New York State Legislature: Difference between revisions

New York State Legislature
New York State Legislature
	Great Seal of the State of New York
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Senate ; Assembly
History
Preceded by	General Assembly of New York
Leadership
President of the Senate	Antonio Delgado (D) ; since May 25, 2022
Senate Majority Leader	Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D) ; since January 2, 2019
Speaker of the Assembly	Carl Heastie (D) ; since February 3, 2015
Structure
Seats	213
Political groups	Majority caucus Democratic (42); Minority caucus Republican (21);
Political groups	Majority caucus Democratic (102); Minority caucus Republican (48);
Salary	$142,000/year + per diem
Elections
Last election	November 8, 2022
Next election	2024
Meeting place
	New York State Capitol; Albany
Website
	public.leginfo.state.ny.us; www.assembly.state.ny.us; nysenate.gov

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The New York State Legislature consists of the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York: the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly. The Constitution of New York does not designate an official term for the two houses together; it says only that the state's legislative power "shall be vested in the senate and assembly".^[1] Session laws passed by the Legislature are published in the official Laws of New York.^[2]^[3] Permanent New York laws of a general nature are codified in the Consolidated Laws of New York.^[2]^[4] As of January 2021^[update], the Democratic Party holds supermajorities in both houses of the New York State Legislature, which is the highest paid state legislature in the country.

Legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year.^[5] Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms.^[6]

In order to be a member of either house, one must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of the state of New York for at least five years, and a resident of the district for at least one year prior to election.^[7]

The Assembly consists of 150 members; they are each chosen from a single-member district. The New York Constitution allows the number of Senate seats to vary; as of 2014^[update], the Senate had 63 seats.^[8]

Leaders[edit]

The Assembly is headed by the speaker, while the Senate is headed by the president, a post held ex officio by the State lieutenant governor. the lieutenant governor, as president of the Senate, has only a tie-breaking "casting vote". More often, the Senate is presided over by the temporary president,^[9] or by a senator of the majority leader's choosing.^{[citation needed]}

The assembly speaker and Senate majority leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the governor of New York control most of the agenda of state business in New York.^{[citation needed]}

Drafting and research[edit]

The Legislative Bill Drafting Commission (LBDC) aids in drafting legislation; advises as to the constitutionality, consistency or effect of proposed legislation; conducts research; and publishes and maintains the documents of the Legislature, such as the Laws of New York.^[10]^[11] The LBDC consists of two commissioners, the commissioner for administration and the commissioner for operations, each appointed jointly by the temporary president of the Senate and the speaker of the Assembly.^[12]

Party control[edit]

In the 2018 elections, Democrats won control of the State Senate and increased their majority in the State Assembly. At the beginning of the 2019–2020 legislative session, the Senate Democratic Conference held 39 of the chamber's 63 seats^[13] and the Assembly Democratic Conference held 106 of the 150 seats in that chamber.^[14] The Senate Democratic Conference increased to 40 seats after Democratic senator Simcha Felder was re-accepted into the Conference.^[15]

Constitutional powers[edit]

The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the governor's power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds vote in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose New York Constitution amendments by a majority vote, and then another majority vote following an election. If so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a referendum.^{[citation needed]}

History[edit]

The legislature originated in the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress, assembled by rebels when the New York General Assembly would not send delegates to the Continental Congress.^{[citation needed]}

The New York State Legislature has had several corruption scandals during its existence. These include the Black Horse Cavalry and Canal Ring.^[16]^[17]

In the 1840s, New York launched the first great wave of civil procedure reform in the United States by enacting the Field Code. The Code inspired the enactment of similar codes in 26 other states, and gave birth to the term "code pleading" for the system of civil procedure it created.^[18]

The first African-American elected to the legislature was Edward A. Johnson, a Republican, in 1917.^[19] The first women elected to the legislature were Republican Ida Sammis and Democrat Mary Lilly, both in 1919.^[20] The first African-American woman elected to the legislature was Bessie A. Buchanan in 1955.^[21]

Five assemblymen were expelled in 1920 for belonging to the Socialist Party.^[22]

In 2008, when the U.S. Supreme Court reluctantly affirmed the constitutionality of a statute enacted by the New York legislature, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in a concurring opinion: "[A]s I recall my esteemed former colleague, Thurgood Marshall, remarking on numerous occasions: 'The Constitution does not prohibit legislatures from enacting stupid laws.'"^[23]

There is said to be a compact to which members of the New York Legislature unofficially adhere a code of silence regarding behavior such as illicit extramarital affairs or other embarrassing behavior.^[24]

Legislative leadership[edit]

New York State Senate[edit]

President of the Senate: Antonio Delgado
Majority leader: Andrea Stewart-Cousins
Minority leader: Rob Ortt

New York State Assembly[edit]

Speaker of the Assembly: Carl Heastie
Majority leader of the Assembly: Crystal Peoples-Stokes
Minority leader of the Assembly: William A. Barclay

References[edit]

^ "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 1-57588-728-2. LCCN 2004042477. OCLC 54455036.
^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 47–48.
^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 56–57.
^ Warren, Olivia A. (June 23, 2008). "A House Divided in Washington Heights". Gotham Gazette.
^ "Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday". Vogue. September 10, 2018.
^ "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Article III, Section VII.
^ McKinley, Jesse (February 24, 2014). "What Is a Majority Vote in the State Senate? The Answer Goes Beyond Simple Math". The New York Times.
^ "Branches of Government in New York State". NY State Senate. March 25, 2009. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
^ Legislative Law § 25
^ Kallos, Ben (June 9, 2014). "Set the Law Free, Say Council Members Lander, Vacca, Kallos: Legislation to Put Law Online for Free Instead of Behind Paid Subscriptions" (Press release). Retrieved June 12, 2014.
^ Legislative Law § 24
^ Campbell, Jon (January 9, 2019). "History made: Andrea Stewart-Cousins sworn in as NY Senate leader". lohud.com.
^ Klepper, David; Carola, Chris (January 9, 2019). "Democrat-controlled NY state Legislature starts 2019 session". AP News.
^ Reisman, Nick (July 1, 2019). "Felder Joins Senate Dem Fold". NY State of Politics. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
^ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (1978). "The Erie Canal Ring, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Democratic Party". New York History. 59 (4): 408–429. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23170015.
^ Giroux, Gary (July 12, 2013). Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4408-0068-9.
^ Hepburn, Charles McGuffey (1897). The Historical Development of Code Pleading in America and England. Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson & Co. p. 15. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ "Edward A. Johnson (Edward Austin), 1860-1944". Documenting the American South.
^ "Early Women Elected to the NYS Legislature". St. Lawrence County Branch. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010.
^ Jessie Carney Smith, ed. (1996). Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc. pp. 73–75. ISBN 0-8103-9177-5. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ Confessore, Nicholas (October 21, 2009). "When the Assembly Expelled Socialists for Disloyalty". New York Times (blog).
^ New York State Bd. of Elections v. Lopez Torres, 552 U.S. 196, 209 (2008) (Stevens, J., concurring).
^ Baker, Al (May 16, 2004). "Albany Faces Its Sex Problem, and Nobody's Snickering". The New York Times.

External links[edit]

Official site of the New York Senate
Official site of the New York Assembly
Legislative information from the Legislative Bill Drafting Commission
Legislative Retrieval System (subscription required) from the Legislative Bill Drafting Commission
The New York State Legislature Portrait Prints Collection at the New York Historical Society

[1] "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016.

[GibsonManz2004p30-2] Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 1-57588-728-2. LCCN 2004042477. OCLC 54455036.

[FOOTNOTEGibsonManz200447–48-3] Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 47–48.

[FOOTNOTEGibsonManz200456–57-4] Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 56–57.

[5] Warren, Olivia A. (June 23, 2008). "A House Divided in Washington Heights". Gotham Gazette.

[6] "Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday". Vogue. September 10, 2018.

[7] "New York State Constitution". New York State Department of State. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Article III, Section VII.

[8] McKinley, Jesse (February 24, 2014). "What Is a Majority Vote in the State Senate? The Answer Goes Beyond Simple Math". The New York Times.

[9] "Branches of Government in New York State". NY State Senate. March 25, 2009. Retrieved February 29, 2020.

[10] Legislative Law § 25

[11] Kallos, Ben (June 9, 2014). "Set the Law Free, Say Council Members Lander, Vacca, Kallos: Legislation to Put Law Online for Free Instead of Behind Paid Subscriptions" (Press release). Retrieved June 12, 2014.

[12] Legislative Law § 24

[13] Campbell, Jon (January 9, 2019). "History made: Andrea Stewart-Cousins sworn in as NY Senate leader". lohud.com.

[14] Klepper, David; Carola, Chris (January 9, 2019). "Democrat-controlled NY state Legislature starts 2019 session". AP News.

[15] Reisman, Nick (July 1, 2019). "Felder Joins Senate Dem Fold". NY State of Politics. Archived from the original on July 1, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.

[16] Archdeacon, Thomas J. (1978). "The Erie Canal Ring, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Democratic Party". New York History. 59 (4): 408–429. ISSN 0146-437X. JSTOR 23170015.

[17] Giroux, Gary (July 12, 2013). Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4408-0068-9.

[Hepburn_Page_15-18] Hepburn, Charles McGuffey (1897). The Historical Development of Code Pleading in America and England. Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson & Co. p. 15. Retrieved November 18, 2023.

[19] "Edward A. Johnson (Edward Austin), 1860-1944". Documenting the American South.

[20] "Early Women Elected to the NYS Legislature". St. Lawrence County Branch. Archived from the original on January 28, 2010.

[Notable_Black_American_Women-21] Jessie Carney Smith, ed. (1996). Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc. pp. 73–75. ISBN 0-8103-9177-5. Retrieved March 8, 2010.

[22] Confessore, Nicholas (October 21, 2009). "When the Assembly Expelled Socialists for Disloyalty". New York Times (blog).

[23] New York State Bd. of Elections v. Lopez Torres, 552 U.S. 196, 209 (2008) (Stevens, J., concurring).

[24] Baker, Al (May 16, 2004). "Albany Faces Its Sex Problem, and Nobody's Snickering". The New York Times.

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@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 | name               = New York State Legislature
 | coa-pic            = Seal of New York.svg
-| coa_caption        = [[Seal of New York|Great Seal of the State of New York]]
+| coa_caption        = [[Great Seal of the State of New York]]
 | house_type         = Bicameral
 | houses             = [[New York State Senate|Senate]] <br>[[New York State Assembly|Assembly]]
 | preceded_by        = [[New York General Assembly|General Assembly of New York]]
 | leader1_type       = [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|President of the Senate]]
-| leader1            = [[Antonio Delgado (politician)|Antonio Delgado]]
+| leader1            = [[Antonio Delgado]]
 | party1             = ([[Democratic Party of New York|D]])
 | election1          = May 25, 2022
-| leader2_type       = [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate|Temporary President of the Senate]]
+| leader2_type       = [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate|Senate Majority Leader]]
 | leader2            = [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]]
 | party2             = ([[Democratic Party of New York|D]])
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 | members            = 213
 | salary             = $142,000/year + per diem
-| structure1         = New York State Assembly.svg
+| structure1         = New York State Senate.svg
 | structure1_res     = 250
-| structure2         = New York State Senate.svg
+| structure2         = New York State Assembly.svg
 | structure2_res     = 250
 | political_groups1  =
-'''Majority caucus''' (106)
-* {{Color box|#0B24FB|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party of New York|Democratic]]&nbsp;(102)
-'''Minority caucus'''
-* {{Color box|#FC0D1B|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Republican Party of New York|Republican]]&nbsp;(48)
-| political_groups2  =
 '''Majority caucus'''
 * {{Color box|#0B24FB|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party of New York|Democratic]]&nbsp;(42)
 '''Minority caucus'''
 * {{Color box|#FC0D1B|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Republican Party of New York|Republican]]&nbsp;(21)
+| political_groups2  =
+'''Majority caucus'''
+* {{Color box|#0B24FB|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Democratic Party of New York|Democratic]]&nbsp;(102)
+'''Minority caucus'''
+* {{Color box|#FC0D1B|border=darkgray}}&nbsp;[[Republican Party of New York|Republican]]&nbsp;(48)
 | last_election1     = [[2022 New York state elections|November 8, 2022]]
 | next_election1     = 2024
 | session_room       = NYSCapitolPanorama.jpg
-| meeting_place      = [[New York State Capitol]], [[Albany, NY|Albany]]
+| meeting_place      = [[New York State Capitol]]<br />[[Albany, New York|Albany]]
-| website            = {{URL|http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/}}<br>{{URL|http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/}}<br>{{URL|http://nysenate.gov/|NYSenate.gov}}
+| website            = {{URL|http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/}}<br>{{URL|http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/}}<br>{{URL|http://nysenate.gov/}}
 }}
-The '''New York State Legislature''' consists of the two houses that act as the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]: The [[New York State Senate]] and the [[New York State Assembly]]. The [[Constitution of New York]] does not designate an official term for the two houses together; it says only that the state's legislative power "shall be vested in the senate and assembly".<ref>https://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207142326/http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |date=February 7, 2016 }} New York State Constitution</ref> [[Session laws]] passed by the Legislature are published in the official ''[[Laws of New York]]''.<ref name=GibsonManz2004p30>{{cite book|title=Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide|first1=Ellen M.|last1=Gibson|first2=William H.|last2=Manz|year=2004|page=30|edition=3rd|publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing|isbn=1-57588-728-2|lccn=2004042477|oclc=54455036|url=https://www.wshein.com/media/samples/5268.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|pp=47–48}} Permanent New York laws of a general nature are [[codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Consolidated Laws of New York]]''.<ref name=GibsonManz2004p30/>{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|pp=56–57}} As of January 2021, the [[New York State Democratic Committee|Democratic Party]] holds supermajorities in both houses of the New York State Legislature, which is the highest paid state legislature in the country.
+The '''New York State Legislature''' consists of the [[Bicameralism|two houses]] that act as the [[State legislature (United States)|state legislature]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]: the [[New York State Senate]] and the [[New York State Assembly]]. The [[Constitution of New York]] does not designate an official term for the two houses together; it says only that the state's legislative power "shall be vested in the senate and assembly".<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York State Constitution |url=https://dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207142326/http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |archive-date=Feb 7, 2016 |website=New York State Department of State}}</ref> [[Session laws]] passed by the Legislature are published in the official ''[[Laws of New York]]''.<ref name=GibsonManz2004p30>{{cite book|title=Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide|first1=Ellen M.|last1=Gibson|first2=William H.|last2=Manz|year=2004|page=30|edition=3rd|publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing|isbn=1-57588-728-2|lccn=2004042477|oclc=54455036|url=https://www.wshein.com/media/samples/5268.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|pp=47–48}} Permanent New York laws of a general nature are [[codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Consolidated Laws of New York]]''.<ref name=GibsonManz2004p30/>{{sfn|Gibson|Manz|2004|pp=56–57}} {{As of|2021|Jan}}, the [[New York State Democratic Committee|Democratic Party]] holds [[supermajorities]] in both houses of the New York State Legislature, which is the highest paid state legislature in the country.
-Legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/development/4006-a-house-divided-in-washington-heights|title=A House Divided in Washington Heights|first=Olivia A.|last=Warren|website=Gotham Gazette}}</ref> Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-primary-elections-2018-where-when-to-vote-guide|title=Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday|website=Vogue|date=September 10, 2018}}</ref>
+Legislative elections are held in November of every even-numbered year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Olivia A. |date=June 23, 2008 |title=A House Divided in Washington Heights |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/development/4006-a-house-divided-in-washington-heights |website=Gotham Gazette}}</ref> Both Assembly members and Senators serve two-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-primary-elections-2018-where-when-to-vote-guide|title=Everything You Need to Know About New York's Primary Election on Thursday|website=Vogue|date=September 10, 2018}}</ref>
-In order to be a member of either house, one must be a [[Citizenship in the United States|citizen of the United States]], a resident of the state of New York for at least five years, and a resident of the district for at least one year prior to election.<ref>https://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207142326/http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |date=February 7, 2016 }} New York State Constitution, Article III, Section VII</ref>
+In order to be a member of either house, one must be a [[citizen of the United States]], a resident of the state of New York for at least five years, and a resident of the district for at least one year prior to election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York State Constitution |url=https://dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207142326/http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm |archive-date=Feb 7, 2016 |website=New York State Department of State}} Article III, Section VII.</ref>
-The Assembly consists of 150 members; they are each chosen from a single-member district. The [[New York Constitution]] allows the number of Senate seats to vary; as of 2014, the Senate had 63 seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Is a Majority Vote in the State Senate? The Answer Goes Beyond Simple Math|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|date=24 February 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/nyregion/what-is-a-majority-vote-in-the-state-senate-the-answer-goes-beyond-simple-math.html}}</ref>
+The Assembly consists of 150 members; they are each chosen from a [[single-member district]]. The New York Constitution allows the number of Senate seats to vary; {{As of|2014|lc=y}}, the Senate had 63 seats.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKinley |first=Jesse |date=24 February 2014 |title=What Is a Majority Vote in the State Senate? The Answer Goes Beyond Simple Math |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/nyregion/what-is-a-majority-vote-in-the-state-senate-the-answer-goes-beyond-simple-math.html |url-access=limited}}</ref>
 ==Leaders==
-The Assembly is headed by the [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly|Speaker]], while the Senate is headed by the President, a post held ''ex officio'' by the [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|State Lieutenant Governor]]. The Lieutenant Governor, as President of the Senate, has only a tie-breaking "[[casting vote]]". More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/branches-government-new-york-state|title=Branches of Government in New York State|date=2009-03-25|website=NY State Senate|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> or by a senator of the Majority Leader's choosing.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
+The Assembly is headed by the [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly|speaker]], while the Senate is headed by the president, a post held ''[[ex officio member|ex officio]]'' by the [[Lieutenant Governor of New York|State lieutenant governor]]. the lieutenant governor, as president of the Senate, has only a tie-breaking "[[casting vote]]". More often, the Senate is presided over by the temporary president,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/branches-government-new-york-state|title=Branches of Government in New York State|date=2009-03-25|website=NY State Senate|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> or by a senator of the majority leader's choosing.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
-The Assembly Speaker and Senate Majority Leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the [[Governor of New York]] control most of the agenda of state business in New York.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
+The assembly speaker and Senate majority leader control the assignment of committees and leadership positions, along with control of the agenda in their chambers. The two are considered powerful statewide leaders and along with the [[governor of New York]] control most of the agenda of state business in New York.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
 ==Drafting and research==
-The [[Legislative Bill Drafting Commission]] (LBDC) aids in drafting legislation; advises as to the constitutionality, consistency or effect of proposed legislation; conducts research; and publishes and maintains the documents of the Legislature, such as the ''[[Laws of New York]]''.<ref>Legislative Law § 25</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Set the Law Free, Say Council Members Lander, Vacca, Kallos: Legislation to Put Law Online for Free Instead of Behind Paid Subscriptions|first=Ben|last=Kallos|author-link=Ben Kallos|date=9 June 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|url=http://benkallos.com/press-release/set-law-free-say-council-members-lander-vacca-kallos-legislation-put-law-online-free-i}}</ref> The LBDC consists of two commissioners, the Commissioner for Administration and the Commissioner for Operations, each appointed jointly by the [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate|Temporary President of the Senate]] and the [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly|Speaker of the Assembly]].<ref>Legislative Law § 24</ref>
+The [[Legislative Bill Drafting Commission]] (LBDC) aids in drafting legislation; advises as to the constitutionality, consistency or effect of proposed legislation; conducts research; and publishes and maintains the documents of the Legislature, such as the ''[[Laws of New York]]''.<ref>Legislative Law § 25</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Set the Law Free, Say Council Members Lander, Vacca, Kallos: Legislation to Put Law Online for Free Instead of Behind Paid Subscriptions|first=Ben|last=Kallos|author-link=Ben Kallos|date=9 June 2014|access-date=12 June 2014|url=http://benkallos.com/press-release/set-law-free-say-council-members-lander-vacca-kallos-legislation-put-law-online-free-i}}</ref> The LBDC consists of two commissioners, the commissioner for administration and the commissioner for operations, each appointed jointly by the [[Majority Leader of the New York State Senate|temporary president of the Senate]] and the speaker of the Assembly.<ref>Legislative Law § 24</ref>
 ==Party control==
-In the 2018 elections, Democrats won control of the State Senate and increased their majority in the State Assembly. At the beginning of the 2019-2020 legislative session, the Senate Democratic Conference held 39 of the chamber's 63 seats<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/politics-on-the-hudson/2019/01/09/andrea-stewart-cousins-first-woman-majority-leader/2523999002/|title=History made: Andrea Stewart-Cousins sworn in as NY Senate leader|website=lohud.com}}</ref> and the Assembly Democratic Conference held 106 of the 150 seats in that chamber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/5e6c4a1a69dc48709188847d992bb0c2|title=Democrat-controlled NY state Legislature starts 2019 session|first1=David|last1=Klepper|first2=Chris|last2=Carola|date=January 9, 2019|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> The Senate Democratic Conference increased to 40 seats after Democratic senator [[Simcha Felder]] was re-accepted into the Conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2019/07/felder-joins-senate-dem-fold/|title=Felder Joins Senate Dem Fold|website=www.nystateofpolitics.com|access-date=2019-10-22|archive-date=July 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174628/https://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2019/07/felder-joins-senate-dem-fold/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In the 2018 elections, Democrats won control of the State Senate and increased their majority in the State Assembly. At the beginning of the 2019–2020 legislative session, the Senate Democratic Conference held 39 of the chamber's 63 seats<ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Jon |date=Jan 9, 2019 |title=History made: Andrea Stewart-Cousins sworn in as NY Senate leader |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/politics-on-the-hudson/2019/01/09/andrea-stewart-cousins-first-woman-majority-leader/2523999002/ |website=lohud.com}}</ref> and the Assembly Democratic Conference held 106 of the 150 seats in that chamber.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Klepper |first1=David |last2=Carola |first2=Chris |date=January 9, 2019 |title=Democrat-controlled NY state Legislature starts 2019 session |url=https://apnews.com/5e6c4a1a69dc48709188847d992bb0c2 |website=AP News}}</ref> The Senate Democratic Conference increased to 40 seats after Democratic senator [[Simcha Felder]] was re-accepted into the Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reisman |first=Nick |date=July 1, 2019 |title=Felder Joins Senate Dem Fold |url=https://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2019/07/felder-joins-senate-dem-fold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174628/https://www.nystateofpolitics.com/2019/07/felder-joins-senate-dem-fold/ |archive-date=July 1, 2019 |access-date=2019-10-22 |website=NY State of Politics}}</ref>
 [[File:Consolidatedlaw02stagoog wo front matter.pdf|thumb|Title page of volume 1 of the ''[[Consolidated Laws of New York]]'']]
 ==Constitutional powers==
-The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the [[Governor of New York|governor's]] power to veto a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a [[two-thirds majority]] in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose [[New York Constitution]] amendments by a majority vote, and then another majority vote following an election. If so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a [[referendum]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
+The Legislature is empowered to make law, subject to the [[Governor of New York|governor's]] power to [[veto]] a bill. However, the veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a [[two-thirds vote]] in favor of overriding in each House. Furthermore, it has the power to propose [[New York Constitution]] amendments by a [[majority vote]], and then another majority vote following an election. If so proposed, the amendment becomes valid if agreed to by the voters at a [[referendum]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}
 ==History==
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 The New York State Legislature has had several corruption scandals during its existence. These include the [[Black Horse Cavalry]] and [[Canal Ring (New York)|Canal Ring]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Archdeacon|first=Thomas J.|date=1978|title=The Erie Canal Ring, Samuel J. Tilden, and the Democratic Party|journal=New York History|volume=59|issue=4|pages=408–429|issn=0146-437X|jstor=23170015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giroux|first=Gary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cW2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA255|title=Business Scandals, Corruption, and Reform: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia|date=2013-07-12|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-0068-9|pages=255|language=en}}</ref>
-In the 1840s, New York launched the first great wave of [[Civil procedure in the United States|civil procedure]] reform in the United States by enacting the [[Field Code]].  The Code inspired similar reforms in 23 other states, and gave birth to the term "[[code pleading]]" for the system of civil procedure it created.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
+In the 1840s, New York launched the first great wave of [[Civil procedure in the United States|civil procedure]] reform in the United States by enacting the [[Field Code]].  The Code inspired the enactment of similar codes in 26 other states, and gave birth to the term "[[code pleading]]" for the system of civil procedure it created.<ref name="Hepburn_Page_15">{{cite book |last1=Hepburn |first1=Charles McGuffey |title=The Historical Development of Code Pleading in America and England |date=1897 |publisher=W.H. Anderson & Co. |location=Cincinnati |page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAk-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>
-The first African-American elected to the legislature was [[Edward A. Johnson]], a Republican, in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/church/johnson/bio.html|title=Edward A. Johnson (Edward Austin), 1860-1944|website=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref> The first women elected to the legislature were Republican [[Ida Sammis]] and Democrat [[Mary Lilly]], both in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/nysleg.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128075833/http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/nysleg.htm|url-status=dead|title=Early Women Elected to the NYS Legislature|archive-date=January 28, 2010}}</ref> The first African-American woman elected to the legislature was [[Bessie A. Buchanan]] in 1955.<ref name="Notable Black American Women">{{cite book|title=Notable Black American Women|editor=Jessie Carney Smith|publisher=Gale Research Inc|location=Detroit Michigan|year=1996|volume=2|pages=73–75|isbn=0-8103-9177-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA74 |access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref>
+The first African-American elected to the legislature was [[Edward A. Johnson]], a Republican, in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward A. Johnson (Edward Austin), 1860-1944 |url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/church/johnson/bio.html |website=Documenting the American South}}</ref> The first women elected to the legislature were Republican [[Ida Sammis]] and Democrat [[Mary Lilly]], both in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Women Elected to the NYS Legislature |url=http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/nysleg.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128075833/http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/nysleg.htm |archive-date=January 28, 2010 |website=St. Lawrence County Branch}}</ref> The first African-American woman elected to the legislature was [[Bessie A. Buchanan]] in 1955.<ref name="Notable Black American Women">{{cite book|title=Notable Black American Women|editor=Jessie Carney Smith|publisher=Gale Research Inc|location=Detroit Michigan|year=1996|volume=2|pages=73–75|isbn=0-8103-9177-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&pg=PA74 |access-date=8 March 2010}}</ref>
 Five assemblymen were expelled in 1920 for belonging to the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]].<ref>{{cite web
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 |date=2009-10-21}}</ref>
+In 2008, when the U.S. Supreme Court reluctantly affirmed the constitutionality of a statute enacted by the New York legislature, Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] wrote in a [[concurring opinion]]: "[A]s I recall my esteemed former colleague, [[Thurgood Marshall]], remarking on numerous occasions: 'The Constitution does not prohibit legislatures from enacting stupid laws.{{'"}}<ref>''[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/552/196/ New York State Bd. of Elections v. Lopez Torres]'', 552 U.S. 196, 209 (2008) (Stevens, J., concurring).</ref>
-There is said to be a compact to which members of the New York Legislature unofficially adhere a code of silence regarding behavior such as illicit extramarital affairs or other embarrassing behavior.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/albany-faces-its-sex-problem-and-nobody-s-snickering.html|title=Albany Faces Its Sex Problem, and Nobody's Snickering|first=Al|last=Baker|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 16, 2004}}</ref>
+There is said to be a compact to which members of the New York Legislature unofficially adhere a code of silence regarding behavior such as illicit extramarital affairs or other embarrassing behavior.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Al |date=May 16, 2004 |title=Albany Faces Its Sex Problem, and Nobody's Snickering |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/nyregion/albany-faces-its-sex-problem-and-nobody-s-snickering.html |url-access=limited}}</ref>
 ==Legislative leadership==
 ===New York State Senate===
-*Temporary President of the Senate: [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]]
+*President of the Senate: [[Antonio Delgado]]
-*Majority Leader: [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]]
+*Majority leader: [[Andrea Stewart-Cousins]]
-*Minority Leader: [[Robert Ortt]]
+*Minority leader: [[Rob Ortt]]
 ===New York State Assembly===
 *Speaker of the Assembly: [[Carl Heastie]]
-*Majority Leader of the Assembly: [[Crystal Peoples-Stokes]]
+*Majority leader of the Assembly: [[Crystal Peoples-Stokes]]
-*Minority Leader of the Assembly: [[Will Barclay]]
+*Minority leader of the Assembly: [[William A. Barclay]]
 ==See also==
 * [[George G. Barnard]]
 * ''[[Gibbons v. Ogden]]''
-* [[William Sulzer#Governor of New York|The Frawley committee]] and [[William Sulzer]]
+* [[William Sulzer#Governor of New York|The Frawley committee]]
 * [[The Hepburn Committee]]
 * [[List of New York Legislature members expelled or censured]]
 * [[New York Provincial Congress]]
 * [[New York State Assembly]]
-* [[New York State public benefit corporations]]
+* [[New York state public-benefit corporations]]
 * [[New York State Senate]]

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v t e Members of the New York State Senate
204th New York Legislature (2021–2022) President of the Senate Antonio Delgado (D) President pro tempore and Majority Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D) Minority Leader Rob Ortt (R)
▌Anthony Palumbo (R) ▌Mario Mattera (R) ▌Dean Murray (R) ▌Monica Martinez (D) ▌Steven Rhoads (R) ▌Kevin Thomas (D) ▌Jack Martins (R) ▌Alexis Weik (R) ▌Patricia Canzoneri-Fitzpatrick (R) ▌James Sanders Jr. (D) ▌Toby Ann Stavisky (D) ▌Michael Gianaris (D) ▌Jessica Ramos (D) ▌Leroy Comrie (D) ▌Joseph Addabbo Jr. (D) ▌John Liu (D) ▌Iwen Chu (D) ▌Julia Salazar (D) ▌Roxanne Persaud (D) ▌Zellnor Myrie (D) ▌Kevin Parker (D) ▌Simcha Felder (D) ▌Jessica Scarcella-Spanton (D) ▌Andrew Lanza (R) ▌Jabari Brisport (D) ▌Andrew Gounardes (D) ▌Brian P. Kavanagh (D) ▌Liz Krueger (D) ▌José M. Serrano (D) ▌Cordell Cleare (D) ▌Robert Jackson (D) ▌Luis R. Sepúlveda (D) ▌Gustavo Rivera (D) ▌Nathalia Fernandez (D) ▌Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D) ▌Jamaal Bailey (D) ▌Shelley Mayer (D) ▌Bill Weber (R) ▌Robert Rolison (R) ▌Peter Harckham (D) ▌Michelle Hinchey (D) ▌James Skoufis (D) ▌Jake Ashby (R) ▌Jim Tedisco (R) ▌Dan Stec (R) ▌Neil Breslin (D) ▌Brad Hoylman-Sigal (D) ▌Rachel May (D) ▌Mark Walczyk (R) ▌John Mannion (D) ▌Peter Oberacker (R) ▌Lea Webb (D) ▌Joseph Griffo (R) ▌Pam Helming (R) ▌Samra Brouk (D) ▌Jeremy Cooney (D) ▌George Borrello (R) ▌Tom O'Mara (R) ▌Kristen Gonzalez (D) ▌Patrick M. Gallivan (R) ▌Sean Ryan (D) ▌Rob Ortt (R) ▌Vacant
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v t e Members of the New York State Assembly
205th New York Legislature (2023–2024) Speaker of the Assembly Carl Heastie (D) Speaker pro tempore Jeffrion Aubry (D) Majority Leader Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D) Minority Leader Will Barclay (R)
▌Fred Thiele (D) ▌Jodi Giglio (R) ▌Joe DeStefano (R) ▌Ed Flood (R) ▌Douglas M. Smith (R) ▌Philip Ramos (D) ▌Jarett Gandolfo (R) ▌Michael J. Fitzpatrick (R) ▌Michael Durso (R) ▌Steve Stern (D) ▌Kimberly Jean-Pierre (D) ▌Keith P. Brown (R) ▌Charles D. Lavine (D) ▌David McDonough (R) ▌Jake Blumencranz (R) ▌Gina Sillitti (D) ▌John Mikulin (R) ▌Taylor Raynor (D) ▌Ed Ra (R) ▌Eric Brown (R) ▌Brian F. Curran (R) ▌Michaelle C. Solages (D) ▌Stacey Pheffer Amato (D) ▌David Weprin (D) ▌Nily Rozic (D) ▌Edward Braunstein (D) ▌Sam Berger (D) ▌Andrew Hevesi (D) ▌Alicia Hyndman (D) ▌Steven Raga (D) ▌Khaleel Anderson (D) ▌Vivian E. Cook (D) ▌Clyde Vanel (D) ▌Jessica González-Rojas (D) ▌Jeffrion Aubry (D) ▌Zohran Mamdani (D) ▌Juan Ardila (D) ▌Jenifer Rajkumar (D) ▌Catalina Cruz (D) ▌Ron Kim (D) ▌Helene Weinstein (D) ▌Rodneyse Bichotte Hermelyn (D) ▌Brian Cunningham (D) ▌Robert Carroll (D) ▌Michael Novakhov (R) ▌Alec Brook-Krasny (R) ▌William Colton (D) ▌Simcha Eichenstein (D) ▌Lester Chang (R) ▌Emily Gallagher (D) ▌Marcela Mitaynes (D) ▌Jo Anne Simon (D) ▌Maritza Davila (D) ▌Erik Martin Dilan (D) ▌Latrice Walker (D) ▌Stefani Zinerman (D) ▌Phara Souffrant Forrest (D) ▌Monique Chandler-Waterman (D) ▌Jaime Williams (D) ▌Nikki Lucas (D) ▌Charles Fall (D) ▌Michael Reilly (R) ▌Sam Pirozzolo (R) ▌Michael Tannousis (R) ▌Grace Lee (D) ▌Deborah J. Glick (D) ▌Linda Rosenthal (D) ▌Eddie Gibbs (D) ▌Daniel J. O'Donnell (D) ▌Inez Dickens (D) ▌Al Taylor (D) ▌Manny De Los Santos (D) ▌Alex Bores (D) ▌Harvey Epstein (D) ▌Tony Simone (D) ▌Rebecca Seawright (D) ▌Landon Dais (D) ▌George Alvarez (D) ▌Chantel Jackson (D) ▌John Zaccaro Jr. (D) ▌Jeffrey Dinowitz (D) ▌Michael Benedetto (D) ▌Carl Heastie (D) ▌Amanda Septimo (D) ▌Kenny Burgos (D) ▌Yudelka Tapia (D) ▌Karines Reyes (D) ▌Amy Paulin (D) ▌J. Gary Pretlow (D) ▌Nader Sayegh (D) ▌Steven Otis (D) ▌MaryJane Shimsky (D) ▌Chris Burdick (D) ▌Matt Slater (R) ▌Dana Levenberg (D) ▌Kenneth Zebrowski Jr. (D) ▌John W. McGowan (R) ▌Karl A. Brabenec (R) ▌Chris Eachus (D) ▌Aileen Gunther (D) ▌Brian Maher (R) ▌Christopher Tague (R) ▌Sarahana Shrestha (D) ▌Jonathan Jacobson (D) ▌Anil Beephan Jr. (R) ▌Didi Barrett (D) ▌Scott Bendett (R) ▌John T. McDonald III (D) ▌Patricia Fahy (D) ▌Phillip Steck (D) ▌Angelo Santabarbara (D) ▌Mary Beth Walsh (R) ▌Carrie Woerner (D) ▌Matthew Simpson (R) ▌Billy Jones (D) ▌Scott Gray (R) ▌Ken Blankenbush (R) ▌Robert Smullen (R) ▌Marianne Buttenschon (D) ▌William Barclay (R) ▌Joe Angelino (R) ▌Brian Miller (R) ▌Donna Lupardo (D) ▌Christopher S. Friend (R) ▌Anna Kelles (D) ▌John Lemondes Jr. (R) ▌Albert A. Stirpe Jr. (D) ▌Pamela Hunter (D) ▌Bill Magnarelli (D) ▌Brian Manktelow (R) ▌Jeff Gallahan (R) ▌Phil Palmesano (R) ▌Marjorie Byrnes (R) ▌Josh Jensen (R) ▌Jennifer Lunsford (D) ▌Sarah Clark (D) ▌Demond Meeks (D) ▌Harry Bronson (D) ▌Stephen Hawley (R) ▌William Conrad III (D) ▌Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D) ▌Patrick B. Burke (D) ▌Monica P. Wallace (D) ▌Michael Norris (R) ▌Angelo Morinello (R) ▌Karen McMahon (D) ▌David DiPietro (R) ▌Joseph Giglio (R) ▌Jonathan Rivera (D) ▌Andy Goodell (R)
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