile's topography with the location of most of Chile's wine regions highlighted.]] |
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Chile is a long, narrow country that is geographically and climatically dominated by the [[Andes]] to the east and the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west. Chile's vineyards are found along an 800 [[mile]] stretch of land from [[Atacama Region]] to the [[Bio-Bio Region]] in the south. The climate is varied with the northern regions being very hot and dry compared to the cooler, wetter regions in the south. In the [[Chilean Central Valley|Valle Central]] around [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], the climate is dry with an average of 15 [[inch]]es (38 [[centimeter]]s) of rain and little to risk of springtime [[frost]]. The close proximately to the Andes help create a wide [[diurnal temperature variation]] between day and nighttime temperatures. This cool drop in temperature is vital in maintaining the grapes' [[acidity]] levels.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"> T. Stevenson ''"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"'' pg 543-546 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0756613248 </ref> |
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Most of Chile's premium wine regions are dependent on [[irrigation]] to sustain vineyards, getting the necessary water from melting snow caps in the Andes. In the developing wine regions along the [[Chilean Coast Range|Coastal Range]]s and in the far south, there is not a lack in needed rainfall but vineyards owners have to deal with other factors such as the [[Humboldt Current]] from the Pacific which can bathe a vineyard with a blanket of cool air. For the rest of Chile's wine regions, the Coastal Ranges serve a buffer from the current and also acts as a [[rain shadow]]. The vineyards in these regions are planted on the [[valley]] plains of the Andes foothills along a major river such as the [[Maipo River|Maipo]], [[Rapel River|Rapel]] and [[Maule River]]s.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> |
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I did the changes I talked about and I'm ready to defend them if you don't agree. The big matrices in "three dimensions" section may need an update, too. This was my very first contribution to Wikipedia and I didn't read any help pages, so feel free to cancel my changes if I'm not abiding any rules. |
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The vineyards of Chile fall between the [[latitude]]s of 32 and 38° [[degree (angle)|s]] which, in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] would be the equivalent of southern Spain and [[North Africa]]. However the climate in Chile's wine regions is much more temperate than those regions, comparing more closely to [[California]] and Bordeaux. Overall, it is classified as a [[Mediterranean climate]] with average summer temperatures of 59-64 [[Fahrenheit|°F]] (15-18 [[Celsius|°C]]) and potential highs 86 °F (30 °C).<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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13:25, 22 August 2006 - Alanic |
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==Wine regions== |
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<math> |
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<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Chilicarte2.gif|right|thumb|Chile's major wine regions]] --> |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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In December 1994, the Republic of Chile defined the following viticultural [[Regions of Chile|regions]]- |
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\cos{\alpha} & \sin{\alpha} \\ |
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- \sin{\alpha} & \cos{\alpha} \\ |
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\end{pmatrix} . |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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1 \\ |
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0 \\ |
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\end{pmatrix} = |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\alpha} \\ |
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- \sin{\alpha} \\ |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math> |
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<math> |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\alpha} & \sin{\alpha} & 0 \\ |
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- \sin{\alpha} & \cos{\alpha} & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 1 |
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\end{pmatrix} . |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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1 \\ |
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0 \\ |
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0 \\ |
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\end{pmatrix} = |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\alpha} \\ |
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- \sin{\alpha} \\ |
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0 \\ |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math> |
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*'''Atacama''', within the Atacama region (III administrative region). Within it are two subregions, the [[Copiapó Valley]] and the [[Huasco Valley]], both of which are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. The region is known primarily for its [[Pisco]] production.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> Atacama is also an important source of [[table grape]]s.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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The first equation shows that the matrix rotated the vector clockwise. This conflicts with the definition that rotation matrices rotate vectors counter-clockwise. |
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*'''Coquimbo''', within the [[Coquimbo Region]] (IV administrative region). It has three subregions: [[Elqui Valley]], [[Limarí Valley]], and the [[Choapa Valley]]. All subregions are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. Like the Atacama this region is primarily known for Pisco and table grapes.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> |
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According to the right hand rule, the second equation shows that this matrix rotated this vector around the -z axis. This conflicts with the definitions on the page that a rotation matrix is a matrix that when multiplied with a vector it rotates the vector counter clockwise and that this matrix is a rotation around the z axis. I think all matrices in this page need to be transposed. |
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*'''[[Aconcagua (wine)|Aconcagua]]''', within the [[Valparaiso Region]] (V administrative region). It includes two subregions, the Valley of [[Aconcagua]] and the Valley of [[Casablanca, Chile|Casablanca]]. The Aconcagua Valley is coterminous with the province of that name. The Casablanca Valley is coterminous with the ''comuna'' of that name. The [[Panquehue]] commune is also gradually developing a reputation for high quality wine production. Casablanca is one of Chile's cooler wine region and is often compared to the [[Californian wine]] region of [[Los Carneros AVA|Carneros]] and grows similar grape varietals like [[Chardonnay]] and [[Pinot noir]].<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> Casablanca's growing seasons last up to a month longer than other regions, typically [[harvest (wine)|harvest]]ing in April.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"> H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 297-299 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1840003324 </ref> The northern region of Aconcagua is Chile's warmest wine region and is primarily planted with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. The soil of this region is composed mainly of [[alluvial]] deposits left over from ancient [[river bed]]s.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> |
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[[User:67.122.123.121|67.122.123.121]] 21:19, 21 August 2006 (UTC) - Geoff Dolan |
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* Hopefully not stepping on any feet, but I added a minus sign on the 21 term of the three dimensional rotation matrix. Besides disagreeing with my text (Sidi, Spacecraft Dynamics and Control, 1997), it's easy to program the matrix into matlab and see that it isn't a rotation matrix without the minus sign. |
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*'''[[Valle Central (wine)|Valle Central]]''', which spans the [[O'Higgins Region]] (VI) and [[Maule Region]] (VII) Administrative Regions and the [[Metropolitana Region of Chile|Administrative Metropolitan Region]]. Within it are four subregions: the Maipo Valley, the Rapel Valley, the [[Curico|Curicó]] Valley and the Maule Valley. This is Chile's most productive and internationally known wine region, due in large part to its close proximately to the country's capital Santiago. It is located directly across the Andes' from [[Argentina]]'s most well known wine region [[Mendoza Province]]. The Maipo Valley is the most widely cultivated valley and is known for its Cabernet Sauvignon. The Rapel wine region in the [[Colchagua Province]] is also known for it Cabernet. Curicó has both red and white wine varieties planted but is most widely known for it Chardonnay. The Maule Valley still has large plantings of the local Pais but is gradually being planted with better red wine varieties.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for it high [[salinity]] steaming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low [[potassium]] level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient [[nitrogen]] levels. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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I think the signs for the rotation about the z-axis on the 12 and the 21 entries are wrong. Can someone confirm this? |
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*'''[[Southern Chile (wine)|Southern Chile]]''', within the Bio-Bio Region (VIII). Two subregions are included: [[Itata River|Itata Valley]] and Bío-Bío Valley. The region is primarily known for its mass produce Pais [[box wine|box]] and [[jug wine]]s though [[Concha y Toro Winery]] has experimented with [[Gewürztraminer]] from this region.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> The southern regions have more rainfall, lower average temperature and fewer hours of sunlight than the northern wine regions.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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I haven't looked at the other matrices to see if they're wrong too. Thanks |
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==Viticulture== |
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* I don't think they're wrong. They look exactly how I've learnt them on the University a few months ago :) |
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[[Image:Chilean vineyard in Andes foothills.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Many of Chile's vineyards are found on flat land within the foothills of the Andes.]] |
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[[User:Torzsmokus|Torzsmokus]] 20:36, 3 January 2006 (UTC) |
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Chile's natural boundaries (Pacific Ocean, Andes Mountain, [[Atacama Desert]] to the north and [[Antarctica]] to the south) has left it relatively isolated from other parts of the world and has served to be beneficial in keeping the phylloxera louse at bay. Because of this many Chilean vineyards do not have to graft their rootstock and incur that added cost of planting. Chilean wineries have stated that this "purity" of their vines is a positive element that can be tasted in the wine but most wine experts agree that the most apparent benefit is the financial aspect. The one wine region that is the exception to this freedom from grafting is Casablanca whose vines are susceptible to attack by [[nematode]]s.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> While phylloxera is not a problem, winemakers do have to worry about other [[grape diseases]] and hazards such as [[downy mildew]], which was spread easily by [[El Niño]] influences and severely affected the 1997-1998 vintages. [[Powdery mildew]] and [[verticillium wilt]] can also cause trouble.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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There is not much vintage variation due to the reliability of favorable weather with little risk of spring time frost or harvest time rains. The main exception, again, is Casablanca due in part to its closer proximately to the Pacific. For the Chilean wine regions in the Valle Central, the Andes and Coastal Ranges create a rain shadow affect which traps the warm arid air in the region. At night, cool air comes into the area from the Andes which dramatically drops the temperature. This help maintain high levels of acidity to go with the ripe fruit that grapes develop with the long hours of uninterrupted sunshine that they get during the day. The result is a unique profile of [[flavonoid]]s in the wine which some Chilean wineries claim make Chilean wines higher in [[resveratrol]] and [[antioxidant]]s.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> Harvest typically begins at the end of February for varieties like Chardonnay with some red wine varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon being picked in April and Carmenère sometimes staying on the vine into May. |
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* It depends on how you define your positive angle. Conventions differ. |
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The Andes also provide a ready source of irrigation which was historically done in [[Irrigation#Surface irrigation|flood plain]] style. Chilean vineyard owners would dig canals throughout their vineyards and then flood the entire surface area with water allowing some to seep into the ground and the run off to be funnel away through the canals. This encouraged excessive irrigation and high [[yield (wine)|yield]]s which had a negative effect on quality. During the wine renaissance of the 1980s & 1990s more vineyards converted to [[drip irrigation]] system which allowed greater control and helped reduce yields. The [[List of vineyard soils|soil composition]] of Chile's vineyards varies from the [[clay]] dominated landscapes of Colchagua, which is thusly heavily planted with the clay-loving Merlot, to the mixture of [[loam]], [[limestone]] and [[sand]] found in other regions.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> In the southern Rapel and parts of Maule, [[tuffeau]] soil is present with [[volcanic]] soil being found in parts of Curico and Bio-Bio.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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* I've added a yaw-pitch-roll system today and I've adapted the signs to the current status (out of respect to the authors). However I must say, that at my university the yaw-pitch-roll system was defined like this: |
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<math> |
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\mathcal{R}(\gamma):= |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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1 & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & \cos{\gamma} & \sin{\gamma} \\ |
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0 & - \sin{\gamma} & \cos{\gamma} |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math>, <math> |
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\mathcal{P}(\beta):= |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\beta} & 0 & - \sin{\beta} \\ |
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0 & 1 & 0 \\ |
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\sin{\beta} & 0 & \cos{\beta} |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math>, <math> |
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\mathcal{Y}(\alpha):= |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\alpha} & \sin{\alpha} & 0 \\ |
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- \sin{\alpha} & \cos{\alpha} & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 1 |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math>. For the 2-dimenional matrix I agree that it usually is defined like this: <math> |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos{\theta} & -\sin{\theta} \\ |
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\sin{\theta} & \cos{\theta} |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math> |
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[[User:Wedesoft|Wedesoft]] 21 Mar 2006 22:12 BST |
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==Winemaking== |
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* All given matrices are correct. But it should read "with the equivalent counter-clockwise rotation in \mathbb{R}^2". I'll correct this immediately. (AK, 2006-04-05) |
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[[Image:Concha y Toro old ruili barrels.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Old barrels made of rauli wood outside of Concha y Toro.]] |
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Chile has benefited from an influx of foreign investment and winemaking talent that begin in the late 20th century. [[Flying winemaker]]s introduced new technology and styles that helped Chilean wineries produce more international recognized wine styles. One such improvement was the use of oak. Historically Chilean winemakers had aged their wines in [[aging barrel|barrel]]s made from [[rauli]] beechwood which imparted to the wine a unique taste that many international tasters found unpleasant. Gradually the wineries began to convert to French and American oak or stainless steel tanks for aging.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 297-299"/> |
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Financial investment manifested in the form of European and American winemakers opening up their own wineries or collaborating with existing Chilean wineries to produce new brands. These include... |
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==rewrite by [[User:TomViza|TomViza]]== |
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I just completed a major rewrite, this article is now much more generalised and also more easy to read. I moved some stuff in from [[Rotation (mathematics)]] which is very long. |
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*[[Robert Mondavi]], collaboration with [[Viña Errázuriz]] to produce ''[[Sena (wine)|Sena]]'' |
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I also added the formula to find the matrix in terms of the [[Euler angles]]. |
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*[[Miguel A. Torres]], [[Catalan wine]]maker opened [[Miguel Torres Chile]] in 1979 |
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*[[Kendall-Jackson]], opened Viña Calina |
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*[[Château Lafite Rothschild]], collaboration with Los Vascos |
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*Bruno Prats, Owner of [[Château Cos d'Estournel]], and Paul Pontallier, former winemaker of [[Chateau Margaux]], opened Domaine Paul Bruno |
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*[[Château Mouton Rothschild]], collaboration with Concha y Toro Winery to produce ''Almaviva'' |
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===Wine laws=== |
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[[User:TomViza|TomViza]] 16:41, 21 May 2006 (UTC) |
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Chile's wine laws are more similar to the US [[American Viticultural Area|appellation system]] than to France's ''[[Appellation d'origine contrôlée]]'' that most of Europe has based their wine laws on. Chile's system went into effect in 1995 and established the boundaries of the countries wine regions and established regulations for [[wine label]]s. There are no restrictions of [[List of grape varieties|grape varieties]], viticultural practices or winemaking techniques. Wines are required to have at least 75% of a grape variety if its to listed on the label as well as at least 75% from the designated [[vintage]] year. To list a particular wine region, 75% is also the minimum requirement of grapes that need to be from that region. Similar to the United States, the term ''Reserve'' has no legal definition or meaning.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> |
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---- |
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The following is the derivation of the second function in the 3D section. When I moved the equation from [[Rotation (mathematics)]], I thought that the derivation was not very encyclopdic, but have kept it here for thouroughness. [[User:TomViza|TomViza]] 16:41, 21 May 2006 (UTC) |
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==Grapes and wines== |
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'''Derivation'''. |
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[[Image:8062carmenere.jpg|left|thumb|Carménère]] |
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This matrix is derived from the following vector algebraic equation (see [[dot product]], [[cross product]], and [[matrix multiplication]]): |
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Over twenty grape varieties are grown in Chile, mainly a mixture of Spanish and French varieties, but many wineries are increasing experimentation in higher numbers.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> For most of Chile's history, Pais was the most widely planted grape only recently getting passed by Cabernet Sauvignon. Other red wine varieties include [[Merlot]], [[Carménère]], [[Zinfandel]], [[Petite Sirah]], Cabernet franc, Pinot noir, [[Syrah]], [[Sangiovese]], [[Barbera]], [[Malbec]], and [[Carignan]]. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, [[Sauvignon vert]], Sémillon, Riesling, [[Viognier]], [[Torontel]], [[Pedro Ximénez]], Gewürztraminer and [[Muscat of Alexandria]].<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> |
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Chilean winemakers have been developing a distinct style for their Cabernet Sauvignon, producing an easy drinking wine with soft [[tannin]]s and flavors of [[mentha|mint]], [[black currant]], [[olives]] and smoke. The country's Chardonnays are less distinctive, following more the [[stereotypical]] New World style.<ref name="MacNeil pg 836-843"/> While [[sparkling wine]]s have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio.<ref name="Oxford pg 163-167"/> |
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:<math> \mathbf{u'} = (\cos \theta) \mathbf{u} + (1 - \cos \theta) \mathbf{v} (\mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{u}) + \sin |
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\theta (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{u}), \qquad \qquad (1) </math> |
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===Merlot & Sauvignon blanc=== |
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which in turn is derived from |
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{{See also|Carmenere}} |
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In the late 20th century as Chilean wines became more popular, wine tasters around the world began to doubt the authenticity of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc. The wines lack many of the characteristics and [[typicity]] of those grapes. [[Ampelographer]]s began to study the vines and found that what was considered Merlot was actually the ancient [[Bordeaux wine]] grape Carménère that was thought to be extinct. The Sauvignon blanc vines were found to actually be Sauvignonasse, also known as Sauvignon vert, or a mutated Sauvignon blanc/Sémillon cross. In response to these discoveries several Chilean wineries began to import true Merlot and Sauvignon blanc [[cutting (plant)|cuttings]] to where most bottle of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc from vintages in the 21st century are very likely to truly be those varieties.<ref name="Sotheby pg 543-546"/> |
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==International competitions== |
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:<math> \mathbf{u'} = \mathbf{u_{\|}} + (\cos \theta) \mathbf{u_{\perp}} + \sin \theta (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{u_{\perp}}). </math> |
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In some [[Wine competition|international competitions]], Chilean wines have ranked very highly. For example, in the Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004, 36 European experts blind tasted wines from two vintages each of eight top wines from France, Italy and Chile. The first and second place wines were two Cabernet-based reds from Chile: [[Viñedo Chadwick]] 2000 and [[Sena wine|Sena]] 2001.<ref>[http://www.travellady.com/Issues/April07/CousinoMaculrulesChileanwine.htm Cousino-Macul rules Chilean wine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Berlin Wine Tasting of 2005 held in Brazil featured five Chilean wines in the top seven.<ref>http://www.theberlintasting.com/brazil/results.asp?state=t&menu=r</ref> In the Tokyo Wine Tasting of 2006, Chilean wines won four of the top five rankings.<ref>http://www.theberlintasting.com/japan/results.asp?state=t&menu=r</ref> |
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==References== |
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Here |
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{{reflist}} |
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6. Domine, Andre ''Wine'' pg846 Konemann 2000 ISBN 3-8290-4856-4 |
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==External links== |
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:<math> \mathbf{u_\|} = \mathbf{v} ( \mathbf{v} \cdot \mathbf{u}) ,</math> |
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*{{commons|Category:Wines of Chile|Chilean wine}} |
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:<math> \mathbf{u_\perp} = \mathbf{u} - \mathbf{u_\|} ,</math> |
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* [http://www.winesofchile.org/ Wines of Chile] |
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:<math> \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{u_{\perp}} = \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{u} ,</math> |
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* [http://www.vinasdechile.cl/ Asociación de Viñas de Chile A.G.] {{es_icon}} |
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* [http://www.planetavino.com/ <b>Planetavino.com</b> :<i>The best website of Chilean wines</i>.]{{es_icon}} |
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* [http://www.visitlatam.com/latin-america/south-america/chile/2008/07/wine-regions-of-chile.html Wine region map of Chile] |
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* [http://www.laplayawine.com/chilean_wine_country_colchagua.htm Colchagua Valley map] |
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{{Wines}} |
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{{Wine by country}} |
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[[Category:Chilean wine| ]] |
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which shows that '''u''' is resolved (see [[Gram-Schmidt process]]) into a parallel and a perpendicular |
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component (to '''v'''). The parallel component does not rotate, only the perpendicular component does rotate. This rotation is similar to a two dimensional rotation, except that instead of ''x'' and ''y'' axes, there are <math> |
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\mathbf{u_\perp} </math> and <math> \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{u_\perp} </math> axes, both of which are perpendicular to |
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'''v'''. |
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[[af:Wynbou in Chili]] |
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== Quaternions == |
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[[de:Weinbau in Chile]] |
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It would be nice with a link to quaternions |
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[[es:Vino chileno]] |
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[[fr:Viticulture au Chili]] |
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== Rotation matrix vs orthogonal matrix == |
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[[nl:Chili (wijnbouwland)]] |
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[[no:Chilensk vin]] |
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Hi, just came across this article and have a a couple of question. |
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[[sv:Chilenska viner]] |
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First, it says in the definition part that a rotation matrix is equivalent to an orthogonal matrix. If this is so, why is there a separate article on rotation matrices when there already is one on orthogonal matrices. What additional information is provided here which does not fit in the article on orthogonal matrices. |
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Second, is the equivalence of rotation and orthogonal matrices established in the literature? Personally, I would suggest that a rotation matrix is a special case of an orthogonal matrix (for the n-dim case) which only has two eigenvalues not equal to one [my correction]. Such a matrix always appears as a generalization of a 2D rotation for the the n-dim case in the sense that it has one well-defined rotation space in which it rotates with one well-defined angle. Also, in the 2D and 3D cases such a matrix is equivalent to an orthogonal matrix, but in 4 and higher dimensions a general orthogonal matrix is the product of two or more such matrices. Don't know if this is an established way of defining rotation matrices. --[[User:KYN|KYN]] 18:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC) |
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: No, a rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix with the additional restriction that the determinant is +1. Thus |
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:: <math> \begin{bmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{bmatrix} </math> |
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: is an orthogonal matrix, but since its determinant is −1 it is not a rotation matrix. The eigenvalues of a rotation matrix are guaranteed to include a single +1 in odd dimensions, but otherwise may have as many repetitions of −1 or complex conjugate pairs with magnitude +1 as the dimension allows. Thus |
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:: <math> \begin{bmatrix}0&-1&0&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\end{bmatrix} </math> |
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: is a rotation matrix with four eigenvalues, none of which are +1. We can state the definition as |
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:* An ''n''×''n'' matrix ''M'' is a rotation matrix if ''M''<sup>T</sup>''M'' = ''I'' and if det(''M'') = +1. |
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: Planar rotations are a very special case, and only 3D rotations have a rotation axis. |
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: We can derive the algebraic conditions from the geometric statement that a rotation is a direct isometry leaving one point fixed. Take the fixed point to be the origin so we are working with a Euclidean [[inner product space]]. |
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:* Then isometry means preservation of distances (and by implication, angles), which is equivalent to preservation of the inner product. In vector form the inner product of a vector with itself is '''v'''<sup>T</sup>'''v'''. Therefore an isometry satisfies (''M'''''v''')<sup>T</sup>(''M'''''v''') = '''v'''<sup>T</sup>'''v''', for all vectors '''v'''. Rewrite the left-hand side as '''v'''<sup>T</sup>(''M''<sup>T</sup>''M'')'''v''', and rewrite the right-hand side as '''v'''<sup>T</sup>''I'''''v'''; then to obtain equality for all '''v''' we must have ''M''<sup>T</sup>''M'' = ''I'', as stated. |
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:* For an isometry to be direct it must not reverse "handedness". The identity transformation is obviously direct, and the identity matrix is a (null) rotation, with determinant +1. Furthermore, in the [[Lie group]] of Euclidean isometries there must be a connected path from the identity to any direct isometry. Thus in the [[orthogonal group]] of ''n''×''n'' matrices there are two disjoint connected components: the [[special orthogonal group]], which contains the identity and all of whose members have determinant +1; and the remaining component (which is only a [[coset]], not a group), all of whose members have determinant −1. |
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: Apparently the article could use some work. --[[User:KSmrq|KSmrq]]<sup>[[User talk:KSmrq|T]]</sup> 13:10, 21 August 2006 (UTC) |
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== Use of homogenous Coords? == |
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Hello, |
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This may be confusing for people who have to implement this with translation compounded, as there is no section on homogenous coords, should this be added? [[User:129.78.208.4|129.78.208.4]] 02:51, 7 November 2006 (UTC) |
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== Added generators, reformat == |
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I have added a description of the generators of the group, and reorganized things so that the roll, pitch, and yaw matrices come first. That way, the other representations are more easily understood as compositions of these basic rotations. I also added expressions for the generators, except the Euler angle matrix, because I don't have an expression for that generator. Nothing has been deleted, but some things have been rephrased. [[User:PAR|PAR]] 20:52, 5 January 2007 (UTC) |
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== How to find the generator A? == |
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I'm reading the section about the properties of the rotation matrix...if I have M, but I want to find the generator A, what is the best way to do this? --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 22:27, 26 April 2007 (UTC) |
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== Transpose as inverse == |
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Hmm...it doesn't seem as obvious to me that the transpose of a rotation matrix is its inverse as it perhaps was to the writer of this article. Might this section perhaps be altered? I'm not actually certain of the best clear way of showing this - perhaps showing that under the appropriate orthogonal basis, the leading diagonal is 1's except for 2 Cos(theta)s, and everywhere else in 0 except the sin thetas, then simply subbing in -theta for theta? |
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[[User:Wrayal|Wrayal]] 15:17, 13 May 2007 (UTC) |
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== Generator Question == |
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The rotation matrices about the x, y, and z axis do not seem to be equate to the "generator" written to their right (the rotation matrices with the matrix exponentials). It seems that one is the transpose of the other. Can someone please explain? |
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Thanks- James |
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== Major rewrite == |
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Against my better judgment I have attempted to make this a solid article. Experience strongly suggests that before long an endless stream of editors who barely understand anything about the topic will attempt to "improve" it. I do hope that someone besides me who ''does'' understand and who cares will keep an eye out and revert the damage. Lacking the patience to babysit, I leave it to its fate. (But I am open to serious questions on my talk page.) |
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This, by the way, is a ''trimmed down'' version of an earlier draft. I have (modestly?) added a B rating; feel free to adjust up or down. Enjoy. --[[User:KSmrq|KSmrq]]<sup>[[User talk:KSmrq|T]]</sup> 08:35, 30 August 2007 (UTC) |
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What do you want, a medal? Jeez. <small>—Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.111.251.229|71.111.251.229]] ([[User talk:71.111.251.229|talk]]) 17:50, 16 February 2008 (UTC)</small><!-- Template:UnsignedIP --> <!--Autosigned by SineBot--> |
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== Deficiency in the article? == |
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It seems to me that there's a major deficiency in this article, which is that it's not made clear what the connection is between a rotation matrix and the geometric operation of rotation -- this connection being that if you premultiply a rotation matrix by a column vector, then the result is another column vector that is just a rotation of the first. |
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Okay, it is stated eventually, but not until the geometry section, and there only in the abstract language of linear algebra, putting the main point of rotation matrices out of reach of anyone except those who should know it already. |
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I'm hesitating to jump in and revise it, as I'm kind of new to linear algebra, but will probably go ahead and take a crack at it eventually if no one with more expertise wants to step up. |
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[[Special:Contributions/168.156.89.237|168.156.89.237]] ([[User talk:168.156.89.237|talk]]) 23:51, 27 November 2007 (UTC) |
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== Knowledge Gap == |
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As interesting as Lie algebras, spin groups, quaternions, or the intricacies and many properties of SO(3) group theory are, many editors are forgetting that the article is about [[Rotation Matrices]] and not about Algebra, Physics, Peculiar 19th century math, or theoretical mathematics. There clearly is a huge disconnect here between what should be here (and is missing) and that which is optional (which is abundant, even overshadowing). |
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Glimpsing over the article I'd swear it was about quaternions, until the caption told me it should have been about [[Rotation Matrices]], the simple representation between 2 rotated coordinate systems in an orthonormal basis nowhere to be found, not even the very essential composition of rotation matrices about the three cartesian axes are mentioned! |
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With all due respect to the various authors, 90% of the material is better off in other articles where it doesn't bumb the [[signal to noise ratio]] off the scale. |
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[[Special:Contributions/82.72.87.196|82.72.87.196]] ([[User talk:82.72.87.196|talk]]) 17:20, 18 February 2008 (UTC) |
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:You may not be aware of this, but all Wikipedia content is contributed by unpaid volunteers, and anyone can edit the articles if they think they can improve them. So, [[WP:be bold|be bold]]. If you add new content, the best is to follow a published accessible treatment from a good textbook, which can be [[WP:CITE|cited]] as a source. I do not see how the article would be improved by removing more advanced content (which, unlike you, I think is highly relevant and important information). --[[User talk:Lambiam|Lambiam]] 09:31, 20 February 2008 (UTC) |
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== Ambiguities == |
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It's good that ambiguities are listed, but they seem not to be resolved in article itself. E.g. whether presented matrices multiply rows or columns? [[User:Roman Cheplyaka|Roman Cheplyaka]] ([[User talk:Roman Cheplyaka|talk]]) 11:49, 27 June 2008 (UTC) |
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== sandwich character == |
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At the end of section 6.5 "spin group" there is the "sandwich" expression which uses the code ∗ instead of the ordinary asterix (*). The lowast character does not read on my terminal and perhaps on other readers too. Thus I made an edit to better express the sandwich; said edit being un-done. I suggest using <math>v \to q v q^{-1}</math> to better express the required sandwich map. In the present case q* = q^-1 so there is no difference.[[User:Rgdboer|Rgdboer]] ([[User talk:Rgdboer|talk]]) 22:49, 7 July 2008 (UTC) |
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== Total re-write? == |
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It has been proposed that the [[Eigenvector slew]] article should be merged with the |
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"Rotation matrix" article although this is basically a spacecraft article, only |
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secondary a mathematics article. Attached my proposal for a new mathematical "Rotation matrix" article. |
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This would then be the reference for a very short spacecraft article. |
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If people also want to keep the old text a solution has to be found |
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PS: |
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I would also add some stuff about quaternions as this just is a slight change in format of the "canonical form". And Quaternions are used a lot to specify spacecraft attitude, there should be some suitable stuff for this! |
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[[User:Stamcose|Stamcose]] ([[User talk:Stamcose|talk]]) 16:52, 29 July 2008 (UTC) |
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===Has been implemented=== |
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This new article should better correspond to what the user needs/expects! And it contains the material of [[Eigenvector slew]] as a mathematical (linear algebra) article what fits better! I.e. a "merge" has been done! |
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[[User:Stamcose|Stamcose]] ([[User talk:Stamcose|talk]]) 11:41, 31 July 2008 (UTC) |
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===The new draft article proposed=== |
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Let |
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:<math>\hat e_1\ ,\ \hat e_2\ ,\ \hat e_3</math> |
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be an orthogonal positively oriented base vector system in <math>R^3</math> |
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The linear operator |
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"Rotation with the angle <math>\theta</math> around the axis defined by <math>\hat e_3</math>" |
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has the matrix representation |
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:<math> |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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Y_1 \\ |
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Y_2 \\ |
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Y_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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= |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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\cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0 \\ |
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\sin\theta & \cos\theta & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 1 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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X_1 \\ |
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X_2 \\ |
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X_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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relative this basevector system |
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This then means that a vector |
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:<math> |
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\bar x=\begin{bmatrix} |
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\hat e_1 & \hat e_2 & \hat e_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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X_1 \\ |
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X_2 \\ |
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X_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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is rotated to the vector |
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:<math> |
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\bar y=\begin{bmatrix} |
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\hat e_1 & \hat e_2 & \hat e_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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Y_1 \\ |
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Y_2 \\ |
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Y_3 |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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by the linear operator |
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The [[determinant]] of this matrix is |
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:<math> |
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det |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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\cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0\\ |
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\sin\theta & \cos\theta & 0\\ |
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0 & 0 & 1 |
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\end{bmatrix}=1 |
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</math> |
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and the [[characteristic polynomial]] is |
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:<math> |
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\begin{align} |
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det\begin{bmatrix} |
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\cos\theta -\lambda & -\sin\theta & 0 \\ |
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\sin\theta & \cos\theta -\lambda & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 1-\lambda |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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&=\big({(\cos\theta -\lambda)}^2 + {\sin\theta}^2 \big)(1-\lambda) \\ |
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&=-\lambda^3+(2\ \cos\theta\ +\ 1)\ \lambda^2 - (2\ \cos\theta\ +\ 1)\ \lambda +1 \\ |
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\end{align} |
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</math> |
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The matrix is symmetric if and only if <math>\sin\theta=0</math>, i.e. for <math>\theta=0</math> |
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and for <math>\theta=\pi</math> |
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The case <math>\theta=0</math> is the trivial case of an identity operator |
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For the case <math>\theta=\pi</math> the [[characteristic polynomial]] is |
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:<math> |
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-(\lambda-1){(\lambda +1)}^2 |
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</math> |
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i.e. the rotation operator has the [[eigenvalue]]s |
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:<math> |
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\lambda=1 \quad \lambda=-1 |
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</math> |
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The [[eigenspace]] corresponding to <math>\lambda=1</math> is all vectors on the rotation axis, i.e. all vectors |
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:<math> |
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\bar x =\alpha \ \hat e_3 \quad -\infty <\alpha < \infty |
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</math> |
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The [[eigenspace]] corresponding to <math>\lambda=-1</math> consists of all vectors orthogonal to the rotation axis, i.e. all vectors |
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:<math> |
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\bar x =\alpha \ \hat e_1 + \beta \ \hat e_2 \quad -\infty <\alpha < \infty \quad -\infty <\beta < \infty |
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</math> |
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For all other values of <math>\theta</math> the matrix is un-symmetric and as <math>{\sin\theta}^2 > 0</math> there is |
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only the eigenvalue <math>\lambda=1</math> with the one-dimensional [[eigenspace]] of the vectors on the rotation axis: |
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:<math> |
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\bar x =\alpha \ \hat e_3 \quad -\infty <\alpha < \infty |
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</math> |
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The "rotation operator" is an orthogonal mapping and its matrix relative any base vector system is therefore an [[orthogonal matrix]] |
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with determinant 1. A |
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non trivial fact is the opposite, i.e. that for any orthogonal linear mapping in <math>R^3</math> having |
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determinant = 1 |
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there exist base vectors |
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:<math>\hat e_1\ ,\ \hat e_2\ ,\ \hat e_3</math> |
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such that the matrix takes the "canonical form" |
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:<math> |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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\cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0 \\ |
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\sin\theta & \cos\theta & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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for some value of <math>\theta</math>. |
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In fact, if a linear operator has the [[orthogonal matrix]] |
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:<math> |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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A_{11} & A_{12} & A_{13} \\ |
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A_{21} & A_{22} & A_{23} \\ |
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A_{31} & A_{32} & A_{33} |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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relative some base vector system |
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:<math>\hat f_1\ ,\ \hat f_2\ ,\ \hat f_3</math> |
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and this matrix is symmetric the "Symmetric operator theorem" valid in <math>R^n</math> (any dimension) applies saying |
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that it has n orthogonal eigenvectors. This means for the 3 dimensional case that there exists a coordinate system |
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:<math>\hat e_1\ ,\ \hat e_2\ ,\ \hat e_3</math> |
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such that the matrix takes the form |
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:<math> |
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\begin{bmatrix} |
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B_{11} & 0 & 0 \\ |
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0 & B_{22} & 0 \\ |
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0 & 0 & B_{33} |
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\end{bmatrix} |
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</math> |
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As it is an orthogonal matrix these diagonal elements <math>B_{ii}</math> are either 1 or -1. As the determinant is 1 these elements |
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are either all 1 or one of the elements is 1 and the other two are -1. In the first case it is the trivial identity operator corresponding |
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to <math>\theta=0</math>. In the second case it is a rotation with <math>\theta=\pi</math> around the eigenvector having 1 as eigenvalue. |
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If the matrix is un-symmetric the vector |
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:<math> |
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\bar E = \alpha_1\ \hat f_1 + \alpha_2\ \hat f_2 + \alpha_3\ \hat f_3 |
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</math> |
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where |
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:<math>\alpha_1=A_{23}-A_{32}</math> |
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:<math>\alpha_2=A_{31}-A_{13}</math> |
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:<math>\alpha_3=A_{12}-A_{21}</math> |
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is non-zero. This vector is an eigenvector with eigenvalue |
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:<math> |
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\lambda=1 |
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</math> |
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Setting |
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:<math> |
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\hat e_3=\frac{\bar E}{|\bar E|} |
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</math> |
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and selecting any two orthogonal unit vectors in the plane orthogonal to <math>\hat e_3</math>: |
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:<math>\hat e_1\ ,\ \hat e_2</math> |
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such that |
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:<math>\hat e_1\ ,\ \hat e_2,\ \hat e_3</math> |
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form a positively oriented trippel the operator takes the desired form with |
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:<math>\cos \alpha=\frac{A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}-1}{2}</math> |
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:<math>\sin \alpha=\frac{|\bar{E}|}{2}</math> |
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[[User:Stamcose|Stamcose]] ([[User talk:Stamcose|talk]]) 16:52, 29 July 2008 (UTC) |
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===Error in rotation matrix around Y=== |
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In the text we have the following: |
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:<math> |
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Q_y = |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos\theta & 0 & -\sin\theta\\ |
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0 & 1 & 0\\ |
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\sin\theta & 0 & \cos\theta |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math> |
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I think this is wrong. I just changed it to this. |
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:<math> |
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Q_y = |
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\begin{pmatrix} |
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\cos\theta & 0 & \sin\theta\\ |
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0 & 1 & 0\\ |
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-\sin\theta & 0 & \cos\theta |
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\end{pmatrix} |
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</math> |
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Can someone please confirm. |
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Thank you |
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[[User:DaffyDuck1981|DaffyDuck1981]] ([[User talk:DaffyDuck1981|talk]]) 02:50, 13 October 2008 (UTC) |
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Revision as of 00:47, 14 October 2008
Chilean wine is wine made in the South American country of Chile. The region has a long viticultural history for a New World wine region dating to the 16th century when the Spanish conquistadors brought Vitis vinifera vines with them as they colonized the region. In the mid-18th century, French wine varietals such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot were introduced. In the early 1980s, a renaissance began with the introduction of stainless steel fermentation tanks and the use of oak barrels for aging. Wine exports grew very quickly as quality wine production increased.
The number of wineries has grown from 12 in 1995 to over 70 in 2005. Chile is now the fifth largest exporter of wines to the United States. The climate has been described as midway between that of California and France. The most common grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenère. So far Chile has remained free of phylloxera louse which means that the country's grapevines do not need to be grafted.[1]
History
European Vitis vinifera vines were brought to Chile by Spanish conquistadors and missionaries in the 16th century around 1554. Local legend states that the conquistador Francisco de Aguirre himself planted the first vines.[2] The vines most likely came from established Spanish vineyards planted in Peru which included the "common black grape", as it was known, that Hernán Cortés brought to Mexico in 1520. This grape variety would become the ancestor of the widely planted Pais grape that would be the most widely planted Chilean grape till the 21st century.[1] Jesuit priest cultivated these early vineyards, using the wine for the celebration of the Eucharist. By the late 16th century, the early Chilean historian Alonso de Ovalle described widespread plantings of "the common black grape", Muscatel, Torontel, Albilho and Mollar.[3]
During the Spanish rule, vineyards were restricted in production with the stipulation that the Chilean should purchase the bulk of their wines directly from Spain itself. For the most part the Chileans ignored these restrictions, preferring their domestic production to the oxidized and vinegary wines that didn't fare well during the long voyages from Spain. They were even so bold as to start exporting some of their wines to neighboring Peru with one such export shipment being captured at sea by the English privateer Francis Drake. When Spain heard of the event rather than being outraged at Drake, an indictment was sent back to Chile with the order to uproot most of their vineyards. This order, too, was mostly ignored.[4]
In the 18th century, Chile was known mostly for its sweet wines made from the Pais and Muscatel grapes. To achieve a high level of sweetness the wines were often boiled which concentrated the grape must.[3] Following his shipwreck off the coast at Cape Horn, Admiral John Byron (Grandfather of the poet Lord Byron) traveled across Chile and came back to England with a glowing review of Chilean Muscatel comparing it favorably to Madeira. The 19th century wine writer André Julien was not as impressed, comparing Chilean wines to a "potion of rhubarb and senna".[4]
Despite being politically linked to Spain, Chile's wine history has been most profoundly influenced by French, particularly Bordeaux, winemaking. Prior to the phylloxera epidemic, wealthy Chilean landowners were influenced by their visits to France and began importing French vines to plant. Don Silvestre Ochagavia Echazareta6 was the first, importing Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet franc, Malbec, Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon in 1851. In 1870 Don Maximo Errazuriz founded the first winery dedicated to international varieties. He hired a French oenologist to oversee his vineyard planting and to produce wine in the Bordeaux style. Errázuriz saw potential in Chile and even experimented with the German wine grape Riesling.[4] In events that parallel those of the Rioja wine region, the entrance of phylloxera into the French wine world turned into a positive event for the Chilean wine industry. With vineyards in ruin, many French winemakers traveled to South America, bringing their experience and techniques with them.[1]
Political instability in the 20th century, coupled with bureaucratic regulations and high taxes tempered the growth of the Chilean wine industry. Prior to the 1980s, the vast majority of Chilean wine was considered low quality and mostly consumed domestically. As awareness of Chile's favorable growing conditions for viticulture increased so did foreign investment in Chilean wineries. This period saw many technical advances in winemaking as Chile earned a reputation for reasonably priced premium quality wines. Chile began to export extensively, becoming the third leading exporter, after France and Italy, into the United States by the turn of the 21st century. It has since dropped to fourth in the US, being surpassed by Australia, but focus has switched to developing exports in the world's other major wine markets like the United Kingdom and Japan.[1]
Climate and geography
Chile is a long, narrow country that is geographically and climatically dominated by the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile's vineyards are found along an 800 mile stretch of land from Atacama Region to the Bio-Bio Region in the south. The climate is varied with the northern regions being very hot and dry compared to the cooler, wetter regions in the south. In the Valle Central around Santiago, the climate is dry with an average of 15 inches (38 centimeters) of rain and little to risk of springtime frost. The close proximately to the Andes help create a wide diurnal temperature variation between day and nighttime temperatures. This cool drop in temperature is vital in maintaining the grapes' acidity levels.[5]
Most of Chile's premium wine regions are dependent on irrigation to sustain vineyards, getting the necessary water from melting snow caps in the Andes. In the developing wine regions along the Coastal Ranges and in the far south, there is not a lack in needed rainfall but vineyards owners have to deal with other factors such as the Humboldt Current from the Pacific which can bathe a vineyard with a blanket of cool air. For the rest of Chile's wine regions, the Coastal Ranges serve a buffer from the current and also acts as a rain shadow. The vineyards in these regions are planted on the valley plains of the Andes foothills along a major river such as the Maipo, Rapel and Maule Rivers.[5]
The vineyards of Chile fall between the latitudes of 32 and 38° s which, in the Northern Hemisphere would be the equivalent of southern Spain and North Africa. However the climate in Chile's wine regions is much more temperate than those regions, comparing more closely to California and Bordeaux. Overall, it is classified as a Mediterranean climate with average summer temperatures of 59-64 °F (15-18 °C) and potential highs 86 °F (30 °C).[3]
Wine regions
In December 1994, the Republic of Chile defined the following viticultural regions-
- Atacama, within the Atacama region (III administrative region). Within it are two subregions, the Copiapó Valley and the Huasco Valley, both of which are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. The region is known primarily for its Pisco production.[5] Atacama is also an important source of table grapes.[3]
- Coquimbo, within the Coquimbo Region (IV administrative region). It has three subregions: Elqui Valley, Limarí Valley, and the Choapa Valley. All subregions are coterminous with the provinces of the same names. Like the Atacama this region is primarily known for Pisco and table grapes.[5]
- Aconcagua, within the Valparaiso Region (V administrative region). It includes two subregions, the Valley of Aconcagua and the Valley of Casablanca. The Aconcagua Valley is coterminous with the province of that name. The Casablanca Valley is coterminous with the comuna of that name. The Panquehue commune is also gradually developing a reputation for high quality wine production. Casablanca is one of Chile's cooler wine region and is often compared to the Californian wine region of Carneros and grows similar grape varietals like Chardonnay and Pinot noir.[5] Casablanca's growing seasons last up to a month longer than other regions, typically harvesting in April.[2] The northern region of Aconcagua is Chile's warmest wine region and is primarily planted with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. The soil of this region is composed mainly of alluvial deposits left over from ancient river beds.[1]
- Valle Central, which spans the O'Higgins Region (VI) and Maule Region (VII) Administrative Regions and the Administrative Metropolitan Region. Within it are four subregions: the Maipo Valley, the Rapel Valley, the Curicó Valley and the Maule Valley. This is Chile's most productive and internationally known wine region, due in large part to its close proximately to the country's capital Santiago. It is located directly across the Andes' from Argentina's most well known wine region Mendoza Province. The Maipo Valley is the most widely cultivated valley and is known for its Cabernet Sauvignon. The Rapel wine region in the Colchagua Province is also known for it Cabernet. Curicó has both red and white wine varieties planted but is most widely known for it Chardonnay. The Maule Valley still has large plantings of the local Pais but is gradually being planted with better red wine varieties.[5] The soil of Maipo Valley is noted for it high salinity steaming from irrigation from the Maipo river and low potassium level which has some impact on the grapevines. Vineyards in the Maule also suffer from low potassium as well as deficient nitrogen levels. Advances in viticultural techniques have helped vineyards in these regions compensate for some of these effects.[3]
- Southern Chile, within the Bio-Bio Region (VIII). Two subregions are included: Itata Valley and Bío-Bío Valley. The region is primarily known for its mass produce Pais box and jug wines though Concha y Toro Winery has experimented with Gewürztraminer from this region.[5] The southern regions have more rainfall, lower average temperature and fewer hours of sunlight than the northern wine regions.[3]
Viticulture
Chile's natural boundaries (Pacific Ocean, Andes Mountain, Atacama Desert to the north and Antarctica to the south) has left it relatively isolated from other parts of the world and has served to be beneficial in keeping the phylloxera louse at bay. Because of this many Chilean vineyards do not have to graft their rootstock and incur that added cost of planting. Chilean wineries have stated that this "purity" of their vines is a positive element that can be tasted in the wine but most wine experts agree that the most apparent benefit is the financial aspect. The one wine region that is the exception to this freedom from grafting is Casablanca whose vines are susceptible to attack by nematodes.[2] While phylloxera is not a problem, winemakers do have to worry about other grape diseases and hazards such as downy mildew, which was spread easily by El Niño influences and severely affected the 1997-1998 vintages. Powdery mildew and verticillium wilt can also cause trouble.[3]
There is not much vintage variation due to the reliability of favorable weather with little risk of spring time frost or harvest time rains. The main exception, again, is Casablanca due in part to its closer proximately to the Pacific. For the Chilean wine regions in the Valle Central, the Andes and Coastal Ranges create a rain shadow affect which traps the warm arid air in the region. At night, cool air comes into the area from the Andes which dramatically drops the temperature. This help maintain high levels of acidity to go with the ripe fruit that grapes develop with the long hours of uninterrupted sunshine that they get during the day. The result is a unique profile of flavonoids in the wine which some Chilean wineries claim make Chilean wines higher in resveratrol and antioxidants.[2] Harvest typically begins at the end of February for varieties like Chardonnay with some red wine varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon being picked in April and Carmenère sometimes staying on the vine into May.
The Andes also provide a ready source of irrigation which was historically done in flood plain style. Chilean vineyard owners would dig canals throughout their vineyards and then flood the entire surface area with water allowing some to seep into the ground and the run off to be funnel away through the canals. This encouraged excessive irrigation and high yields which had a negative effect on quality. During the wine renaissance of the 1980s & 1990s more vineyards converted to drip irrigation system which allowed greater control and helped reduce yields. The soil composition of Chile's vineyards varies from the clay dominated landscapes of Colchagua, which is thusly heavily planted with the clay-loving Merlot, to the mixture of loam, limestone and sand found in other regions.[2] In the southern Rapel and parts of Maule, tuffeau soil is present with volcanic soil being found in parts of Curico and Bio-Bio.[3]
Winemaking
Chile has benefited from an influx of foreign investment and winemaking talent that begin in the late 20th century. Flying winemakers introduced new technology and styles that helped Chilean wineries produce more international recognized wine styles. One such improvement was the use of oak. Historically Chilean winemakers had aged their wines in barrels made from rauli beechwood which imparted to the wine a unique taste that many international tasters found unpleasant. Gradually the wineries began to convert to French and American oak or stainless steel tanks for aging.[2]
Financial investment manifested in the form of European and American winemakers opening up their own wineries or collaborating with existing Chilean wineries to produce new brands. These include...
- Robert Mondavi, collaboration with Viña Errázuriz to produce Sena
- Miguel A. Torres, Catalan winemaker opened Miguel Torres Chile in 1979
- Kendall-Jackson, opened Viña Calina
- Château Lafite Rothschild, collaboration with Los Vascos
- Bruno Prats, Owner of Château Cos d'Estournel, and Paul Pontallier, former winemaker of Chateau Margaux, opened Domaine Paul Bruno
- Château Mouton Rothschild, collaboration with Concha y Toro Winery to produce Almaviva
Wine laws
Chile's wine laws are more similar to the US appellation system than to France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée that most of Europe has based their wine laws on. Chile's system went into effect in 1995 and established the boundaries of the countries wine regions and established regulations for wine labels. There are no restrictions of grape varieties, viticultural practices or winemaking techniques. Wines are required to have at least 75% of a grape variety if its to listed on the label as well as at least 75% from the designated vintage year. To list a particular wine region, 75% is also the minimum requirement of grapes that need to be from that region. Similar to the United States, the term Reserve has no legal definition or meaning.[1]
Grapes and wines
Over twenty grape varieties are grown in Chile, mainly a mixture of Spanish and French varieties, but many wineries are increasing experimentation in higher numbers.[1] For most of Chile's history, Pais was the most widely planted grape only recently getting passed by Cabernet Sauvignon. Other red wine varieties include Merlot, Carménère, Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Cabernet franc, Pinot noir, Syrah, Sangiovese, Barbera, Malbec, and Carignan. White wine varieties include Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Sauvignon vert, Sémillon, Riesling, Viognier, Torontel, Pedro Ximénez, Gewürztraminer and Muscat of Alexandria.[5]
Chilean winemakers have been developing a distinct style for their Cabernet Sauvignon, producing an easy drinking wine with soft tannins and flavors of mint, black currant, olives and smoke. The country's Chardonnays are less distinctive, following more the stereotypical New World style.[1] While sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio.[3]
Merlot & Sauvignon blanc
In the late 20th century as Chilean wines became more popular, wine tasters around the world began to doubt the authenticity of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc. The wines lack many of the characteristics and typicity of those grapes. Ampelographers began to study the vines and found that what was considered Merlot was actually the ancient Bordeaux wine grape Carménère that was thought to be extinct. The Sauvignon blanc vines were found to actually be Sauvignonasse, also known as Sauvignon vert, or a mutated Sauvignon blanc/Sémillon cross. In response to these discoveries several Chilean wineries began to import true Merlot and Sauvignon blanc cuttings to where most bottle of wines labeled Merlot and Sauvignon blanc from vintages in the 21st century are very likely to truly be those varieties.[5]
International competitions
In some international competitions, Chilean wines have ranked very highly. For example, in the Berlin Wine Tasting of 2004, 36 European experts blind tasted wines from two vintages each of eight top wines from France, Italy and Chile. The first and second place wines were two Cabernet-based reds from Chile: Viñedo Chadwick 2000 and Sena 2001.[6] The Berlin Wine Tasting of 2005 held in Brazil featured five Chilean wines in the top seven.[7] In the Tokyo Wine Tasting of 2006, Chilean wines won four of the top five rankings.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 836-843 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1563054345
- ^ a b c d e f H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 297-299 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1840003324
- ^ a b c d e f g h i J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 163-167 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906
- ^ a b c H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 432-434 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0671687026
- ^ a b c d e f g h i T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 543-546 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0756613248
- ^ Cousino-Macul rules Chilean wine
- ^ http://www.theberlintasting.com/brazil/results.asp?state=t&menu=r
- ^ http://www.theberlintasting.com/japan/results.asp?state=t&menu=r
6. Domine, Andre Wine pg846 Konemann 2000 ISBN 3-8290-4856-4
External links
- Wines of Chile
- Asociación de Viñas de Chile A.G. Template:Es icon
- Planetavino.com :The best website of Chilean wines.Template:Es icon
- Wine region map of Chile
- Colchagua Valley map
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