Actinidia kolomikta
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Amur ray pen ( Actinidia kolomikta ) |
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| Actinidia kolomikta | ||||||||||||
| ( Rupr. & Maxim. ) Maxim. |
Actinidia kolomikta is a species of the genus ray pen ( Actinidia ) within the family of ray pen plants (Actinidiaceae). It is a relative of the Chinese gooseberry ( Actinidia deliciosa ), which supplies a large part of the kiwi fruits traded worldwide.
Trivial names in different languages
German trivial names are Kolomikta -ray pen , Amur-ray pen , colored ray pen, flamingo ray pen or after the edible fruits also mini- kiwi . The Japanese name is Miyamamatatabi 深山 木 天 蓼, ミ ヤ マ マ タ タ ビ. Common English names are Arctic beauty kiwi, hardy kiwi, kishmish, Manchurian-gooseberry. In French it is called kiwi d'ornement.
description
Appearance and leaf
Actinidia kolomikta is a deciduous, woody plant and grows as a large climbing shrub or liana . The bark of the shoot axes is bare. Initially the lenticels are more or less normal, later they are relatively abnormal. The marrow is brown and fan-shaped.
The alternate leaves arranged on the stem axes are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The 2.5 to 5 centimeter long leaf stalk is yellowish-white to reddish-brown and sparsely hairy to bald. The simple, membranous to thin parchment-like leaf blade is 6 to 15 centimeters long and 5 to 10 centimeters wide and is broad-ovoid to oblong-ovoid or oblong-inverted-ovoid. The mostly heart-shaped, rarely rounded or trimmed base of the blade is the same or different on both sides. The spreader tip is pointed to sharply pointed. The leaf margin is single to double sawed. The underside of the leaf is more or less bare, sometimes bearded at the branches of the leaf veins . The upper side of the leaf is sparsely curly haired. The central vein and the six to eight pairs of side veins are clearly recognizable and raised on the underside of the leaf and thin and hardly discernible on the upper side of the leaf. The veining is barely noticeable on both sides of the leaf or weakly visible on the underside of the leaf. In some varieties, the leaf blades show pink and white leaf spots.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period in China extends from April to July. Actinidia kolomikta is functionally dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ). In the leaf axils the blooms stand individually or up to three in zymöse inflorescence | inflorescences from together. The very thin inflorescence shafts are 0.8 to 1.2 inches long. The tiny bracts are linear. The 4 to 10 millimeter long peduncle is hairy bald to yellowish-brown tomentose.
The functionally unisexual flowers are radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The five bare sepals with ciliates at the edge are fused at most at their base and are ovate to oblong-ovate with a length of 4 to 6 millimeters with a pointed upper end, they fall off before the fruit ripens. The five or six pink or white petals are obovate with a length of 6 to 10 millimeters; they overlap like roof tiles. There are many stamens present. In functionally male flowers, the thin stamens are 3 to 6 millimeters long. The fertile anthers have two counters and open lengthways; they are yellow and elongated with a length of 2 to 2.5 millimeters with an arrow-shaped base. In functionally female flowers, the stamens are shorter and the sterile anthers smaller. Many carpels are to a smooth, vielkammerigen ovary , which is spherical, with a length of about 3 millimeters, fused. Each ovary chamber contains many anatropic ovules . There are many free, durable pens available; in functionally female flowers, they enlarge after anthesis .
Fruit and seeds
The fruits ripen in China from September to October. When ripe, the berries are orange and bare, and are ovate and 2 to 2.5 centimeters long. The seeds are embedded in a fruit pulp . The seeds are elongated at a length of about 2 millimeters.
Chromosome set
The basic chromosome number is x = 29; the chromosome numbers are 2n = 58 for diploidy or 2n = 116 for tetraploidy .
Occurrence
Actinidia kolomikta thrives in the temperate areas of East Asia . It is common in Korea , China and Japan and in Russia's Far East . There are deposits on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu . It occurs in Russia's Far East on the Kuril Islands , in the Primorye region , in Amur Oblast and Sakhalin . It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Hubei , Jiangsu , Jilin , Liaoning , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Sichuan and Yunnan .
In China it thrives in mixed mountain forests in open locations at altitudes of 1600 to 2900 meters.
Systematics
It was first described in 1857 under the name ( Basionym ) Prunus kolomikta by Karl Johann Maximowicz and Franz Josef Ruprecht in Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg , Volume 15, p. 129. The new combination to Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. was published in 1859 by Karl Johann Maximowicz in Mémoires Presentes a l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par Divers Savans et lus dans ses Assemblées , Volume 9, p. 63. Other synonyms for Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. are: Trochostigma kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Rupr. , Kalomikta mandshurica rule nom. illeg., Actinidia leptophylla C.Y.Wu , Actinidia maloides H.L.Li , Actinidia gagnepainii Nakai , Actinidia kolomikta var. gagnepainii (Nakai) HLLi , Actinidia tetramera var. maloides (HLLi) CYWu .
The species Actinidia kolomikta belongs to the series Lamellatae from the Leiocarpae section in the genus Actinidia .
use
Actinidia kolomikta is cultivated as a fruit plant in temperate areas . Due to its origin, it is the hardest of the Actinidia species. Since Actinidia kolomikta is dioecious , male and female plants are needed for fruit to be set. The green colored fruit is sweet with kiwi flavor and very rich in vitamin C . They can be eaten raw or processed as compotes, jams, juice and wine.
Variegated foliage varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens in temperate areas .
literature
- J. Li, X. Li, DD Soejarto: Actinidiaceae. (PDF; 252 kB) : Actinidia kolomikta , p. 338 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 12: Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Actinidia kolomikta in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l J. Li, X. Li, DD Soejarto: Actinidiaceae. (PDF; 252 kB) : Actinidia kolomikta , p. 338 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 12: Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 .
- ^ Actinidia kolomikta at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Actinidia kolomikta at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 21, 2016.
- ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 56).
Web links
- Actinidia kolomikta at Plants For A Future
- Thomas Meyer: radiation pen data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Actinidia kolomikta data sheet at Medicinal Plant Images Database , School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University.
Map with all linked sites: