Hudson Valley

Hudson Valley
View from the Palisades over the Hudson Valley towards New York City
location	New York (USA)
Waters	Hudson River
Geographical location	42 ° 39 '35 "  N , 73 ° 46' 53"  W Coordinates: 42 ° 39 '35 "  N , 73 ° 46' 53"  W.

The Hudson Valley encompasses the Hudson River valley and the adjoining communities in New York State , from the cities of Albany and Troy south to northern Westchester County .

Geology and Geography

The Tappan Zee Bridge spans the Hudson River at one of its widest points

The valley of the Hudson River runs on the eastern edge of the state of New York in a north-south direction and cuts through a series of rocks such as Precambrian gneiss in the north and east, and sandstone and red sandstone of the Triassic in the south. In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a glacial valley landscape. In the west lies the vast highlands of the Appalachian Mountains . About 15 km north of New York City the valley widens to the Tappan Zee , the west side of the valley is formed by the Palisades , several hundred meters high cliffs made of erosion-resistant diabase . The Palisades were placed under protection as Palisades Interstate Park in 1900 by Governors Theodore Roosevelt from New York and Foster M. Voorhees from New Jersey and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.

As a physiographic region, the Hudson Valley is a section of the Provincial Valley and Ridge Zone within the American Division of the Appalachians. The northern part of the Hudson Valley is part of the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands ecoregion .

During the last ice age, the valley was filled with a large glacier that stretched as far as Long Island . At the end of the Ice Age, the Great Lakes were drained by the Hudson River , starting from the Ice Age Lake Iroquois . Today's Lake Ontario is a remnant of Lake Iroquois . Extensive sand deposits mark the outflow of Lake Iroquois into the Hudson River and today form the Rome Sand Plains with the Pine Barrens .

history

The Mohonk Mountain House in Ulster County was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986

The lower Hudson River and western Long Island, photographed from the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1993

When the first Europeans arrived in the 17th century, the Hudson Valley area was predominantly inhabited by Algonquin-speaking Mahican and Munsee , who were also collectively referred to as River Indians by the British and Dutch .

The first Dutch settlement was established in 1614 with Fort Nassau , a trading post south of today's Albany , on Castle Island in the Hudson River. The purpose of the settlement was to exchange European goods for beaver pelts . Fort Nassau was replaced by the nearby Fort Orange in 1624 . For half a century, the Hudson Valley was the center of the Nieuw Nederland colony , with the Nieuw Amsterdam settlement on Manhattan Island as the administrative, replenishment and defense base.

During the Seven Years' War in North America , which began in 1754, the northern end of the Hudson Valley formed the defensive line of the British against the French troops advancing over Lake Champlain from Canada.

In the American Revolution , the valley was one of the main scenes. The British strategy initially consisted of gaining control of the river and thus dividing the colonies into two parts.

In the early 19th century, the Hudson Valley gained the reputation of a gloomy area populated by descendants of the Dutch colonists. The American writer Washington Irving made a significant contribution to this with works such as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . The area is associated with the painters of the Hudson River School , who were oriented towards German romantic painting and who worked in the mid-19th century.

After the construction of the Erie Canal , the area became a major industrial center. The canal created a trade route for New York City with the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and the American Midwest . Many of the industrial cities of the Hudson Valley experienced economic decline in the mid-20th century.

Pollution of the Hudson River

Abandoned warehouses and junkyard on the banks of the Hudson River, 1973

The numerous factories that once lined the banks of the Hudson River dumped their industrial waste directly into the river. This kind of pollution was not discussed until the 1970s. At the time, the largest company still operating in the area was General Electric , which was given the brunt of cleaning up the river. The greatest environmental pollution is caused by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), which accumulate in the food chain. In a stretch of river more than 50 kilometers long, 40 particularly heavily polluted areas were identified. In 2009, the dredging of the river bed began to remove the contaminated debris.

The following year, General Electric agreed to finance and carry out further rehabilitation work on the Upper Hudson River between Fort Edward and Troy. This work is overseen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency through the Superfund program and the dredging is expected to take five to seven years. Environmental groups in the area are pressuring General Electric to take further action. By the end of 2013 it became apparent that the pollution had been underestimated in terms of its spatial extent, its long-term impact on the ecosystem and the possibilities for its removal.

Regions

The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions, Lower, Middle, and Upper Hudson. The following list shows the counties belonging to the three regions.

Lower Hudson Westchester Rockland Putnam

Mid-Hudson Dutchess orange Ulster Sullivan

Upper Hudson / Capital District Columbia Greene Rensselaer Albany

Hudson Valley communities

Airmont Albany Ancram Annandale-on-Hudson Arlington Athens Balmville Beacon Brewster Briarcliff Manor Buchanan Carmel Castleton-on-Hudson Catskill Chester Chestnut Ridge Coeymans Cohoes Cold Spring Congers Copake Cornwall Cortlandt Coxsackie Croton-on-Hudson Delmar Dobbs Ferry East Fishkill East Greenbush Elsmere Esopus Fairview

Fishkill Fort Montgomery Garrison Gardiner Germantown Glasco Goshen Grand View-on-Hudson Hastings-on-Hudson Haverstraw Highland Highland Falls Highland Mills Hillburn Hillcrest Hillsdale Hudson Hyde Park Irvington Child hook Kingston Mahopac Malden-on-Hudson Marlboro Menands Middletown Millbrook Milton Monroe Monsey Montebello Montgomery

Montrose Mount Ivy Nanuet New Baltimore New City New Hamburg New Paltz New Windsor Newburgh, City of Newburgh, Town of Nyack Ossining Palisades Patterson Pawling Pearl River Peekskill Piermont Pleasant Valley Pomona Port Chester Port Ewen Poughkeepsie Putnam Valley Ravena Red hook Rensselaer Rhinebeck Rhinecliff Suckers Selkirk

Sleepy Hollow Sloatsburg South Nyack Sparkill Spring Valley State castle Stockport Stony Point Stuyvesant Suffern Taghkanic Tarrytown Tivoli Troy Upper Nyack Valatie Valhalla Valley Cottage Van Keurens Verplanck Wappinger Warwick Washingtonville Watervliet Wawarsing West Haverstraw West Nyack West Park West Point Woodstock Yonkers Yorktown

Sports

The Hudson Valley Renegades are a minor league baseball team under the control of the Tampa Bay Rays . The team plays in Fishkill . The Hudson Valley Bears were a Newburgh ice hockey team that played in the Eastern Professional Hockey League in the 2008/2009 season .

See also

USA portal

Hudson River Region AVA , a recognized wine-growing region of the valley

literature

• Harold Donaldson Eberlein, Cortlandt Van Dyke Hubbard: Historic houses of the Hudson valley , Dover Publications, Mineola (New York) 1990, ISBN 978-0486263045 (illustrated book)
• Historic Hudson Valley (ed.): Visions of Washington Irving. Selected Works From the Collections of Historic Hudson Valley , Historic Hudson Valley, Tarrytown (New York) 1991, ISBN 978-0-912882-99-4 (exhibition catalog)
• John K. Howat: The Hudson River and Its Painters , Viking Press, New York 1972, ISBN 978-0-670-38558-4
• Alfred H. Marks: Literature of the Mid Hudson Valley. A Preliminary Study , Center for Continuing Education, State University College, New Paltz (New York) 1973
• James McMurry, Jeff Jones: The Catskill Witch and Other Tales of the Hudson Valley , Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (New York) 1974, ISBN 978-0-8156-0105-0
• John Mylod: Biography of a River. The People and Legends of the Hudson Valley , Hawthorn Books, New York 1969, ISBN 978-1199041371
• Helen Wilkinson Reynolds: Dutch houses in the Hudson Valley before 1776 , Dover Publications, New York 1965
• Gajus Scheltema, Heleen Westerhuijs (ed.): Exploring Historic Dutch New York . Museum of the City of New York and Dover Publications, Mineola (New York) 2011, ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
• Hudson Talbott: River of Dreams. The Story of the Hudson River , GP Putnam's Sons, New York 2009, ISBN 978-0-399-24521-3 (book for young people)
• Wallkill Valley Publishing Association (Ed.): The Historic Wallkill and Hudson River Valleys , Wallkill Valley Publishing Association, Walden, New York 1904 Online , accessed January 10, 2014

Web links

Commons : Hudson Valley  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area of the National Park Service
• Hudson River Valley Greenway
• Hudson River Valley Heritage , historical photos and newspaper articles
• Livingston-Svirsky Archive (LiSA) , local history collection
• Hudson River Natural Resource Damage Assessment , United States Fish and Wildlife Service , collection of expert opinions and other documents on the pollution of the Hudson River

Individual evidence

1. ^ Unauthorized : Mountains, Valleys and the Hudson River , Hudson Valley Tourism 2009 Online , accessed January 10, 2014.
2. ^ Bradford B. Van Diver: Roadside Geology of New York . Mountain Press, Missoula (Montana) 1985, ISBN 978-0878421800 , pp. 59-63.
3. ^ Nevin M. Fenneman: Physiographic Subdivision of the United States . In: Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Volume 3, No. 1, 1917, pp. 17-22, doi : 10.1073 / pnas.3.1.17 .
4. ↑ Ed Wiken, Francisco Jiménez Nava, Glenn Griffith: North American Terrestrial Ecoregions - Level III . Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal 2011 Online PDF 1,460 kB, accessed January 10, 2014.
5. ↑ Nicholas Eyles: Ontario Rocks. Three Billion Years of Environmental Change . Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham, Ontario, ISBN 978-1550416190 , 339 pp.
6. ^ Unauthorized : Lake Mohonk Mountain House , National Historic Landmarks Program n.d. Online ( memento of November 10, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 10, 2014.
7. ^ Edward Manning Ruttenberg: History of the Indian tribes of Hudson's River. Their origin, manners and customs, tribal and sub-tribal organizations, wars, treaties, etc., etc. J. Munsell, Albanay (New York) 1872, Online , accessed January 10, 2014.
8. ↑ Thomas S. Wermuth, James M. Johnson, Christopher Pryslopski (eds.): America's first river. The history and culture of the Hudson River Valley . State University of New York Press, Albany (New York) 2009, ISBN 978-0-615-30829-6 .
9. ^ Shirley W. Dunn: The River Indians. Mohican's Making History . Purple Mountain Press, Fleischmanns (New York) 2009, ISBN 978-0-916346-78-2
10. ^ Charles T. Gehring, William A. Starna: Dutch and Indians in the Hudson Valley: The Early Period . In: Thomas S. Wermuth, James M. Johnson, Christopher Pryslopski (eds.): America's first river. The history and culture of the Hudson River Valley , pp. 13-29.
11. ↑ Alexander R. Thomas, Polly J. Smith: Upstate down. Thinking about New York and its discontents University Press of America, Lanham (Maryland) 2009, ISBN 978-0-7618-4500-3 , p. 78
12. ↑ Joseph T. Glatthaar, James Kirby Martin: Forgotten Allies. The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution , Simon & Schuster, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-8090-4600-3 , p. 39.
13. ^ Francis F. Dunwell: The Hudson. America's river , Columbia University Press, New York City 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-13641-9 , p. 100
14. ↑ Stephen P. Stanne, Roger G. Panetta, Brian E. Forest: The Hudson. An Illustrated Guide to the Living River. 2nd revised and expanded edition , Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick (New Jersey) 2007, ISBN 978-0813539164 .
15. ↑ Thomas A. Hirschl and Tim B. Heaton: New York State in the 21st Century , Greenwood Publishing, Westport (Connecticut) 1999, ISBN 978-0-275-96339-2 , pp. 126-128
16. ^ Andrew C. Revkin: Dredging of Pollutants Begins in Hudson . In: New York Times , May 16, 2009, p. A1 Online , accessed January 10, 2014
17. ^ Unauthorized : Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site Online , accessed January 10, 2014.
18. ↑ Without author: Report Reveals Hudson River and Wildlife Have Suffered Decades of Extensive Chemical Contamination , Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, January 16, 2013 Online , accessed January 10, 2014.
19. ↑ Marc Lallanilla, Neil Edward Schlecht, Brian Silverman Frommer's New York, 5th edition , Frommer's, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1118096017 .