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New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

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New World Translation
New World Translation
Full nameNew World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
AbbreviationNWT
NT published1950
Complete Bible
published		1961
Textual basisNT: Westcott & Hort. OT: Masoretic Text.
Translation typeFormal Equivalence with occasional ventures into Dynamic equivalence[1]
CopyrightCopyright 1950 Watchtower Society
Genesis 1:1–3
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth proved to be formless and waste and there was darkness upon the surface of the watery deep; and God's active force was moving to and fro over the surface of the waters. And God proceeded to say: "Let light come to be." Then there came to be light.
John 3:16
For God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life.
The Bible in English
Main category: Bible translations into English
Bible portal

The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a modern-language translation of the Bible published by Jehovah's Witnesses[2], first published in 1950. It is not the first Bible to be published by the group, but is their first original translation of ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic Biblical texts. Harper's Bible Dictionary lists the New World Translation as being one of the major modern bible translations.[3] As of 2008, this Bible translation was available in whole or part in 71 languages with 143 million copies in several editions having been printed.[4] It is also available in electronic format on the Watchtower Society official web site

History

Until the release of the NWT in 1950, Jehovah's Witnesses in English-speaking countries generally used the King James Version or American Standard Version of the Bible. In the literature they have produced, Jehovah's Witnesses have quoted liberally from the King James Version and many other translations of the Bible over the years.

According to the publishers, one of the main reasons for producing a new translation was that the majority of existing Bible versions in common use employed archaic language. The English language has changed significantly since 1611, when the Authorised (King James) Version was first published, and many words in the KJV are no longer in common use today, or are used in a sense different from that in which the translators intended them.[5] The stated intention was to produce a fresh translation, free of archaisms.

Additionally, over the centuries since the King James version was produced, more copies of earlier manuscripts of the original texts in the Hebrew and Greek languages have become available. In the publishers' view, better manuscript evidence has made it possible to determine with greater accuracy what the original writers intended, particularly in more obscure passages. Additionally, they feel that certain aspects of the original Hebrew and Greek languages are better understood by linguists today than previously.

In October 1946, the president of the Watch Tower Society, Nathan H. Knorr, proposed a fresh translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Work began on December 2, 1947 when the "New World Bible Translation Committee" was formed. On September 3, 1949, Knorr convened a joint meeting of the board of directors of both the Watch Tower Society's New York and Pennsylvania corporations to announce that work on a modern-language English translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures was completed and had been turned over to the Society for printing. It was assigned to the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania for publication.

The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures (New Testament) was released at a convention of Jehovah's Witnesses at Yankee Stadium, New York, on August 2, 1950. The translation of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) was released in five volumes in 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, and 1960, and the complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released as a single volume in 1961. Since then, it has undergone minor revisions on a number of occasions, most recently in 1984. The 1984 edition is in much the same style as previous editions, the primary difference being the revised marginal (cross) references. These had been included in the six volumes released between 1950 - 1960 but were not included in the single volume editions from 1961 onward.[6] The basic layout style much resembles the American Standard Version 1901 edition.

Translators and Editor

The New World Translation was produced by the New World Bible Translation Committee. This committee was originally formed sometime in or around 1947 and, according to Nathan Knorr, its members had multinational background.[7] As it is reported, the New World Bible Translation Committee, as an entity, was still active at least until 2006[8][9] and it has been financed by the Watchtower organization.[10] The New World Bible Translation Committee requested that the publisher, the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, never publish names of its members.[11][12] According to its agreement the Watchtower organization has never confirmed or denied any names or biographical data regarding this committee. However, former high ranking Watchtower staffers have presented names.[13][14] It is also stated that the Editor of the NWT was Frederick William Franz.[15] The Watchtower organization's Board of Directors tasked him to examine the NWT and determine its accuracy and acceptability as it was submitted for publication.[16]

Editions and languages

As of 2008 the NWT has been published in 71 languages. Translation into other languages is based on the English text, possible because of the literal nature of the English translation itself, supplemented by comparison with the Hebrew and Greek.[17]

The complete translation the Holy Scriptures is available in Afrikaans, Albanian, Arabic, Cebuano, Chinese (Standard, Simplified, Pinyin), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (also Braille), Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Hungarian, Igbo, Iloko, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Macedonian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (also Braille), Romanian, Russian, Serbian (Cyrillic and Latin scripts), Sesotho, Shona, Slovakian, Spanish (also Braille), Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, Yoruba, and Zulu.

The Christian Greek Scriptures (commonly known as the New Testament) is available in American Sign Language, Brazilian Sign Language, Armenian, Bulgarian, Chichewa, Cibemba, Efik, Ewe, Hiligaynon, Italian Braille, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Lingala, Malagasy, Maltese, Ossetic, Samoan, Sepedi, Sinhala, Slovenian, Sranantongo, Thai, Turkish, Twi, and Ukrainian.

Features of the translation

Various different editions of the New World Translation have been published. The 1984 reference edition has more than 125,000 marginal references (cross references), running headings at the top of most pages to assist in locating texts, footnotes about translation decisions (which mention some 90 different manuscripts and other sources that are listed in a table of abbreviations at the start), a concordance, and an index of footnote words and "further word studies" (giving pointers about a certain topic). Some of the footnotes also add transliterations from the original languages. The pronoun "you" is printed in small capital letters to indicate plurality, as are some verbs when plurality is not obvious. Square brackets [ ] are added around words that were inserted editorially to complete the English sentence (double brackets indicate dubious material).

The standard (not reference) edition is printed in smaller type on thinner paper, lacks the footnotes, and adds a "Bible Topics for Discussion" section that outlines where to find scriptures about various doctrinal points. An even smaller "pocket edition" also lacks the cross-references.

Many of the non-English translations lack the footnotes, and some add footnotes of their own regarding notes about the translation into the other language.

There are varying numbers of appendices in the different editions published, including arguments for various translation decisions, extra data on certain aspects of manuscripts, conversion tables for weights and measures, an agricultural calendar, maps, and diagrams of the tabernacle and temple.

The translators use the terms "Hebrew-Aramaic Scriptures" and "Christian Greek Scriptures" rather than "Old Testament" and "New Testament", saying the use of "testament" was based on a misunderstanding of 2 Corinthians 3:14.[18] When referring to dates in the supplemental material, the abbreviations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E. (common era) are used rather than BC and AD.

Verbs indicating continuous or progressive action are consistently rendered as such in English, so for example we see "proceeded to rest" rather than "rested" in Genesis 2:2, or "keep on asking" rather than "ask" at Matthew 7:7.

Critical Review

The New World Translation has received commendation and severe criticism. "Dr. William Barclay concluded that 'the deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in the New Testament translation….It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is intellectually dishonest.'"[19] Contrarily, Dr. Jason BeDuhn states the NWT is a ‘remarkably good translation’.[20]

The qualification of the members of the Translation Committee

  • A speculative criticism often made against the NWT is that its translators insisted to remain anonymous because they were not qualified for making a Bible translation. Among the names rumoured as possible translators, none of them has adequate academic training in Biblical languages.[21] The Watchtower Society, answering to such critics, claims that "the particulars of their university or other educational training are not the important thing" and that the translation testifies to their qualification.[22] Academic reviewers of the New World Translation have made statements in favour of the translators. Dr. Bruce Metzger stated for the NWT of the Greek Scriptures: "On the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators".[23] Similarly, though critical, Samuel Haas, in his review of the first volume of the NWT of the Hebrew Scriptures, stated that "this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship".[24].
  • Commentator Alexander Thomson writes of the NWT, “The translation is evidently the work of skilled and clever scholars, who have sought to bring out as much of the true sense of the Greek text as the English language is capable of expressing.”[25]
  • In addition, the translator of the Greek "New Testament" in An American Translation, Edgar J. Goodspeed wrote "I am interested in the mission work of your people, and its world wide scope, and much pleased with the free, frank, and vigorous translation. It exhibits a vast array of sound serious learning, as I can testify."[26]

Commendation

A 2004 book by Dr. Jason BeDuhn states, “While it is difficult to quantify this sort of analysis, it can be said the NW emerges as the most accurate of the translations ... judging by the passages we have looked at.” [27] Commentator Alexander Thomson wrote, “We heartily recommend the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, published in 1950 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.”[28] Thomas Winter considers the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures (part of the NWT project) as “highly useful” toward mastery of biblical Greek.[29] Winter relates that the translation "is thoroughly up-to-date and consistently accurate.” [30] In addition, Charles Francis Potter has stated about NWT: "Apart from a few semantic peculiarities like translating the Greek word stauros, as "stake" instead of "cross," and the often startling use of the colloquial and the vernacular, the anonymous translators have certainly rendered the best manuscript texts, both Greek and Hebrew, with scholarly ability and acumen."[31]

Linguistic

Dr. Bruce Metzger characterizes the NWT’s use of “Jehovah” in the New Testament as an “introduction.” He writes, “The introduction of the word ‘Jehovah’ into the New Testament text, in spite of much ingenuity in an argument filled with a considerable amount of irrelevant material (pp. 10-25), is a plain piece of special pleading.”[32]
However, Wolfgang Feneberg comments in the Jesuit magazine Entschluss/Offen (April 1985): "He [Jesus] did not withhold his father's name YHWH from us, but he entrusted us with it. It is otherwise inexplicable why the first petition of the Lord's Prayer should read: 'May your name be sanctified!'" Feneberg further notes that, "in pre-Christian manuscripts for Greek-speaking Jews, God's name was not paraphrased with kyrios [Lord], but was written in the tetragram form [YHWH] in Hebrew or archaic Hebrew characters....We find collections of the name in the writings of the Church Fathers; but they are not interested in it. By translating this name kyrios (Lord), the Church Fathers were more interested in attributing the grandeur of the kyrios to Jesus Christ." The New World Translation restores the name to the text of the Bible wherever there is sound, scholarly reason to do so.[33]
Regarding the NWT’s use of English, Dr. Harold H. Rowley is critical of what he calls “wooden literalism” and “harsh construction.” He characterizes these as “an insult to the Word of God” and offers a few sample renderings from Genesis. Specifically he cites Genesis 15:5, 4:13, 6:3, 18:20, 4:8, 19:22, 24:32 and 24:66. Rowley concludes these criticisms by writing, “From beginning to end this volume is a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated.”[34]
Contrary to that opinion, classical Greek scholar Dr. Rijkel ten Kate, Bible translations fail to render certain words accurately. For example, in Luke chapter 2, we find three different Greek words (bre′phos, pai‧di′on, and pais) employed to describe the successive stages of Jesus’ growth. Each of these words has a different shade of meaning. However, in many Bibles, two or all three of these words are vaguely rendered “child.” What is the correct translation? Dr. ten Kate explains that in verse 12 the Greek word bre′phos means “a newborn, or baby.” Pai‧di′on, used in verse 27, means “little boy or child,” and pais, found in verse 43, should be rendered “boy.” “As far as I know,” wrote Dr. ten Kate in the March 1993 issue of Bijbel en Wetenschap (Bible and Science), “not one Dutch translation has rendered this adequately, that is to say, completely in harmony with the original text.” Later, Dr. ten Kate was shown the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. His reaction? “I am very surprised,” he said, “that there is actually one Dutch Bible in which the different use of the three Greek words bre′phos, pai‧di′on, and pais is rightly taken into account.” Does the New World Translation translate these verses in harmony with the original Greek text? “Completely in agreement,” responds Dr. ten Kate.[35]

A Case Study of Translation

One of the NWT's most controversial passages is John 1:1. The King James Version translation renders this verse:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

[36]

The New World Translation renders the same verse:

In [the] beginning the Word was, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god.

[37]

The NWT's translation is considered by many as a change to agree with the doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses. Some reference books argue strongly that the Greek text must be translated, “The Word was God”, however not all agree. In his article, “Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1”, Philip B. Harner said that such clauses as the one in John 1:1,

“with an anarthrous predicate preceding the verb, are primarily qualitative in meaning. They indicate that the logos has the nature of theos.”

He suggests:

“Perhaps the clause could be translated, ‘the Word had the same nature as God.’” (Journal of Biblical Literature, 1973, pp. 85, 87)

Thus, in this text, the fact that the word theos in its second occurrence is without the definite article (ho) and is placed before the verb in the sentence in Greek is significant. Interestingly, translators that insist on rendering John 1:1, “The Word was God,” do not hesitate to use the indefinite article (a, an) in their rendering of other passages where a singular anarthrous predicate noun occurs before the verb. Thus at John 6:70, The Jerusalem Bible and King James both refer to Judas Iscariot as “a devil,” and at John 9:17 they describe Jesus as “a prophet.”

Below is a list of various Bible translations and their renderings of John 1:1.

“and the Word was a god (godlike; divine)”

Gr., καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος (kai the‧os′ en ho lo′gos)

  • 1808 “and the word was a god” -The New Testament, in An Improved Version, Upon the Basis of Archbishop Newcome’s New Translation: With a Corrected Text, London.
  • 1864 “and a god was the Word” -The Emphatic Diaglott (J21,interlinear reading), by Benjamin Wilson, New York and London.
  • 1935 “and the Word was divine” -The Bible—An American Translation, by J. M. P. Smith and E. J. Goodspeed,Chicago.
  • 1950 “and the Word was a god” -New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures,Brooklyn.
  • 1975 “and a god (or, of a divine kind) was the Word”
  • 1978 “and godlike sort was the Logos"
  • 1979 “and a god was the Logos” -Das Evangelium nach Johannes,by Johannes Schneider,Berlin.

These translations use such words as “a god,” “divine” or “godlike” because the Greek word θεός (the‧os′) is a singular predicate noun occurring before the verb and is not preceded by the definite article. This is an anarthrous the‧os′. The God with whom the Word, or Logos, was originally is designated here by the Greek expression ὁ θεός, that is, the‧os′ preceded by the definite article ho. This is an articular the‧os′. Careful translators recognize that the articular construction of the noun points to an identity, a personality, whereas a singular anarthrous predicate noun preceding the verb points to a quality about someone. Therefore, John’s statement that the Word or Logos was “a god” or “divine” or “godlike” does not mean that he was the God with whom he was. It merely expresses a certain quality about the Word, or Logos, but it does not identify him as one and the same as God himself.

In the Greek text there are many cases of a singular anarthrous predicate noun preceding the verb, such as in Mr 6:49; 11:32; Joh 4:19; 6:70; 8:44; 9:17; 10:1, 13, 33; 12:6. In these places translators insert the indefinite article “a” before the predicate noun in order to bring out the quality or characteristic of the subject. Since the indefinite article is inserted before the predicate noun in such texts, with equal justification the indefinite article “a” is inserted before the anarthrous θεός in the predicate of John 1:1 to make it read “a god.” The Sacred Scriptures confirm the correctness of this rendering.

In his article “Qualitative Anarthrous Predicate Nouns: Mark 15:39 and John 1:1,” published in Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 92, Philadelphia, 1973, p. 85, Philip B. Harner said that such clauses as the one in Joh 1:1, “with an anarthrous predicate preceding the verb, are primarily qualitative in meaning. They indicate that the logos has the nature of theos. There is no basis for regarding the predicate theos as definite.” On p. 87 of his article, Harner concluded: “In John 1:1 I think that the qualitative force of the predicate is so prominent that the noun cannot be regarded as definite.”

Following is a table of instances in the gospels of Mark and John where various translators have rendered singular anarthrous predicate nouns occurring before the verb with an indefinite article to denote the indefinite and qualitative status of the subject nouns[38]:

Scripture New World Translation King James Version An American Translation New International Version Revised Standard Version Today's English Version
Mark
6:49 an apparition a spirit a ghost a ghost a ghost a ghost
11:32 a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet a real prophet a prophet
John
4:19 a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet
6:70 a slanderer a devil an informer a devil a devil a devil
8:44 a manslayer a murderer a murderer a murderer a murderer a murderer
8:44 a liar a liar a liar a liar a liar a liar
9:17 a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet a prophet
10:1 a thief a thief a thief a thief a thief a thief
10:13 a hired man an hireling a hired man a hired hand a hireling a hired man
10:33 a man a man a mere man a mere man a man a man
12:6 a thief a thief a thief a thief a thief a thief

References

  1. ^ Jason David Beduhn, Truth in Translation - Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament...Also see All Scripture Is Inspired by God and Beneficial published in 1990 pg. 326 pars. 32-33 Study Number 7—The Bible in Modern Times: New World Translation A Literal Translation....This requires an almost word-for-word correspondency between the rendering in English and the Hebrew and Greek texts...the degree of literalness should be as high as the original-language idiom permits... There have been occasional departures from the literal text, for the purpose of conveying in understandable terms the difficult Hebrew or Greek idioms. However, in the reference edition of the New World Translation, these have been called to the reader’s attention by means of footnotes that give the literal rendering.
  2. ^ Using the not-for-profit corporations Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. and the International Bible Students Association of Brooklyn, New York
  3. ^ "English Bible, The", Achtemeier, P. J., Harper & Row, P., & Society of Biblical Literature. Harper's Bible dictionary (1st ed.). Harper & Row: San Francisco 1985.
  4. ^ Awake!, November, 2007 p. 30
  5. ^ http://www.pronetisp.net/~diana/wcm.html list of KJV words and their modern meanings or counterparts.
  6. ^ Foreword, New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, 1984.
  7. ^ New York Times August 3, 1950 p. 19
  8. ^ The Watchtower, November 15, 2001 p. 7
  9. ^ Watchtower Publications Index 1986-2006, Watchtower Publications
  10. ^ New York Times August 3, 1950 p. 19
  11. ^ The Watchtower, September 15, 1950, p. 320
  12. ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, cross examination of Frederick Franz pp. 90-92 "Q. Well then, which body decides? A. [by Frederick Franz] It is the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania [Corporation] that decides in these matters." (p. 90) "Q. Were you yourself responsible for the translation of the Old Testament? A. [by Frederick Franz] Again I cannot answer that question, in harmony with the gentlemen's agreement made by the Board of Directors and the Translation Committee." (p. 92)
  13. ^ Martin W, Kingdom of the Cults, Expanded Anniversary Edition, October 1997, Bethany House Publishers, p. 123. "While the members of the [NWT] committee have never been identified officially by the Watchtower, many Witnesses who worked at the headquarters during the translation period were fully aware of who the members were. They included Nathan H. Knorr (president of the Society at the time), Frederick W. Franz (who later succeeded Knorr as president), Albert D. Schroeder, George Gangas, and Milton Henschel (currently the president)."
  14. ^ Wills T, M.A., A People For His Name - A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and An Evaluation, Lulu, 2006. Originally published in 1967 by Vantage Press. "[Frederick] Franz is a language scholar of no mean ability-he supervised the translation of the Bible from the original languages into the New World Translation, completed in 1961." (p. 253) Of author Tony Wills, the Preface reads "The Author has been intimately associated with Jehovah's Witnesses for many years, close enough to be able to think as one, but never, at the same time, losing his objectivity."
  15. ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, cross examination of Frederick Franz pp. 87-88
  16. ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, cross examination of Frederick Franz p. 88
  17. ^ Jehovah’s Witnesses—Proclaimers of God’s Kingdom (1993) Chap. 27 p. 611, subheading Translation Into Other Languages.
  18. ^ Appendix 7E in the New World Translation reference edition
  19. ^ Rhodes R, The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions, The Essential Guide to Their History, Their Doctrine, and Our Response, Zondervan, 2001, p. 94
  20. ^ BeDuhn, Jason D. Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament, 2004: 165
  21. ^ For instance, the formal training of Frederic Franz was concentrated on Latin and classical Greek. According to the 1911-1913 University of Cincinnati transcript for Frederick W. Franz, he did in class 15 hours of Latin, 21 hours of classical Greek, and a single 2-hour credit class in a course titled "The New Testament-A course in grammar and translation." However, according to A. H. Macmillan, one of the directors of Watchtower organization when the NWT was published, Frederic Franz, in addition to his native tongue of English, was fluent in Spanish, Portuguese and German, conversant in French, and a scholar of Hebrew, Greek, Syrian and Latin (MacMillan AH, Faith on the March, Prentice Hall, 1957, p. 181-182).
  22. ^ The Watchtower, December 15, 1974, p. 768
  23. ^ Metzger, Bruce M, The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, The Bible Translator 15/3 (July 1964), pp. 150-153.
  24. ^ Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 74, No. 4, (Dec. 1955), p. 283.
  25. ^ Thomson, A., The Differentiator, April 1952, pages 52-57
  26. ^ Letter, December 8, 1950
  27. ^ BeDuhn, Jason D. Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament, 2004. Beduhn compared the King James, the (New) Revised Standard, the New International, the New American Bible, the New American Standard Bible, the Amplified Bible, the Living Bible, Today's English and the NWT versions in Mattthew 28:9, Phillipians 2:6, Colossians 1:15-20, Titus 2:13, Hebrews 1:8, John 8:58, John 1:1.
  28. ^ Thomson A, The Differentiator, 1952, 55 No. 2, 6
  29. ^ Thomas N. Winter, Review of New World Bible Translation Committee’s The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, Classics and Religious Studies Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, April-May 1974: 376. “[S]ince [the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures] short-cuts the mechanical and distracting lexicon-thumbing while presenting an unretouched text, I think it is a legitimate and highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine (and classical) Greek. After examining a copy, I equipped several interested second-year Greek students with it as an auxiliary text. No assignments were made in it: the students, combining their wish to learn Greek with a natural interest in the original of the New Testament, dipped into it on their own. They read the Greek (I strongly recommended reading it aloud), picked up the English more or less subliminally, and ended up improving their Greek. After learning the proper pronunciations, a motivated student could probably learn koine Greek from this source alone…. In sum, when a Witness comes to the door, the classicist, Greek student, or Bible student alike would do well to bring him in and place an order.”
  30. ^ Thomas N. Winter, Review of New World Bible Translation Committee’s The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, Classics and Religious Studies Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, April-May 1974: 376
  31. ^ The faiths men live by, Kessinger Publishing, 1954, 239. ISBN 1425486525.
  32. ^ Metzger, Bruce M., The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, The Bible Translator 15/3 (July 1964), pp. 150-153.
  33. ^ >The Watchtower, March 1, 1991
  34. ^ Rowley, H.H., How Not To Translate the Bible, The Expository Times, 1953; 65; 41
  35. ^ >The Watchtower, April 15, 1995
  36. ^ http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%201%20;&version=9;
  37. ^ http://www.watchtower.org/bible/index.htm
  38. ^ NW appendix, 1984 Reference edition, p. 1579.

Further information

Online Edition

Supportive

  • Stafford, Greg: Jehovah's Witnesses Defended. [ISBN 0-9659814-7-9]
  • Furuli, Rolf: The Role of Theology and Bias in Bible Translation: With a special look at the New World Translation of Jehovah's Witnesses, 1999. [ISBN 0-9659814-9-5]
  • Byatt, Anthony and Flemings, Hal (editors): ‘Your Word is Truth’, Essays in Celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (1950, 1953), 2004. [ISBN 0-9506212-6-9]
  • The Coptic Evidence

Neutral

Critical

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