Ray pen
| Ray pen | ||||||||||||
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Actinidia arguta (young fruit) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Actinidia | ||||||||||||
| Lindl. |
The ray pens ( Actinidia ) are a genus of plants within the family of the ray pens (Actinidiaceae). From a few species of this genus come the varieties that produce the fruit kiwifruit , the greater part of Actinidia deliciosa .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Actinidia species are lianas . The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy or hairless with simple or star-shaped trichomes . There are mostly lenticels present. The small winter buds may be enveloped by the swollen base of the petioles.
The leaves are often divided into long petioles and leaf blades. The simple leaf blades are paper-like, membranous or leathery. The leaf margin is smooth, serrated or serrated. Stipules are only tiny or absent.
Generative characteristics
The flowers stand together individually or in groups of a few or many in lateral zymous inflorescences . There are tiny cover sheets. The species are dioecious separately sexed ( dioecious ) or monoecious with hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are usually fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The buds of calyx and petals are roof tiles (imbricat). The (two to six) usually five sepals can be fused at their base. The (four to more than five) usually five petals are usually white or pink, more rarely red, yellow or green. There are many stamens present. The stamens are narrow. The functionally female flowers often have staminodes with shortened stamens, functionally male flowers have rudimentary styles. The yellow, brown, purple or almost black dust bags from two counters open with slits. 15 to 30 carpels are an egg-shaped, cylindrical or bottle-shaped, vielkammerigen ovary adherent and can be hairy or smooth. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules . There are as many free styles as carpels.
Smooth or hairy, fleshy, round, egg-shaped to elongated berries with numerous seeds are formed. The tiny elongated seeds contain a relatively large cylindrical straight embryo and two short cotyledons ( cotyledons ).
Dissemination and use
The genus Actinidia is native to East Asia , the area ranges from Sakhalin over East Siberia , Japan , Korea and China to the Himalayas and Malaysia . Varieties of some species are grown as fruit, for example the sharp-toothed ray pen ( Actinidia arguta ) and the two Chinese ray pens ( Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa ).
Systematics
The genus Actinidia was created in 1836 by John Lindley (botanist) in A Natural System of Botany , Second Edition, p. 439 with the type species Actinidia callosa Lindl. set up. Synonyms for Actinidia Lindl. are: Heptaca Lour. , Kalomikta Rule , Trochostigma Sieve. & Zucc.
The genus Actinidia is divided into four sections and series and contains a total of 55 and 60 species (selection):
- Section Actinidia (Syn .: Section Maculatae ):
- Actinidia callosa Lindl. : It occurs in India , Nepal , Bhutan , Taiwan, Tibet and in China. There are several subspecies.
- Actinidia chrysantha C.F. Liang : It thrives at altitudes of 900 to 1300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Hunan and Jiangxi .
- Actinidia cylindrica C.F. Liang : The two varieties thrive at altitudes of 400 to 800 meters only in Guangxi.
- Actinidia fasciculoides C.F.Liang : The three varieties thrive at altitudes of 400 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan.
- Actinidia fortunatii Finet & Gagnep. (Syn .: Actinidia asymmetrica F.Chun , Actinidia glaucophylla F.Chun , Actinidia gracilis C.F. Liang ): It thrives at altitudes of around 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Hunan .
- Actinidia glaucocallosa C.Y.Wu : It only thrives in Yunnan at altitudes of 2300 to 2800 meters.
- Actinidia indochinensis Merr. : The roughly two varieties occur in northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan.
- Actinidia laevissima C.F.Liang : It thrives at altitudes of 800 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou ( Jiangkou ) and Hubei (only in Xuan'en ).
- Actinidia rubricaulis Dunn (Syn .: Actinidia coriacea (Finet & Gagnep.) Dunn ): The roughly two varieties occur in China and Thailand.
- Actinidia sabiifolia Dunn : It thrives at altitudes of over 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian, Hunan and Jiangxi .
- Actinidia trichogyna Franch. : It thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of 1000 to 1800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing (Chengkou, Wushan, Wuxi), Guizhou (only Yanhe ), Hubei ( Hefeng , Lichuan ), Hunan, Jiangxi ( Jingdezhen , Lichuan ), Sichuan (only Wanyuan ).
- Actinidia ulmifolia C.F. Liang : This endemic thrives in mountain forests at altitudes of around 900 meters in Sichuan only in Pingshan County.
- Actinidia umbelloides C.F.Liang : The two varieties thrive in mixed forests at altitudes of 1800 to 2000 meters in Yunnan.
- Actinidia venosa Rehder : It occurs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet at altitudes of 1200 to 2400 meters.
- Section Leiocarpae:
- Series Lamellatae C.F.Liang :
- Sharp-toothed ray pen ( Actinidia arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq. )
- Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim.
- Actinidia melanandra Franch. : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia rufa (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. : It occurs in Taiwan, Japan and Korea.
- Actinidia tetramera Maxim. : It occurs in China at altitudes from 1100 to 2700 meters.
- Series Solidae C.F.Liang :
- Actinidia macrosperma C.F. Liang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia polygama (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. : It occurs in China, Japan, Korea and Russia.
- Actinidia valvata Dunn : It occurs in China.
- Stellatae Section :
- Series Imperfectae C.F. Liang :
- Actinidia grandiflora C.F. Liang : It occurs in Sichuan.
- Actinidia obovata Chun ex CFLiang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia pilosula (Finet & Gagnep.) Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in Yunnan.
- Actinidia sorbifolia C.F. Liang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia stellatopilosa C.Y.Chang : It occurs in China.
- Perfectae C.F.Liang series :
- Actinidia chinensis Planch. : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) CFLiang & ARFerguson
- Actinidia eriantha Benth. (Syn .: Actinidia lanata Hemsl. ): It occurs in China.
- Actinidia farinosa C.F. Liang : It occurs in Guangxi.
- Actinidia fulvicoma Hance : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia lanceolata Dunn : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia latifolia (Gardner & Champ.) Merr. : It occurs in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
- Actinidia liangguangensis C.F.Liang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia rufotricha C.Y.Wu : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia setosa (HLLi) CFLiang & ARFerguson
- Actinidia styracifolia C.F. Liang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia suberifolia C.Y.Wu : It occurs in Yunnan.
- Section Strigosae :
- Actinidia chengkouensis C.Y.Chang : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia hemsleyana Dunn (Syn .: Actinidia kengiana F.P.Metcalf ): It occurs in China.
- Actinidia henryi Dunn (Syn .: Actinidia carnosifolia C.Y.Wu ): It occurs in China at altitudes between 1400 and 2500 meters.
- Actinidia holotricha Finet & Gagnep. : It occurs in Yunnan.
- Actinidia melliana Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in China.
- Actinidia rubus H.Lév. : It occurs in Yunnan and Sichuan at altitudes between 2000 and 2100 meters.
- Actinidia rudis Dunn : It occurs in Yunnan at altitudes of 1200 to 2300 meters.
- Actinidia strigosa Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in India, Nepal and Bhutan.
- Actinidia vitifolia C.Y.Wu : It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.
swell
- Jianqiang Li, Li Xinwei & D. Doel Soejarto: Actinidiaceae in the Flora of China , Volume 12, 2007, p. 334: Actinidia - Online.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Actinidia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Jianqiang Li, Xinwei Li & D. Doel Soejarto: Actinidia Lindley - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 12: Actinidiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2010.
