Adémar V. (Limoges)

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Boson de Limoges (* around 1135, † 1199 ) was from 1148 to 1199 as Adémar V a vice count of Limoges from the spacious house of the vice counts of Comborn . The English King Richard the Lionheart died during the siege of a castle belonging to the rebellious Vice Count .

Life

Origin and early years

Adémar was born on an unknown date as the only child of Vice Count Adémar IV. De Limoges and his wife Marguerite de Turenne. He was orphaned early - his father died in 1148 and he grew up with relatives. A few years after the death of his father, his mother married the later Count Wilhelm VI. Taillefer from Angoulême . The property of the vice counts was in what was then Aquitaine in the Limousin at the crossroads of important trade routes, which promoted their prosperity. They secured their property by building castles and were among the most powerful vassals of the Duchy of Aquitaine . Like their peers, the vice counts always maintained a traditionally independent position vis-à-vis the ducal central power. With this, Adémar in particular came into conflict with the Dukes from the House of Plantagenet , who had come into possession of the Duchy in 1152 through the marriage of Heinrich Plantagenet to the Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine .

In October 1156 Heinrich Plantagenet (from 1154 as Henry II also King of England) took control of Limoges by appointing his own confidante , and Adémar then lived in the vicinity of the Plantagenet farm. Between the years 1156 and 1159 he was married in Bordeaux to Sara de Dunstanville, who was a granddaughter of the Anglo-Norman King Henry I Beauclerc and thus a cousin of Henry II Plantagenet. In addition, the bride was a possible heiress of the English county of Cornwall . In the summer of 1159 Adémar took part in the unsuccessful siege of Toulouse , which nevertheless brought him the establishment of all rights of rule in Limoges.

Revolt against the Plantagenets

In 1169, the son of Duchess Eleonore and Heinrich Plantagenets, Richard the Lionheart , was installed as the new Duke of Aquitaine. But the father denied his son participation in actual power and continued to run the government himself. On the other hand, at the instigation of the Duchess and King Louis VII of France, an opposition of the Plantagenet sons against their father formed. The nobility of Aquitaine, including Adémar, joined their duke, whereupon the revolt against Henry II Plantagenet broke out openly in 1173 . The rebellion was quickly put down by the king, Duchess Eleanor was captured by her husband and Duke Richard submitted to his father in September 1174 in Montlouis . The Duke had to promise his father that he would punish his former allies for participating in the revolt.

This began the enmity of the closely related Aquitanian barons against Duke Richard, who now saw in him a threat to their traditionally very far-reaching rights against the ducal power. Their resistance was welcomed by the trobador Bertran de Born , whose family was also exposed to Duke Richard's pressure. Together with his cousins ​​from Turenne and Angoulême , Adémar was so hard on the duke that he was forced to ask his father for help. At the end of 1176, Duke Richard was able to move into Limoges and force Adémar to submit.

In addition to the cession of some castles, the uprising had no serious consequences for Adémar, except that his wife was denied her right of inheritance, making Cornwall inaccessible to Adémar. He went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1178 . For this purpose he made a donation to the Cistercian Abbey of Dalon, which was attested by his relatives, Vice Counts Ebles IV. De Ventadour and Raymond II. De Turenne , on July 10th of the same year.

Another uprising and fratricidal war

After returning from the Holy Land, Adémar was again at the center of a revolt against Duke Richard the Lionheart. The occasion was the death of his half-brother, Count Vulgrin III. Taillefer of Angoulême , in 1181. Contrary to the law, Duke Richard claimed guardianship over the daughter of the dead count, which her uncles did not accept. The duke occupied Angoulême, whereupon the Taillefer brothers fled to Adémar in Limoges. Immediately a new opposition formed around him, consisting of the Vice Counts of Turenne, Comborn and Ventadour and the Count of Périgord. This compelled Duke Richard to ask his father again for help, but this time he pushed for a diplomatic solution to the conflict. He invited a delegation of the rebellious barons to hear their complaints against his son. The barons accused Duke Richard of a tyrannical style of government in Aquitaine and an unjustified harsh treatment of repentant vassals. They also accused Richard of kidnapping women and daughters of the Aquitaine nobility, who were subsequently sexually abused by him and his followers. Regardless of these allegations, Duke Richard and his older brother, the young King Heinrich , succeeded in suppressing the revolt militarily by the summer of 1182; Adémar had to give in again.

Nevertheless, the opposition continued after a dispute between Duke Richard and his brother, Henry the Younger, over the possession of some castles in the border area of ​​Aquitaine and Anjou at the end of 1182 . The situation escalated in Le Mans in the spring of 1183 when the old King Heinrich II. Plantagenet asked his son Richard to pay homage to Heinrich the Younger. Richard refused this act of submission and fled to the Poitou , Adémar and the other barons reunited to rebel against him, again justified lyrically by Bertran de Born as a legitimate effort to restore traditional law. At the beginning of February 1183, Adémar received young Heinrich and his brother Gottfried von Bretagne in Limoges in order to join forces. While the old King Henry II Plantagenet took Richard's side, the opposition alliance received the support of King Philip II of France , Count Raymond V of Toulouse and Duke Hugos III. from Burgundy , Adémar himself was able to contribute a large Brabanzone army. The fighting took place primarily in Aquitaine. Adémar attacked the old King Henry and inflicted heavy losses on his army, but he could not prevent the siege of Limoges by the king. Although the opposition increasingly gained the upper hand, the fight ended after the unexpected death of its leader, the young King Heinrich, in June 1183. The alliance immediately collapsed, its supporters withdrew their troops and on June 24, 1183 Adémar had to his Give up the capital and let the king move into Limoges.

In the next few years Adémar wreaked havoc through the Limousin and La Marche, trying to attack Duke Richard's economic foundations. When trying to fight Adémar, the duke relied primarily on mercenaries, whose leader Mercadier was able to take Excideuil , among other things . In 1189 King Henry II. Plantagenet died, after which Duke Richard succeeded as King of England as his eldest surviving son; connected with this was the end of the captivity of the Duchess Eleonore. Through their mediation, the rebels returned to their feudal duties to Richard and together with him they took the cross. In the wake of the king, Adémar came back to the Holy Land on the Third Crusade (1189-1192), where his cousin Raymond II. De Turenne died in 1191 during the siege of Acre .

War on Richard the Lionheart

Adémar probably returned to his homeland in 1192 and immediately instigated an uprising against King Richard. This was captured at the same time in Austria and sent to Emperor Heinrich VI. delivered. King Richard's arch-rival, King Philip II of France, used this to launch a war against the King of England. The French king was the feudal lord of the Duchy of Aquitaine and thus the overlord of Adémar, who declared himself an ally of King Philip. In 1194 Richard the Lionheart was released and took up the fight against King Philip. Richard defeated his rival at Fréteval in July 1194 and forced him to a truce. For Adémar and his colleagues, this meant submission again.

In 1196, King Richard installed his nephew, Otto von Braunschweig , as Duke in Aquitaine, who was supposed to hold down the Aquitanian vassals during the king's permanent absence. But Adémar and his relatives took the next opportunity for a new uprising after Duke Otto moved to his German homeland in 1198 to become king there. Adémar immediately allied himself again with King Philip. History repeated itself after King Richard won again in the Battle of Gisors (September 1198) and was able to force King Philip to sign a peace treaty: Adémar was alone again.

After the defeat of the French monarch, King Richard moved to Aquitaine in the spring of 1199 to subdue the rebels again. He himself devoted himself to fighting Adémar and took up the siege of the castle of Châlus , which belonged to Adémar. The king suffered an injury on March 25th from an arrow or crossbow bolt that had been shot by the shooter Pierre Basile . The wound became infected with gangrene, whereupon Richard the Lionheart died on April 6th. The castle was then stormed by Richard's mercenary captain Mercadier, who, contrary to the king's wishes, had the shooter skinned alive .

Just a few days after the death of King Richard, Adémar, his son Guido and his half-brother of the same name from Angoulême swore their loyalty to King Philip II August.

death

Adémar did not survive Lionheart long and died that same year. According to the English chronicler Roger von Hoveden (also Howden, † 1201), Adémar fell victim to the revenge of Richard's illegitimate son Philippe de Cognac , who murdered the vice count. It is doubtful whether this is true. The trobador Giraut de Bornelh († 1215), who belonged to the deputy count's entourage, only mourned his unexpected death in his lamentation ( Plac e sospir ). Regardless of this, Hoveden's version remained in the tradition. William Shakespeare writes in his King John that Philippe ( Faulconbridge ) killed a Limoges, Duke of Austria .

Marriage and offspring

Adémar V. de Limoges was married to Sara de Dunstanville (* 1147). She was the daughter of Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall , and Beatrix FitzRichard. Your children were:

literature

  • Dieter Berg : Richard the Lionheart . WBG, Darmstadt 2007.
  • Vincent Roblin: Recueil Des Actes Des Viscounts De Limoges. (Xe-XIVe siècle). Droz, Geneva 2009, ISBN 978-2-600-01352-9 ( École Pratique des Hautes Études. IVe Section: Sciences Historiques et Philologiques 5: Hautes études médiévales et modern. 95).
  • John Gillingham: The unromantic Death of Richard I . In: Speculum Vol. 54, 1979, pp. 18-41

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to other information, he died at the age of 53, i.e. was born around 1145.
  2. ↑ also Adhemar, Ademar, Aymer, Aymar, Adhemir, Ademir, Aimar
  3. ↑ Dieter Berg : Richard the Lionheart . Darmstadt 2007, p. 27.
  4. ↑ Dieter Berg: Richard the Lionheart . Darmstadt 2007, p. 89.
  5. ↑ Ex Chronico Gaufredi Vosiensis §71, in: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 12 (1867), p. 447
  6. ↑ Dieter Berg: Richard the Lionheart . Darmstadt 2007, p. 99f.
  7. ↑ Dieter Berg: Richard the Lionheart . Darmstadt 2007, p. 103.
  8. ↑ Dieter Berg: Richard the Lionheart . Darmstadt 2007, p. 106.
  9. ↑ According to other traditions, the name of the shooter was also Bertran de Gurdun or John Sabroz.
  10. ↑ In order to glorify this death of the knight ideal Richard, the legend arose from the Middle Ages that the king only besieged the castle because he suspected the gold treasure of the Roman proconsul Lucius Capreolus behind the moors . This legend was first written at the beginning of the 17th century, see Annales manuscrites de Limoges dites manuscrit de 1628 , ed. by Emile Ruben, Félix Archard and Paul Ducourtieux (Limoges, 1872)
  11. ↑ Catalog des actes de Philippe Auguste , ed. by Léopold Delisle (1856), no. 552–554, p. 131
  12. ↑ according to other information, born around 1130, she died in 1215
predecessor Office successor
Guido IV. And Adémar IV. Vice Count of Limoges
1148–1199 		Guido V.
personal data
SURNAME Adémar V.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Boson de Limoges
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Vice Count of Limoges
DATE OF BIRTH around 1135
DATE OF DEATH 1199