Vein (niger)

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Women at work in the village of Founkoyé in Ader

Ader (also: Adar , Adăr ) is a landscape in Niger . The former province of the Sultanate of Aïr is mainly inhabited by Hausa and is severely affected by water shortages and sandstorms.

geography

The landscape lies in the south of the Tahoua region and borders several other historical territories: Gobir in the southeast, Konni in the south and Aréoua in the southwest. Ader consists of a lowland in the west and a highland in the east, which are roughly demarcated by an imaginary line between the cities of Tahoua and Illéla , the historic capital of Aders. The lowland is a dune landscape with isolated witness mountains . The highlands are the Doutchi vein ("vein of the mountains"), a sandstone plateau up to 746  m high and cut by valleys . The Ader Doutchi and the south adjoining valley of the Maggia form the agro-ecological zone Ader Doutchi Maggia .

Geologically, Ader belongs to the Iullemmeden Basin and climatically to the Sahel zone . The proximity to the Sahara manifests itself in long dry seasons with strong storms and Harmattan dust clouds, even for Sahel zone conditions . The region is affected by severe soil degradation . The average annual rainfall is 300–400 mm. The thorn bush savannah of the Ader is occasionally loosened up by ana trees , for example in the area around Tamaské . Almost nothing is left of the dense forest in the lowlands that existed at the beginning of the 19th century.

As pars pro toto , Ader can also stand for the entire Tahoua region, the borders of which were established in 1964. Accordingly, the regional capital Tahoua is also traded as the modern “capital of Aders”.

history

Adar, drawn too far to the south in Stieler's Hand Atlas (1891)

The first permanent settlements that still exist today were established in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the centuries that followed, the area of ​​Ader was more heavily populated, especially through immigration from the Aïr and also from Gobir. The first village communities emerged through migrations of the Azna , from which the Azna rulers developed with a complex political organization. In the 17th century, this included Déoulé, for example .

The area was disputed in the 17th century between the Sultanate of Aïr in the north and the Emirate of Kebbi in the south. Aggaba, a son of the Sultan Al Mubarek of Aïr with his seat in Agadez , led a campaign against Kebbi in 1674 and conquered almost all of Ader for the sultanate. He could count on the military support of the local Tuareg faction Lissiwan. The events are narrated on Hausa as yakin Aggaba ("War of Aggaba").

The place name Ader comes from the Tamascheq language and means "foot", in metaphorical translation also "small tributary river" or "narrow valley" in place names. According to the Chronicles of Agadez, Sultan Al Mubarek is said to have said to his son when he set out for the campaign: "Aggaba, you should take care of this foot". According to another oral tradition, Aggaba is said to have tripped over his own feet when entering the landscape. The correct transcription is Adar , more precisely Adăr . The spelling Ader, which is closer to the usual pronunciation, goes back to a mistake by the French colonial administration and prevailed in official Nigerien sources.

Ader became a province of the Sultanate of Aïr through Aggaba, in which he was the sultan's governor. He and his successors carried the title serki n'Ader (also: Sarkin Adar ). He left the old Azna rulers and integrated them into the administration of the province. The first capital of the province was the village of Birni Ader in the middle of the Ader Doutchi. Aggaba made the village a base for trade and for raids into neighboring Gobir, which were particularly aimed at making slaves . In 1687 he succeeded his father as Sultan in Agadez. Towards the end of his life, in 1721, he was deposed by his brother and fled back to Ader. The rule of the Sultanate of Aïr over Ader remained unrestricted until the beginning of the 19th century, with Illéla replacing the village of Birni Ader as the capital of the province.

The years from 1804 to 1836 were marked by the Fulani jihad begun by Usman dan Fodio . A description by Ader comes from that time by the German Ulrich Seetzen , who met a man from Birni Ader during a stay in Egypt from 1807 to 1809 . The Caliphate of Sokoto dominated the following decades, until from 1860 to 1864 the Tuareg took control of large parts of Aders. The province was divided into several parts and the serki n'Ader of Illéla ruled only a small area in the western vein.

From 1900 the area came under the control of France. The serki n'Ader of Illéla was integrated into the system of traditional rule ( chefferie traditionnelle ) in Niger, which has been independent from France since 1960 . He presides over the traditional rulers in the Illéla and Bagaroua departments . The 31st serki n'Ader since Aggaba took office in 2014.

population

Mahamadou Issoufou , a ba'adare from Ader

The main occupation of all ethnic groups in Ader consists of agriculture, ranching and seasonal migration.

The majority of the population is Hausa . The Hausa subgroup of Ader are the Adarawa (singular: Ba'adare). In Zarma they are called Adarance. A well-known Ba'adare is the Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou , who had his house power in Ader. Many Adarawa live seasonally outside of their homeland for trade and labor migration . The Marché de Katako , an important market in the Nigerien capital Niamey , is controlled by Adarawa. In the port city of Cotonou in Benin , the migrants from Ader live in their own district ( Zongo ).

Tuareg and Fulbe together make up about a tenth of the population. The Tuareg, who otherwise often live nomadically, are also sedentary. The Tuareg social class Bouzou , the former class of slaves, mostly lives in settlements in the lowlands, each of which is assigned to Hausa villages. Bouzou and Fulbe often work as cattle herders. The Hausa language is also understood and spoken by minorities.

literature

  • JG Adam, N. Echard, M. Lescot: Plantes médicinales Hausa de l'Ader (République du Niger) . In: Journal d'agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée . Vol. 19, No. 8-9 , 1972, pp. 259-399 ( persee.fr ).
  • Pierre Bonte, Nicole Echard: Histoire et histoires. Conception du passé chez les Hausa et les Twareg Kel Gress de l'Ader (République du Niger) . In: Cahiers d'Études africaines . Vol. 16, No. 61-62 , 1976, pp. 237-296 ( persee.fr ).
  • Bernard Caron: Le Haoussa de l'Ader . Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 1991, ISBN 978-3-496-00816-3 . (= Dictionary and grammar of the Hausa dialect by Ader)
  • Annie Dupuis, Nicole Echard: La poterie traditionnelle hausa de l'Ader (Rép. Du Niger) . In: Journal des Africanistes . Tome 41, no. 1 , 1971, p. 7-34 ( persee.fr ).
  • Nicole Echard: L'expérience du passé. Histoire de la société paysanne hausa de l'Ader (=  Études Nigériennes . No. 36 ). IRSH, Niamey 1975.
  • Nicole Echard: L'habitat traditionnel dans l'Ader (Pays hausa, République du Niger) . In: L'Homme . Tome 7, No. 3 , 1967, p. 48-77 ( persee.fr ).
  • Nicole Echard: Note sur les forgerons de l'Ader (Pays Hausa, République du Niger) . In: Journal des Africanistes . Tome 35, no. 2 , 1965, p. 353-372 ( persee.fr ).
  • Djibo Hamani: L'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des États Hausa . L'Harmattan, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-296-00214-5 (first edition: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey 1975).
  • Benedetta Rossi: Being and Becoming Hausa in Ader (Niger) . In: Anne Haour, Benedetta Rossi (Eds.): Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives . Brill, Leiden 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-18542-5 , pp. 113-140 .
  • Benedetta Rossi: Slavery and Migration: Social and Physical Mobility in Ader (Niger) . In: Benedetta Rossi (Ed.): Reconfiguring Slavery. West African Trajectories . Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2009, ISBN 978-1-84631-564-0 , pp. 182-206 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Djibo Hamani: L'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des États Hausa . L'Harmattan, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-296-00214-5 , pp. 1 and 7 (first edition: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey 1975).
  2. ^ A b Djibo Hamani: L'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des États Hausa . L'Harmattan, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-296-00214-5 , pp. 8 and 12 (first edition: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey 1975).
  3. ↑ Le Zonage Agro-écologique du Niger. (PDF) Réseau National des Chambres d'Agriculture (RECA), September 2004, p. 3 , accessed on October 6, 2018 (French).
  4. ↑ a b c d Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 29 .
  5. ^ A b Le projet de développement rural intégré de Keita: L'Ader Doutchi Maggia - Vallée de Keita. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1994, accessed October 6, 2018 (French).
  6. ↑ a b Tahoua: historique et attraits de la capitale de l'Ader. In: Niger Diaspora. February 4, 2012, accessed October 5, 2018 (French).
  7. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 274-275 .
  8. ↑ Pierre Bonte, Nicole Echard: Histoire et histoires. Conception du passé chez les Hausa et les Twareg Kel Gress de l'Ader (République du Niger) . In: Cahiers d'Études africaines . Vol. 16, No. 61-62 , 1976, pp. 241 ( persee.fr [accessed October 5, 2018]).
  9. ↑ a b c d Djibo Hamani: L'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des États Hausa . L'Harmattan, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-296-00214-5 , pp. 5 and 18 (first edition: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey 1975).
  10. ^ A b Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 163-165 .
  11. ^ A b Abdourahmane Idrissa, Samuel Decalo: Historical Dictionary of Niger . 4th edition. Scarecrow, Plymouth 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0 , pp. 37 .
  12. ^ Benedetta Rossi: From Slavery to Aid. Politics, Labor, and Ecology in the Nigerien Sahel, 1800-2000 . Cambridge University Press, New York 2005, ISBN 978-1-107-11905-5 , pp. xxi-xxii .
  13. ↑ Edmond Séré de Rivières: Histoire du Niger . Berger-Levrault, Paris 1965, p. 168 .
  14. ↑ Azizou Chéhou: Société: L'honorable Sarkin Adar Yacouba Habibou Oumani, protecteur des Enfants. In: Aïr Info Agadez. August 7, 2018, accessed October 7, 2018 (French).
  15. ^ Djibo Hamani: L'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Contribution à l'étude de l'histoire des États Hausa . L'Harmattan, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-296-00214-5 , pp. 13 (first edition: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, Niamey 1975).

Coordinates: 14 ° 27 ′ 32 "  N , 5 ° 14 ′ 38"  E