State of matter and Body of Lies (film): Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Film
A '''state of matter''' (or '''physical state''', or '''form of matter''') has physical properties which are qualitatively different from other states of matter.
| name = Body of Lies
| image = Body of lies poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ridley Scott]]
| producer = Ridley Scott<br/>Donald De Line
| writer = '''Novel:'''<br />[[David Ignatius]]<br />'''Screenplay:'''<br />[[William Monahan]]
| starring = [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]<br />[[Russell Crowe]]<br />[[Golshifteh Farahani]]<br />[[Carice van Houten]]<br />[[Vince Colosimo]]
| music = [[Marc Streitenfeld]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = October&nbsp;10, 2008
| runtime =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website = http://www.body-of-lies.com/
| amg_id = 1:393933
| imdb_id = 0758774
}}
'''''Body of Lies''''' is a [[2008 in film|2008]] [[Cinema of the United States|American]] [[action film|action]] [[film adaptation]] of the [[Body of Lies (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[David Ignatius]] about a CIA operative who goes to Jordan to track a high-ranking terrorist. The film is directed by [[Ridley Scott]], director of ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]'' and ''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'', written by [[William Monahan]], and stars [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Russell Crowe]], Iranian actress [[Golshifteh Farahani]] and Australian actor [[Vince Colosimo]]. Production took place in Washington D.C. and [[Morocco]]. ''Body of Lies'' was released in the United States on October&nbsp;10, 2008. The film has been rated [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|R]] by the [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]]. The film's tagline is "Trust No One, Deceive Everyone."


==Premise==
Traditionally, three states of matter were recognized: [[solid]], which maintains a fixed volume and shape; [[liquid]], which maintains a fixed volume but adopts the shape of its container; and [[gas]], which occupies the entire volume available. [[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]], or ionized gas, is a fourth state and occurs at high temperatures.
A CIA operative ([[Leonardo DiCaprio]]) is sent by his manipulative boss ([[Russell Crowe]]) to [[Jordan]] to find a high-ranking terrorist. While in Jordan, the operative forms an uneasy alliance with the head of Jordan's covert operations.<ref name=team/>


==Cast==
Today, many other states of matter are often recognized, although there is no agreed-upon list of states, nor are there definite criteria for a new state. Some are of technological importance, such as the various [[liquid crystal]] states, the [[ferromagnetic]] state and the [[superconductive]] state. Others occur only under extreme laboratory conditions, such as the [[fermionic condensate]] and the [[quark-gluon plasma]]. This article gives a brief introduction to the main, generally accepted states, starting with the most familiar and proceeding to the most exotic.
*[[Leonardo DiCaprio]] as '''Roger Ferris''', a CIA operative who is sent to Jordan.<ref name=crowe/> DiCaprio chose to pursue the role because he considered it a throwback to political films in the 1970s such as ''[[The Parallax View]]'' (1974) and ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]'' (1975).<ref>{{cite news | first=Larry | last=Carroll | url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1567106/story.jhtml | title=Leonardo DiCaprio And Russell Crowe Will Be A Good 'Fit' In CIA Flick, Ridley Scott Hopes | work=MTV.com | publisher=[[MTV]] | date=2007-08-15 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref>
*[[Russell Crowe]] as '''Ed Hoffman''', a manipulative CIA boss who teams with Ferris.<ref name="crowe" /> Crowe gained 63 pounds to suit his role.<ref>{{cite news | first=Sally | last=Grover | url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7009005325 | title=No Lies On Russell Crowe's Body | work=allheadlinenews.com | publisher=Celebrity News Service | date=2007-10-31 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> The actor said as a result of the film's exploration of the American government and foreign policy, "I don't think it will be very popular, but that’s never been part of my project choice process."<ref>{{cite news | first=Larry | last=Carroll | url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/08/24/russell-crowe-says-body-of-lies-probably-wont-be-popular/ | title=Russell Crowe Says ‘Body Of Lies’ Probably Won’t Be Popular | work=MTV.com | publisher=[[MTV]] | date=2007-08-24 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref>
*[[Golshifteh Farahani]] as '''Aisha''', Ferris' nurse in Jordan.
<!--van Houten not seen in the film
*[[Carice van Houten]] as Roger Ferris' ex-wife.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Borys | last=Kit | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3iafd724b50c2b4b11e5d32ffe3149548e | title=Van Houten two-timing leading men | journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | publisher=[[Nielsen Company]] | date=[[2007-10-12]] | accessdate=2007-10-12 }}</ref>-->
*[[Mark Strong]] as Hani Salaam, head of the [[Jordan|Jordanian]] General Intelligence Department {GID).<ref>Warner Bros., ''Body of Lies'' production notes, p. 7</ref> Strong ascribed his acquisition of the role to his performances in the 2005 films ''[[Syriana]]'' and ''[[Oliver Twist (2005 film)|Oliver Twist]]''.<ref>{{cite news | author= | url= | title=Accidental anti-hero | work=[[The Independent]] | publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] | date=2007-10-19 }}</ref>
*[[Vince Colosimo]] as '''Skip''', Ferris aide-de-camp in Jordan.
*[[Oscar Isaac]]<ref>{{cite journal | first=Ali | last=Jaafar | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988350.html?categoryid=19&cs=1 | title=Oscar Isaac joins 'Balibo' | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2008-07-01]] | accessdate=2008-07-15 }}</ref> as Bassam, Ferris' translator and partner in [[Samarra]], [[Iraq]].<ref name=prod9>Production notes, p. 9</ref>
*[[Simon McBurney]] as '''Garland''', an eccentric CIA computer whiz.<ref>Production notes, p. 10</ref>
*[[Ali Suliman]] as '''Omar Sadiki''', an innocent [[architect]] used by Ferris as a pawn.<ref name=prod9 />


==Production==
The terms “state of matter” and [[phase (matter)|phase]] are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, however, a phase is a region of a macroscopic physical system with uniform chemical composition and physical properties. For uniform systems there is one only region which may be called either a state or a phase (e.g. "solid state" or "solid phase"), but for non-uniform systems the numbers of states and phases may not be equal. For example, a bottle of salad dressing may separate into an oil-rich phase and a water-rich phase; there are then two phases, both of which are in the liquid state.
{{rquote|right|It's about Islam, where we are and where we're not, and it's a very interesting, proactive, internalized view of that whole subject.|[[Ridley Scott]]<ref>{{cite news | author= | url= | title=Ridley Scott, the man who brought us Blade Runner, Alien and Gladiator -- to name a few -- is back, this time with American Gangster | work=[[Irish Independent]] | publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] | date=2007-11-16 }}</ref>}}
In March 2006, [[Warner Bros.]] hired screenwriter [[William Monahan]] to adapt the novel ''Penetration'' by [[David Ignatius]] into a feature film, which would be directed by [[Ridley Scott]].<ref name=team>{{cite journal | first=Michael | last=Fleming | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117939610.html?categoryid=1972&cs=1 | title=Warner sets spy team | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2006-03-12]] | accessdate=2007-04-29 }}</ref> In April 2007, with the novel re-titled ''[[Body of Lies (novel)|Body of Lies]]'' and the film similarly re-titled, actor [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] was cast in the lead role.<ref name=star>{{cite journal | first=Michael | last=Fleming | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117962692.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title=DiCaprio to star in 'Body of Lies' | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2007-04-08]] | accessdate=2007-04-29 }}</ref> After DiCaprio was cast, [[Russell Crowe]] was courted for a supporting role, to which he formally committed after Monahan's script was revised by [[Steve Zaillian]], who scripted Scott and Crowe's ''[[American Gangster (film)|American Gangster]]''.<ref name=crowe>{{cite journal | first=Michael | last=Fleming | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117967795.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title=Crowe 'Lies' with DiCaprio | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2007-06-27]] | accessdate=2007-06-28 }}</ref>


Production took place in Washington D.C., Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name=star/> Scott sought to film in [[Dubai]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], but the federation's National Media Council denied the director permission due to the script's politically sensitive nature. As a result, scenes set in the Middle East were instead filmed in [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=Ali | last=Jaafar | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117969700.html?categoryId=2523&cs=1 | title=Dubai rejects Scott's 'Lies' | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2007-08-03]] | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> Filming began on September&nbsp;5, 2007 at the [[Eastern Market, Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news | first=Amy | last=Argetsinger | coauthors=Roxanne Roberts | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/05/AR2007090502416.html | title=Reel Thrills in the Neighborhood | work=[[The Washington Post]] | publisher=[[Washington Post Company]] | date=2007-09-06 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> Part of [[Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.|Capitol Hill]] neighborhood was converted to resemble a wintry [[Amsterdam]] to film ten to fifteen seconds of a [[car bomb|car bombing]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Gene | last=Weingarten | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/25/AR2007092501980.html | title=Boom Town | work=[[The Washington Post]] | publisher=[[Washington Post Company]] | date=2007-09-30 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> Filming took place in [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]] to stand in for [[Northern Virginia]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Childers | url= | title=Crowe, crew film here | work=[[The Capital]] | publisher=[[Landmark Communications]] | date=2007-09-08 }}</ref> Locations in [[Baltimore]] also stood in for [[Manchester|Manchester, England]] and [[Munich|Munich, Germany]]. Production moved to Morocco afterward,<ref>{{cite news | author= | url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2007-09-08-487934708_x.htm | title=Russell Crowe filming in Maryland | work=[[USA Today]] | publisher=[[Gannett Company]] | date=2007-09-08 | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> where a nine-week shoot took place at CLA Studios in the city of [[Ouarzazate]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=Ali | last=Jaafar | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975732.html?categoryId=1445&cs=1 | title=Moroccan studios having a mixed year | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2007-11-09]] | accessdate=2007-11-30 }}</ref> Filming wrapped in December 2007.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Glen | last=Ferris | title = Scott On His Upcoming Slate | journal = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | publisher=[[Bauer Verlagsgruppe]] | date = [[2008-02-11]] | url = http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=21970 | accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>
==The three classical states==
===Solid===
{{main|Solid}}


==Music==
A solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. In a solid, the particles are packed closely together. They cannot move freely, they can only vibrate. The movement energy and temperature are very low. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut.
The score to ''Body of Lies'' was composed by composer [[Marc Streitenfeld]], who has now composed music for Ridley Scott for three features. He recorded the orchestral portions of his score at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers Studios.<ref name=scoring>{{cite news | first=Dan | last=Goldwasser | url=http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/141 | title=Marc Streitenfeld scores Ridley Scott's ''House of Lies'' | work=ScoringSessions.com | date=2008-06-19 | accessdate=2008-06-19 }}</ref>
It has also been speculated that a song called "If The World" by [[Guns N Roses]] off of their long-delayed [[Chinese Democracy]] album will be included on the soundtrack. This was confirmed by [[Del James]], a close friend of the band.


==Release==
In [[crystalline solid]]s the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in an ordered three-dimensional structure. There are many different [[crystal structure]]s, and the same substance can have more than one structure. For example, [[iron]] has a [[body-centred cubic]] structure at temperatures below 912°C, and a [[face-centred cubic]] structure between 912°C and 1394°C. [[Ice]] has fifteen known structures at various temperatures and pressures.
''Body of Lies'' has been reported as a film to screen out of competition at the [[65th Venice International Film Festival]] in August-September 2008.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Eric J | last=Lyman | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/awards_festivals/news/e3iac5edbea24551b65634e3ed00c01d7eb | title=As Cannes closes, eyes turn to Venice | journal=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | publisher=[[Nielsen Company]] | date=[[2008-05-21]] | accessdate=2008-07-15 }}</ref> The film is scheduled to be commercially released in theaters in the United States on [[October 10]] [[2008]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.comingsoon.net/films.php?id=21588 | title=Body of Lies | work=ComingSoon.net | publisher=Coming Soon Media, L.P | accessdate=2007-12-24 }}</ref> The film has also been purchased by [[Turner Broadcasting System]] to screen on the television networks [[TBS]] and [[Turner Network Television]].<ref>{{cite journal | first=John | last=Dempsey | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117981555.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&nid=2562 | title=TNT, TBS nab pack of WB films | journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] | date=[[2008-03-27]] | accessdate=2008-03-11 }}</ref>
There is also a track on the soundtrack feature Serj Tankian and Mike Patton, a new song by Guns N' Roses "If The World" plays over the end credits.


The film was pre-screened on September 30, 2008 at Michigan Technological University,<ref>http://filmbrd.students.mtu.edu/term.php</ref> and October 2, 2008 at the Duke University, University of Maryland and University of Virginia. It was also pre-screened on October 3rd, at [[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]], at Michigan State University, at the University of Michigan , the University of Kansas and the [[University of Chicago]] on October 7th, and at Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]], The University at Buffalo, James Madison University, Syracuse University and the [[University of Washington]] on October 9th.
===Liquid===
{{main|Liquid}}

The shape of a liquid is not definite, but is determined by its container. The volume is definite if the [[temperature]] and [[pressure]] are constant. When a solid is heated above its [[melting point]], it becomes liquid and the [[kinetic energy]] of its particles increases. These particles are usually farther apart than in the solid (with the noteworthy exception of water, H<sub>2</sub>O), and they can slide past each other easily. The highest temperature at which a given liquid can exist is its [[critical temperature]].

===Gas===
{{main|Gas}}

A gas has no definite shape or volume, but occupies the entire container in which it is confined. The particles of a gas are far apart from each other, and can move around quickly. A liquid may be converted to a gas by heating at constant pressure to the [[boiling point]], or else by reducing the pressure at constant temperature.

At temperatures below its [[critical temperature]], a gas is also called a [[vapor]], and can be liquefied by compression alone without cooling. A vapor can exist in equilibrium with a liquid (or solid), in which case the gas pressure equals the [[vapor pressure]] of the liquid (or solid).

A [[supercritical fluid]] (SCF) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and [[critical pressure]] respectively. It has the physical properties of a gas, but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases which lead to useful applications. For example, [[supercritical carbon dioxide]] is used to [[supercritical fluid extraction|extract]] [[caffeine]] in the manufacture of [[decaffeination|decaffeinated]] coffee.

===Changes in states of matter===

[[Image:Phase change -pn.png|thumb|right|300px|This diagram shows the nomenclature for the different phase transitions.]]

'''a solid''' → '''a liquid = [[melting]]'''
(heat energy added)
e.g. ice melts to water

'''a liquid''' → '''a gas = [[evaporation]]'''
(heat energy added)
e.g. water to water vapour

'''a solid''' → '''a gas = [[Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]]'''
(heat energy added)
e.g. dry ice (frozen CO<sub>2</sub>) to carbon dioxide

'''a gas''' → '''a liquid = [[condensation]]'''
(heat energy removed)
e.g. cloud to rain

'''a liquid''' → '''a solid = [[freezing]]'''
(heat energy removed)
e.g. water freezes to ice

'''a gas''' → '''a solid = [[Deposition (physics)|deposition]]'''
(heat energy removed)
e.g. water vapour to frost

==Other states at ordinary temperatures==
===Liquid crystal states===
{{main|Liquid crystal}}

Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. For example, the [[Liquid crystal#Nematic phase|nematic phase]] consists of long rod-like molecules such as [[para-azoxyanisole]], which is nematic in the temperature range 118-136 °C.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Phase Transitions of Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries|author=Shao, Y.; Zerda, T. W.|journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry B|year=1998|volume=102|issue=18|pages=3387–3394|doi=10.1021/jp9734437}}</ref> In this state
the molecules flow as in a liquid, but they all point in the same direction (within each domain) and cannot rotate freely.

Other types of liquid crystals are described in the main article on these states. Several types have technological importance, for example in [[liquid crystal displays]].

===Amorphous solid===
{{main|Amorphous solid}}

An amorphous or non-crystalline solid has a disordered structure like a liquid. However its molecules are relatively immobile so that is usually classed as a solid. Common examples are [[glass]], [[rubber]], and [[polystyrene]] and other [[polymers]]. Many amorphous solids soften into liquids when heated above their [[glass transition temperature]]s, at which the molecules become mobile.

===Magnetically-ordered states===
[[Transition metal]] atoms often have [[magnetic moment]]s due to the net [[spin (physics)|spin]] of electrons which remain unpaired and do not form chemical bonds. In some solids the magnetic moments on different atoms are ordered and can form a ferromagnet, an antiferromagnet or a ferrimagnet.

In a [[ferromagnet]] -- for instance, solid [[iron]] -- the magnetic moment on each atom is aligned in the same direction (within a [[magnetic domain]]). If the domains are also aligned, the solid is a [[permanent magnet]], which is magnetic even in the absence of an external [[magnetic field]]. The [[magnetization]] disappears when the magnet is heated to the [[Curie temperature]], which for iron is 768°C.

An [[antiferromagnet]] has two networks of equal and opposite magnetic moments which cancel each other out, so that the net magnetization is zero. For example, in [[nickel(II) oxide]] (NiO), half the nickel atoms have moments aligned in one direction and half in the opposite direction.

In a [[ferrimagnet]], the two networks of magnetic moments are opposite but unequal, so that cancellation is incomplete and there is a non-zero net magnetization. An example is [[magnetite]] (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), which contains Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions with different magnetic moments.

==Low-temperature states==
===Superconductor===
{{main|Superconductivity}}

Superconductors are materials which have zero [[electrical resistance]], and therefore perfect conductivity. They also exclude all magnetic fields from their interior, a phenomenon known as the [[Meissner effect]] or perfect [[diamagnetism]]. [[Superconducting magnets]] are used as electromagnets in [[MRI]] machines.

The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911, and for 75 years was only known in some metals and metallic alloys at temperatures below 30 K. In 1986 so-called [[high-temperature superconductivity]] was discovered in certain [[ceramic]] oxides, and has now been observed in temperatures as high as 164 K (which is still well below [[room temperature]].)

===Bose-Einstein condensate===
{{main|Bose-Einstein condensate}}

In 1924, [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Satyendra Bose]] predicted the "Bose-Einstein condensate," sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter. An example is helium-4 close to absolute zero in the [[superfluid]] state, discovered in 1937, in which it will attempt to 'climb' out of its container.<ref>{{cite book|coauthors=Stephen Fry|title=The QI Book of General Ignorance|edition=3}}</ref>

In the gas phase, the Bose-Einstein condensate remained an unverified theoretical prediction for many years. Finally in 1995, [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] and his team of graduate students produced such a condensate experimentally. A Bose-Einstein condensate is "colder" than a solid. It occurs when atoms have very similar (or the same) [[quantum level]]s. Substances with temperatures close to [[absolute zero]] (-273 °C) will exhibit the Bose-Einstein condensate.

===Superfluid===
{{main|Superfluids}}

A superfluid is a liquid, but exhibits so many other properties that many argue it is another state of matter.<ref>http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/matter.html</ref>

==High-energy states==
===Plasma (ionized gas)===
{{main|Plasma (physics)}}

Plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Some examples of plasma are the charged air around lightning and stars, including our own [[sun]].{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

As a gas is heated, electrons begin to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons, which are not bound to an atom or molecule, and ions, which are [[chemical species]] that contain unequal number of electrons and protons, and therefore possess an electrical charge. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free," and that a very high-energy plasma is essentially bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. Plasma is believed to be the most common state of matter in the universe.

===Quark-gluon plasma===
{{main|Quark-gluon plasma}}

This is a state of matter discovered at the CERN in 2000<ref>[http://newstate-matter.web.cern.ch/newstate-matter/Experiments.html A New State of Matter - Experiments]</ref>,
in which the quarks that would normally make up protons and neutrons are freed and can be observed individually, similar to splitting molecules into atoms. This state of matter allows scientists to observe the properties of individual quarks, and not just theorize.

==Other proposed states==
{{Main|List of states of matter}}

===Degenerate matter===
Under extremely high pressure, ordinary matter undergoes a transition to a series of exotic states of matter collectively known as [[degenerate matter]]. These are of great interest to [[astrophysics]], because these high-pressure conditions are believed to exist inside [[star]]s that have used up their [[nuclear fusion]] "fuel", such as [[White dwarf|white dwarves]] and [[neutron star]]s.

===Supersolid===
{{main|Supersolid}}
A supersolid is a solid, but exhibits so many other properties that many argue it is another state of matter.<ref>http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v55/i5/p3104_1</ref>

===String-net liquid===
When in a normal solid state, the atoms of matter align themselves in a grid pattern, so that the spin of any electron is the opposite of the spin of all electrons touching it. But in a [[string-net liquid]], atoms are arranged in some pattern which would require some electrons to have neighbors with the same spin. This gives rise to some curious properties, as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself.

===Rydberg matter===
One of the metastable states of strongly non-ideal plasma is [[Rydberg matter]], which forms upon condensation of excited atoms. These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature.

== See also ==
* [[Phase (matter)]]
* [[Condensed matter physics]]
* [[Cooling curve]]
* [[Supercooling]]
* [[Superheating]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
<references/>
{{Refimprove|date=September 2008}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.body-of-lies.com/ Official site and trailer]
*[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2005/matter.html 2005-06-22, MIT News: MIT physicists create new form of matter] Citat: "... They have become the first to create a new type of matter, a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity."
*{{imdb title|id=0758774|title=Body of Lies}}
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/10/031010075634.htm 2003-10-10, Science Daily: Metallic Phase For Bosons Implies New State Of Matter]
*{{amg title|id=1:393933|title=Body of Lies}}
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040115074553.htm 2004-01-15, ScienceDaily: Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter] Citat: "...We apparently have observed, for the first time, a solid material with the characteristics of a superfluid...but because all its particles are in the identical quantum state, it remains a solid even though its component particles are continually flowing..."
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=10009225-body_of_lies|title=Body of Lies}}
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/01/040129073547.htm 2004-01-29, ScienceDaily: NIST/University Of Colorado Scientists Create New Form Of Matter: A Fermionic Condensate]
*{{metacritic film|id=bodyoflies|title=Body of Lies}}
*{{mojo title|id=bodyoflies|title=Body of Lies}}
*[http://www.scoringsessions.com/sessions/29803 Scoring Session Photo Gallery at ScoringSessions.com]


{{State of matter}}
{{Ridley Scott Films}}


[[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Chemical engineering]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Phases of matter| ]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ridley Scott]]
[[Category:Spy films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Films based on thriller novels]]


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[[pl:Stan skupienia materii]]
[[pt:Estados físicos da matéria]]
[[ro:Stare de agregare]]
[[ru:Агрегатное состояние]]
[[simple:States of matter]]
[[sl:Faza snovi]]
[[fi:Faasi]]
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[[th:สถานะ (สสาร)]]
[[tr:Maddenin halleri]]
[[uk:Агрегатний стан]]

Revision as of 16:57, 10 October 2008

Body of Lies
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRidley Scott
Written byNovel:
David Ignatius
Screenplay:
William Monahan
Produced byRidley Scott
Donald De Line
StarringLeonardo DiCaprio
Russell Crowe
Golshifteh Farahani
Carice van Houten
Vince Colosimo
Music byMarc Streitenfeld
Distributed byWarner Bros.
Release date
October 10, 2008
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Body of Lies is a 2008 American action film adaptation of the novel of the same name by David Ignatius about a CIA operative who goes to Jordan to track a high-ranking terrorist. The film is directed by Ridley Scott, director of American Gangster and Black Hawk Down, written by William Monahan, and stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Russell Crowe, Iranian actress Golshifteh Farahani and Australian actor Vince Colosimo. Production took place in Washington D.C. and Morocco. Body of Lies was released in the United States on October 10, 2008. The film has been rated R by the MPAA. The film's tagline is "Trust No One, Deceive Everyone."

Premise

A CIA operative (Leonardo DiCaprio) is sent by his manipulative boss (Russell Crowe) to Jordan to find a high-ranking terrorist. While in Jordan, the operative forms an uneasy alliance with the head of Jordan's covert operations.[1]

Cast

Production

It's about Islam, where we are and where we're not, and it's a very interesting, proactive, internalized view of that whole subject.

— Ridley Scott[11]

In March 2006, Warner Bros. hired screenwriter William Monahan to adapt the novel Penetration by David Ignatius into a feature film, which would be directed by Ridley Scott.[1] In April 2007, with the novel re-titled Body of Lies and the film similarly re-titled, actor Leonardo DiCaprio was cast in the lead role.[12] After DiCaprio was cast, Russell Crowe was courted for a supporting role, to which he formally committed after Monahan's script was revised by Steve Zaillian, who scripted Scott and Crowe's American Gangster.[2]

Production took place in Washington D.C., Europe, and the Middle East.[12] Scott sought to film in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, but the federation's National Media Council denied the director permission due to the script's politically sensitive nature. As a result, scenes set in the Middle East were instead filmed in Morocco.[13] Filming began on September 5, 2007 at the Eastern Market, Washington, D.C.[14] Part of Capitol Hill neighborhood was converted to resemble a wintry Amsterdam to film ten to fifteen seconds of a car bombing.[15] Filming took place in Gaithersburg, Maryland to stand in for Northern Virginia.[16] Locations in Baltimore also stood in for Manchester, England and Munich, Germany. Production moved to Morocco afterward,[17] where a nine-week shoot took place at CLA Studios in the city of Ouarzazate.[18] Filming wrapped in December 2007.[19]

Music

The score to Body of Lies was composed by composer Marc Streitenfeld, who has now composed music for Ridley Scott for three features. He recorded the orchestral portions of his score at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers Studios.[20] It has also been speculated that a song called "If The World" by Guns N Roses off of their long-delayed Chinese Democracy album will be included on the soundtrack. This was confirmed by Del James, a close friend of the band.

Release

Body of Lies has been reported as a film to screen out of competition at the 65th Venice International Film Festival in August-September 2008.[21] The film is scheduled to be commercially released in theaters in the United States on October 10 2008.[22] The film has also been purchased by Turner Broadcasting System to screen on the television networks TBS and Turner Network Television.[23] There is also a track on the soundtrack feature Serj Tankian and Mike Patton, a new song by Guns N' Roses "If The World" plays over the end credits.

The film was pre-screened on September 30, 2008 at Michigan Technological University,[24] and October 2, 2008 at the Duke University, University of Maryland and University of Virginia. It was also pre-screened on October 3rd, at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, at Michigan State University, at the University of Michigan , the University of Kansas and the University of Chicago on October 7th, and at Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The University at Buffalo, James Madison University, Syracuse University and the University of Washington on October 9th.

References

  1. ^ a b Fleming, Michael (2006-03-12). "Warner sets spy team". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Fleming, Michael (2007-06-27). "Crowe 'Lies' with DiCaprio". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-06-28. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Carroll, Larry (2007-08-15). "Leonardo DiCaprio And Russell Crowe Will Be A Good 'Fit' In CIA Flick, Ridley Scott Hopes". MTV.com. MTV. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  4. ^ Grover, Sally (2007-10-31). "No Lies On Russell Crowe's Body". allheadlinenews.com. Celebrity News Service. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  5. ^ Carroll, Larry (2007-08-24). "Russell Crowe Says 'Body Of Lies' Probably Won't Be Popular". MTV.com. MTV. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  6. ^ Warner Bros., Body of Lies production notes, p. 7
  7. ^ "Accidental anti-hero". The Independent. Independent News & Media. 2007-10-19.
  8. ^ Jaafar, Ali (2008-07-01). "Oscar Isaac joins 'Balibo'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Production notes, p. 9
  10. ^ Production notes, p. 10
  11. ^ "Ridley Scott, the man who brought us Blade Runner, Alien and Gladiator -- to name a few -- is back, this time with American Gangster". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. 2007-11-16.
  12. ^ a b Fleming, Michael (2007-04-08). "DiCaprio to star in 'Body of Lies'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Jaafar, Ali (2007-08-03). "Dubai rejects Scott's 'Lies'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Argetsinger, Amy (2007-09-06). "Reel Thrills in the Neighborhood". The Washington Post. Washington Post Company. Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Weingarten, Gene (2007-09-30). "Boom Town". The Washington Post. Washington Post Company. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  16. ^ Childers, Andrew (2007-09-08). "Crowe, crew film here". The Capital. Landmark Communications.
  17. ^ "Russell Crowe filming in Maryland". USA Today. Gannett Company. 2007-09-08. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  18. ^ Jaafar, Ali (2007-11-09). "Moroccan studios having a mixed year". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Ferris, Glen (2008-02-11). "Scott On His Upcoming Slate". Empire. Bauer Verlagsgruppe. Retrieved 2008-02-11. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ Goldwasser, Dan (2008-06-19). "Marc Streitenfeld scores Ridley Scott's House of Lies". ScoringSessions.com. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  21. ^ Lyman, Eric J (2008-05-21). "As Cannes closes, eyes turn to Venice". The Hollywood Reporter. Nielsen Company. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "Body of Lies". ComingSoon.net. Coming Soon Media, L.P. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  23. ^ Dempsey, John (2008-03-27). "TNT, TBS nab pack of WB films". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ http://filmbrd.students.mtu.edu/term.php

External links

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