Agneta Matthes
Agneta Matthes , with full name: Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna van Marken-Matthes (born October 4, 1847 in Amsterdam , † October 5, 1909 in Delft ), was a Dutch entrepreneur . Together with her husband Jacob van Marken (1845–1906), as a supporter of the cooperative movement, she is one of those people in the Netherlands who addressed the social issue at an early stage and saw workers' welfare as an opportunity to reduce social conflicts .
The Agnetapark , a garden city-like Delft housing estate, which was founded by the couple and is named after her, is considered the most outstanding of its kind and of its time in the Netherlands.
Life
Family and childhood
Agneta Matthes was the daughter of the independent maritime insurance agent Jan Willem Frederik Matthes and his wife Sara Hendrina ter Meulen, who came from well-to-do parents. She had a sister, Elisabeth Sara (1849–1902). The two girls grew up in a middle-class family in Amsterdam and enjoyed the upbringing of “ higher daughters ”, which prepared them for a life as a wife and mother in upscale Dutch society.
Agneta was taught by private tutors and spent the years 1862 to 1864 in a Utrecht girls' boarding school . Back in Amsterdam she received piano, dance and drawing lessons and took religious lessons in order to find her own wish to be accepted into the Waalse kerk ("Wallonian Church").
Her sister, who was called Nora, married the Zionist and politician Arnold Kerdijk (1846–1905), co-founder of the left-wing liberal Dutch party Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond and from 1887 to 1901 a member of the Second Chamber in the Dutch Parliament, who represented similar progressive-liberal ideas like Agneta and her future husband. Elisabeth Sara and Arnold lived on the Spoorsingel in Delft and had four children. Agneta maintained a close relationship with them all her life; Nora named her first-born daughter "Agnita" after her sister.
Marriage and marriage
At a soiree learned Agneta 1865, two years earlier Jacob Cornelis van Marken, called Jacques , know that in Delft at the Polytechnic School, the predecessor of the Technical University of Delft , technology and sociology studied. Van Marken did not come from an elitist or wealthy, but well-middle-class family; his father was a Protestant clergyman in Dordrecht and later Amsterdam . After Agneta's parents had given their consent, the couple got engaged in 1866. After completing his studies in 1867, van Marken started working for the Photogenic Gasfabriek in Amsterdam, but dreamed of starting his own company.
During his studies, he went on a study trip to Austria-Hungary and got to know a new method for making baker's yeast that fascinated him. When he heard complaints from a baker in Delft about the changing quality and poor availability of the yeast available in the Netherlands, he remembered this method and decided to produce baker's yeast industrially and of consistently high quality. At that time, yeast production in the Netherlands was a secondary activity of the Schiedamer Genever distilleries, which at the end of the fermentation process was irregular and varied, which hindered the bakers in their baked goods production. Van Marken traveled again to Vienna, where he found out about the new production method, later known as the “Viennese method”, and discovered in the course of his investigations that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were best suited for his intended purposes.
During this time of his absence, the fiancé exchanged letters intensively, which, in addition to a general private exchange of information and mutual expressions of sympathy, also included entrepreneurial and social questions, for example how one could understand the relationship between employer and worker (literally: "hoe zij zich de verhouding patroon werkman inhaben ”), which showed the couple's interest in the then new science of sociology and Agneta's involvement in the entrepreneurial activities of her future husband from the beginning. Agneta began to take private lessons in business and economics, corporate management and sociology, and participated intensively in the preparations for the establishment of the company and in determining the future work flow.
On October 7, 1869, shortly before the first yeast factory in the Netherlands, the couple married Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek NV , which is now part of the international chemical group Koninklijke DSM , with the financial support of van Marken's father and a loan from the bank Mees & Zoonen (now part of the Fortis Group ) and started production in Delft. With the production concept of this factory, Jacques von Marken is now counted among the Dutch pioneers in the development of industrial food production.
The married couple Jacques van Marken and Agneta van Marken-Matthes were entered in the Delft population register on November 10, 1869. Their first apartment together was the modest canal house at Oude Delft 106. As a result, they moved to better houses at short intervals, in 1871 to Noordeinde 30, and shortly afterwards (the date of this move is not recorded in the population register) to Phoenixstraat 52 , on May 21, 1880 in the neighboring house at number 54. All houses are still standing and are now subject to monument protection . On June 3, 1885, the couple moved one last time, to their own spacious villa in Agnetapark in the municipality of Hof van Delft.
After learning a little later that their marriage would remain childless (the exact medical circumstances are not known), the young wife decided to devote her life to her husband's business and career, and became even more active in building it up and running it of the company. She accompanied her husband to the company every day, where she had her own office and continued classes with her private tutor. In addition to taking care of administrative tasks, her main interest lay in questions of personnel policy. She maintained close contact with the workers and employees of the factory and their families. She appealed to their sense of community and tried to convince them to be part of “a bigger whole”.
Agneta Matthes shared her husband's belief in progress, just as both were convinced of the personal development potential of their employees and strived to promote it.
Her husband's mistress and children
When Jacques van Marken 1886 was in France for a cure and Agneta Matthes opened his business and private mail, she found a letter from a Maria Eringaard that the overdue child support anmahnte for their children. Agneta Matthes found out that her husband had entered into an extramarital relationship with the then 15-year-old Maria Eringaard from Rotterdam in 1871, which had lasted to date and had so far resulted in four children.
Agneta Matthes provided a discreet solution to the financial problem and withheld her knowledge from her husband until 1889 both the 36-year-old mother, who had since given birth to a fifth child, and two of her children fell ill with tuberculosis and died soon afterwards. Van Marken was now faced with the problem of what to do with his three surviving children. Son Cornelis and daughter Clara were already teenagers, but the other daughter Erry Anna was still a toddler. Agneta Matthes offered her husband to take in and bring up the children, which she did. Officially, they were foster children whom the couple had taken with them. Van Marken's paternity, however, was an open secret in Dutch society.
An adoption of the children, which van Marken sought with the consent of his wife, failed because of the veto of his religious father, who - despite the close ties he had with his son - sharply condemned his extramarital connection and refused the legal consent required at the time.
Jacob Cornelis Eringaard, van Marken's oldest illegitimate son, who later ran the Gist- & Spiritusfabriek, also pursued the social interests of his father and his wife. He wrote a number of pertinent treatises, for example JC Eringaard: Dutch Model Centers for Employers' Personal Care (Delft 1896). In the Utrecht Nieuwsblad of January 9, 1899, it was stated that a Bureau voor Sociale Adviezen had been founded on his initiative .
The youngest daughter, Erry Anna Eringaard, married the diplomat and editor Daniel Johannes von Balluseck (1895–1976) in 1932 .
Work and accomplishments
Legal situation and sources
Like all women of her time, Agneta Matthes was severely limited in her legal options as a businesswoman and trader . In almost all western countries, women as independent entrepreneurs were exposed to strict, mostly legally anchored male control and their rights of authority; in the case of marriage, the wife's employment was subject to the consent of her husband. So lost women in the Netherlands to a change in legislation in 1956 with the marriage even their capacity , which precluded an independent and autonomous occupation practical.
For these reasons, Agneta Matthes did not appear in her own name in legal transactions - which was also not unusual at that time - but acted “in the name and on behalf” of her husband. This is also the reason why while there are extensive records of the business ventures and career of Jacques van der Marken, few sources mention or honor the entrepreneurial merits of Agneta Matthes in particular.
Nowadays it is no longer possible to fully clarify which ideas and activities in which form went back to Agneta and which to her husband. What is beyond doubt, however, is that she was the sole manager of the Maison Neuve perfume factory , that she conducted an extensive empirical study of the housing needs of 48 working-class families, that she significantly influenced the design and furnishings of the Agnetapark and, at least in the first few years, was actively involved in the management of her husband's other companies was where she was particularly responsible for personnel matters.
Business start-ups
Van Marken, also called "welfare engineer" by contemporaries, worked with Agneta Matthes to develop a bonus wage system for the factory workers of his Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek NV, founded in 1869, according to which all employees, in addition to a basic wage, add surcharges from two to Could receive 20 percent of their wages. Furthermore, the company paid out up to ten percent of the business profit as a profit share to its employees. In their April 1894 edition, the “newest communications” of the Prussian official press provided information about this “social policy premium wage system with profit sharing”, “which deserves the attention of other circles”.
After Agneta Matthes had dealt with personnel issues when the company was founded, a personnel affairs department (Belangen van het Personeel) was set up in 1880 - a novelty at the time - which was headed by the engineer Gerhard Knuttel, a great-nephew of van Marken. Knuttel is considered the first human resources manager in the Netherlands.
In 1885 Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851–1931) became the director of the factory's own, newly established laboratory. Due to the worsening health problems of Jacques van Marken and the work overload of the couple, François Gerard Waller, a nephew of Jacques van Marken, was entrusted with the management in 1886.
As early as 1873, Agneta Matthes had also founded her own company, the Delft perfume factory Maison Neuve , of which her husband acted as the pro forma owner due to legal problems. The advantage of this undertaking was the possibility that in the yeast production of Gist & Spiritusfabriek resulting ethanol (formerly also known as alcohol) should be used. Agneta concentrated largely on her company in the years that followed. She worked with the renowned Delft porcelain factory De Porceleyne Fles together, the faience - Flacons produced for the perfume creations according to her designs. She took part in international exhibitions, where she won several prizes and awards with her perfume brand PMN (Parfumerie Maison Neuve) and made her company known. In 1878 she won the bronze medal at the Paris World Exhibition , and in Australia in the same year she won first prize for scented waters at the international perfume fair . She sold the company at the end of 1886 at a high profit and concentrated again on her various other activities and obligations.
The couple began to be interested in the margarine industry, which was still young in the Netherlands, in 1883 . In the same year, the Nederlandsche Oliefabriek NV was founded with its own capital and a share of Agneta's mother , whose factory building was located next to the yeast factory. A little later, in 1885, the couple took over Delftse Lijm- & Gelatinefabriek NV . Here, too, Jacques van Marken officially acted as sole managing director. In 1873 they founded the Delftsche Coöperatieve Winkelvereeniging to operate a purchasing cooperative in Agnetapark . In 1892 another printing company was founded (which is now owned by the Koninklijke drukkerij GJ Thieme ).
Agneta was also significantly involved in decisions, planning and organizational preparatory work with regard to these companies. In all companies, the couple introduced the same personnel policy as in the Gist- & Spiritusfabriek. In 1878 van Marken set up the first works council in the Netherlands, called “de kern” (core). At the height of their success, around 1885, when they employed more than 1,250 people, their companies were collectively called Delftsche Nijverheid (Delft Industry).
Work magazine "Fabrieksbode"
On June 24, 1882, the "Fabrieksbode" (factory messenger) appeared for the first time, the world's first company magazine and a forerunner of the employee magazine - an idea that Agneta Matthes had developed and whose purpose was described in the first issue as follows:
"[...] een voertuig zijn voor ideeën en beslissingen van de directie, inzicht procured in strategic keuzes en de achtergronden hiervan, ideeën en problems van de medewerkers zichtbaar maken en zorgen voor a band tussen medewerkers en organisatie."
"[...] to be a vehicle to transport the ideas and decisions of the management, to provide insight into strategic orientations and their background, to make ideas and problems of the employees visible and to establish a bond between employees and the organization."
Especially in German business circles, this "contemporary binding" was enthusiastically received, van Marken was granted the "invention patent" and the idea was copied in many ways. Van Marken used the company newspaper as a mouthpiece and to communicate his socio-economic ideas. Agneta also regularly published smaller articles that she signed with A. or AvM . The Fabrieksbode was initially published weekly, later every fortnight and in recent years monthly. It wasn't until 2001, when it was the oldest company newspaper in the world, that the Fabrieksbode ceased to appear.
Agneta was also helpful to her husband with his other publications. In 1881 his book La question ouvrière à la fabrique Neerlandaise de levure et d'alcool was published. Essai de solution pratique. (The workers question in the Dutch yeast and alcohol factory. An attempt at a practical solution.) And 1894 L'Organisation sociale dans l'industrie (The social order in industry), which was printed in two editions and translated into German and English. The extent of the content-related collaboration of Agneta can no longer be determined; It is however certain that she was at least responsible for the translations.
Social welfare
Agnetapark
In 1881, as supporters of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier , the van Markens began after a tour of the Familistère Godin cooperative community housing estate founded by Jean-Baptiste André Godin ,
"Een lievelingsidee te verwezenlijken en daarmee hun levenstaak te voltooien"
"To realize a favorite idea and thereby complete your life's work."
namely to plan and build a garden city-like residential park for their employees. With this they wanted to make a contribution to the improvement of the very difficult living conditions in the time of industrialization . Together with Marie Kruseman, an employee from the personnel department of the alcohol factory, Agneta Matthes examined the housing needs of 48 working-class families in order to design the construction plan for the future residential park.
In 1881, again with financial support from Agneta's mother, the couple acquired a 4- hectare property in Hof van Delft behind the factory premises for 16,000 guilders. At that time Hof van Delft was a separate, rural, rural and only sparsely populated municipality that was far outside the Delft city limits. Between 1882 and 1884, according to the plans of the landscape architect Louis Paul Zocher (a son of Jan David Zocher ), a spacious park, criss-crossed by watercourses and laid out in the style of an English garden , in which the architect Eugen Gugel had 48 terraced houses, semi-detached houses and four-in-handers together with the community houses and the villa of the donors. The facility was named after Agneta Matthes Agnetapark .
What was new about this residential park, in contrast to other contemporary workers' apartments, was that it was a self-contained, multi-storey apartment with its own entrance, its own sanitary area and part of its own garden. This type of housing originated in England, where the first workers' settlements in the form of terraced houses were built in the early 19th century. The architects of the Agnetapark went a significant step further by distributing these apartments, in the style of today's semi-detached houses and four-in-hand, generously and variedly in a park that offered recreation and relaxation, offered plenty of space and had numerous communal facilities. In addition, each apartment had running water, a sanitary room with toilet and wash basin - something absolutely extraordinary for workers' settlements at that time.
The founder's villa was located in the middle of the settlement and was called Rust Roest (literally: "The calm rusts", freely translated: "Who rests, rusts").
The cost distribution of the system was unique. The donors founded a corporation for the development of the settlement and handed the park over to their employees in 1870 according to the cooperative principle as joint property to prevent speculation.
To the great astonishment of the donors, the employees were nowhere near as enthusiastic about the housing estate as they naturally assumed. On the one hand, the facility was far from any urban infrastructure and was very poorly located. These disadvantages should be offset by improving the community facilities. There were three buildings available: De Gemeenschap (the community), a large house that housed a kindergarten and elementary school, served as a meeting place, as well as a dining room, a gymnasium and a billiards club; de Tent (the tent), a music and event pavilion and the building of Agnetapark- purchasing cooperative , where a grocery store and a bakery, were later also housed a clothing store. Finally, a children's playground, a bowling alley, a shooting range and a boat shed with rowing boats were created in the park. The club system was also promoted; among other things, a volunteer fire brigade , a rifle club , a bowling club , a bicycle club and a music band were created.
However, the employees did not like living near their employer. They felt under his direct control. It aroused reluctance to get in touch with the top boss and his family every day, even in his free time, and to see hardly any other faces than work colleagues and superiors. The employees also continued to complain about the distance to the city and the fact that there were no transport links. The rent levels and the reserves to be paid, which overwhelmed most workers, also provoked criticism.
Only after the death of the van Markens did the park gradually develop into a sought-after residential area with houses traditionally rarely offered for rent in the Netherlands. In 1931 the Villa Rust Roest , which had been empty for a long time, was converted into a household school, and in 1981 the building was demolished. The Agnetapark has been a listed building since 1989 .
Social Commitment
After van Marken was appointed secretary of the Vereeniging tot bevordering van het Volksonderwijs (Association for the Promotion of Popular Education) in 1871 , Agneta regularly attended schools for the poor in Delft and was involved in improving conditions there.
The winter of 1879/80 was severe and particularly long in the Netherlands. Permafrost at temperatures down to minus 16 degrees led to hardship among the Delft citizens. On the spur of the moment , Agneta Matthes founded the Vereeniging voor Armenzorg , which supported the needy regardless of their religious or political convictions and induced her husband to set up a Wintersnood Commissie , which was headed by him, his brother-in-law Arnold Kerdijk and his later managing director Gerhardus Knuttel.
In 1880, the van brands founded a health insurance for baker journeyman. This insurance was also a first step in the direction of a regulated pension scheme . An accident insurance for his staff was finally established 1884th
criticism
Van Marken was considered a Dutch “social entrepreneur” and a pioneer of his time in the “ social question ”. Mostly celebrated abroad, especially in Germany, he was also criticized - throughout his life, especially by his compatriots - as a “radical-liberal do-gooder” who had “done a lot for his workers”, “but they did little and make little decisions let ". This criticism also concerned Agneta Matthes and her achievements and convictions, albeit rarely explicitly mentioned in accordance with the zeitgeist.
As an obituary, the journalist Frank van der Goes published two critical articles under the heading “Een levensleugen” (a lie of life) in Het Volk , the organ of the country's social democratic workers' movement, in 1906 and attributed the ulterior motive of van Marken to his undoubted social commitment. By caring for his workers he wanted to buy loyalty and exercise social control, while the employees were overly dependent on him, for example, they could hardly change jobs once they had moved into a house in Agnetapark.
In his book Der Arbeitserschutz (Worker Protection), the economist and author Kuno Frankenstein made factual and positive comments in 1896:
“What is strange now is the way in which the residents of the colony themselves raise and distribute the costs of the entire facility. This takes place neither in the way that a rent is simply paid as the equivalent for the granted dwelling, nor in that the individual little houses are acquired by the residents for property by means of higher payments over a longer period of time. The whole is and remains rather the property of the community of the colony, but each individual resident acquires a share in this community through a certain period of his payments, which he can later freely sell and bequeath ... The calculations have been made so that after the course of about thirty years, the entire costs of the first facility will be covered, and that the park with all its buildings will then be owned by the company in accordance with the share certificates issued and acquired, or in other words, the common property of the residents of the park. "
The actual development, however, turned out differently than the calculations promised and the couple had hoped. The monthly payments of the residents were far too low to lead to the collective ownership of the park after the planned thirty years, and yet they were still too high for many interested employees. Van Marken's motto Allen voor de fabriek, de fabriek voor allen (“All for the factory, the factory for all”), which he derived from the solidarity principle of the Three Musketeers, one for all, all for one , meant for them most of his employees certainly a significant improvement in their personal living conditions, but they felt they were under too much pressure.
Despite these disappointments and temporary vacancies, the Agnetapark became an important model for the development of cooperative building projects and garden cities for workers and employees. The park is considered to be the first social housing construction that paid particular attention to hygienic living conditions in a green, livable environment.
Last years
From the 1880s, Jacques van Marken suffered from chronic nerve pain, probably a polyneuropathy , the underlying disease of which has not been recognized or has not been passed down and which prompted him to take professional breaks and regular medical treatment and cures , mostly in France. In 1886 he was unable to work in a health resort in France for several months, so that Agneta had to represent her husband and, to relieve himself, hired François Gerard Waller as managing director. From 1890 onwards, her husband's health was worrisome. Conventional therapies no longer worked; a French doctor had advised him to use morphine , and soon he became increasingly addicted . After Waller had been trained as managing director, Agneta accompanied her husband on his often several month spa stays. In 1905 van Marken officially resigned almost all functions, which largely brought Agneta's professional activities to an end.
When van Marken died on January 8, 1906 at the age of 60, Agneta wrote a 215-page biography about her husband's life and in 1907 entitled Levensidealen. Herinneringen uit het leven van JC van Marken (Ideals of life. Memories of the life of JC van Marken.) Appeared. It also compiled all of the articles published under his name in the Fabrieksbode between 1882 and 1905, the ones under the title Uit het fabrieksleven. Delft 1869–1905 (From a factory life. Delft 1869–1905), which appeared in 1908 in three parts.
In April 1906 her mother moved in with her; A niece, Elisabeth Kerdijk, also lived with her in Villa Rust Roest for around two years .
Agneta van Marken-Matthes died on October 5, 1909, one month after her mother. She is buried next to her husband in Jaffa Cemetery in Delft. In a will she bequeathed her fortune to the staff of her communal businesses and a holiday colony for Delft children.
literature
- HM Bonebakker-Westermann et al .: Delftse vrouwen van vroeger door Delftse vrouwen van nu. Delftse Vrouwenraad 1975 (Dutch)
- PJ Hofland: Van Marken en de Delftsche Nijverheid , Lespakket CD with text folder. Gemeente Musea Delft 2004 (Dutch)
- G. Knuttel: Mevrouw Van Marken , in: De Fabrieksbode of October 9, 1909 (Dutch)
- A. van Marken-Matthes: Levensidealen. Herinneringen uit het leven van JC van Marken. Delft 1907 (Dutch)
- A. van Marken-Matthes: Uit het fabrieksleven. Delft 1869-1905. Hoofdartikelen uit De Fabrieksbode van JC van Marken (1882–1905) . 3 booklets, Delft 1908 (Dutch)
- A. Michel: From the factory newspaper to the guide: company journals of large industrial companies from 1890 to 1945. Franz Steiner Verlag 1997. ISBN 3-515-07210-1 (German)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Biographical Woordenboek van Nederland: Matthes, Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna (1847–1909) .
- ^ Joods Biographical Woordenboek: Arnoldus Kerdijk .
- ↑ Literally from a letter from Agneta to her fiancé ( Memento of October 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d Archive of the Nederlandsche Gist- & Spiritusfabriek NV from Gist Brocades NV in Delft ( Memento of October 16, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ a b c d Matthes, Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna (1847-1909). resources.huygens.knaw.nl, accessed May 19, 2015 .
- ↑ a b Hofland: Van Marken en de Delftsche Nijverheid. P. 63.
- ↑ A constitutionally valid adoption was not planned in the Netherlands from 1838 to 1956. After the abolition of the Code Napoléon , which was valid from 1818 to 1838 , only canon law could be applied until an adoption law (adoptiewet) was introduced in 1956 .
- ^ Archive of the municipality of Utrecht: Utrechts Nieuwsblad of January 9, 1899 .
- ^ Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis: Daniel Johannes von Ballusek (1895–1976) .
- ↑ MJC Koens, Jacob Hans Nieuwenhuis, APMJ Vonken: passenger s family law. Kluwer, 2006. ISBN 90-13-03042-4 . P. 2063ff.
- ↑ Michel: From the factory newspaper to the guide. P. 29.
- ^ Official press of Prussia: Latest communications, April 1894 .
- ^ A b Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis: Gerhardus Knuttel (1851–1932) .
- ↑ Hofland: Van Marken en de Delftsche Nijverheid. P. 4.
- ↑ a b 2001 - KB ontvangt complete editie oudste bedrijfsblad ter wereld. Koninklijke Bibliotheek - Nationale Bibliothekek van Nederland, archived from the original on December 11, 2004 ; Retrieved on May 19, 2015 (The Royal Library receives the complete edition of the world's oldest specialist journal).
- ^ Piet Bakker: Communicatiekaart van Nederland: overzicht van media en communicatie. Kluwer, 2007, ISBN 90-13-04658-4 , p. 281.
- ↑ Michel: From the factory newspaper to the guide. Pp. 29/30.
- ^ Van Marken: Levensidealen , p. 139.
- ↑ Agnetapark .
- ↑ a b Van Marken: Levensidealen , p. 207.
- ↑ a b Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis: JC van Marken , section: “Kritiek”.
- ↑ Utrecht Nieuwsblad of November 7, 1895 .
- ↑ a b Biographical Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbewegung in Nederland (BWSA): van Marken, Jacob Cornelis .
- ^ P. Werkman, Paul E Werkman, Rolf E van der Woude, R. van der Woude: Geloof in own Zaak. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2006. ISBN 90-6550-910-0 . P. 141.
- ^ Frank van der Goes archive at the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis .
- ↑ Kuno Frankenstein: The worker protection. .
Web links
- Biography of Agneta Matthes in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland (Biographical Dictionary of the Netherlands, Dutch)
- Person sheet about Agneta Matthes in the archive of the Institute for Dutch History on the dossier "Sociale Zekerheid 1890-1967" (Social Security 1890-1967, Dutch)
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Matthes, Agneta |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Marken-Matthes, Agneta Wilhelmina Johanna |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Dutch entrepreneur |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 4, 1847 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Amsterdam |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 5, 1909 |
| Place of death | Delft |