Andreas Jamometić

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Andreas Jamometić (also Andreas von Krain , Andrija Jamometić , Andreas Jamone or - based on the Italian dialectal spelling of the time - Andrea Zamometić ; * around 1420 in Nin , Croatia ; † November 12, 1484 in Basel ) was Archbishop of Kraina in the Montenegrin-Albanian region Border region.

biography

Andreas Jamometić came from a Croatian nobility family . He entered the Dominican Order in Udine , was educated there and in Santa Maria Novella in Florence and completed his studies in theology as Doctor theologiae . As such he taught for some time at the University of Padua . He was intended as superior of the order province of Grecia. Through the intercession of Emperor Friedrich III. appointed him Pope Sixtus IV. in 1476 to the Archbishop of Krajina ( "archiepiscopus Craynensis"), the mainly Orthodox inhabited Montenegrin border with Albania to the cities Bar and Ulcinj south of Lake Skadar , which was under Venetian protection. In 1478 Andreas served as the imperial envoy to the Holy See in Rome and in 1479 as an observer at the Reichstag in Nuremberg . As the imperial envoy, Andreas was again in the Papal States from 1480 . In the Pazzi crisis from 1478 he represented the interests of the emperor, but also of the pope with such skill that he praised him to the highest degree ("ipsum plurimum diligimus") and recommended the pope for further promotion.

When Jamometić publicly polemicized against various abuses, including the nepotism of the Pope, the emperor withdrew all powers from him; his immunity was withdrawn and Pope Sixtus IV imprisoned him in 1481 in Castel Sant'Angelo . When Andreas was released after a few months on the intercession - among others of the emperor - he went to Switzerland bitterly and settled in Basel . There he published further diatribes and on July 21, 1482 distributed a pamphlet in which he called for another council of Basel to introduce reforms for the papal court. Andreas was actively supported by Lorenzo il Magnifico , but the city and University of Basel also stood behind him.

The Pope responded with an interdict , the Emperor called him to "political" reason. When the city of Basel saw itself threatened by the papal ban on church , Andreas was imprisoned in the arched arch . Several papal emissaries tried vehemently to obtain his extradition to Rome, but the city preferred to accept economic hardship rather than hand over the arrested.

On the morning of November 13, 1484, Andreas was found hanged in his cell. His body was left hanging there for weeks before it was dragged out of the tower on January 12, 1485, nailed into a barrel and thrown into the Rhine . With effect from January 23, 1485, the interdict against Basel was resolved again.

reception

The cleric Peter Numagen , who studied at the University of Basel and became Jamometić's secretary in mid-June 1482, defended this in his work Gesta archiepiscopi Craynensis in facto indictionis Concilii , which was created around 1484 . While the Basel Chronicles were largely silent about these years, at the beginning of the 16th century there were mostly reports of this crisis that were faithful to the Church and the Pope. Sandro Botticelli's fresco “Punishment of the Rotte Korah ” in the Sistine Chapel has been interpreted as a visual processing of the papal victory over Andreas Zamometić.

Jamometić's work and fate became the subject of Jacob Burckhardt's early work Andreas von Krain in 1852 , which the historian Friedrich Meinecke took up and described the attempt to convene a council in Basel as “ridiculous” and “almost a burlesque in substance”. His attempt at the Council was not taken seriously in historical research for a long time. The historical works from the first half of the 20th century by Joseph Schlecht and Alfred Stoecklin on Jamometić are pervaded by some errors and misjudgments, which Jürgen Petersohn corrected in his intensive study of his life from the 1980s onwards. In 2004 and 2015 he published comprehensive monographs on Jamometić's life's work and circumstances. His research showed that the Pope took this threat seriously and defended himself against it through intensive diplomacy. Jamometić's advance in the conflict of the incompatible positions of the emperor and pope was therefore just as highly political as it was hopeless - "as the last great test of strength between the two universal powers, as the end of a long tradition that shaped the age".

literature

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: Reichsrecht versus Kirchenrecht , 2015, p. 7, fn. 1 and p. 9. He points out that due to earlier incorrect literature references the Duchy of Krain or the Carinthian Mark and a place supposedly located on the Thessalonian border Granea as Jamometić's bishopric were specified.
  2. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: Reichsrecht versus Kirchenrecht , 2015, p. 9.
  3. ↑ This scene is depicted in the Lucerne Chronicle of 1513, fol. 94v, see Jürgen Petersohn: Reichsrecht versus Kirchenrecht , 2015, p. 109 (illustration) .
  4. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: Reichsrecht versus Kirchenrecht , 2015, p. 108 f. Ibid., P. 9, Petersohn attests the author a “brisk pen” and “brisk argumentation”. See also Gesta Andreae Zamometic archiepiscopi Craynensis. In: Repertory “Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages”, last changed on June 9, 2012.
  5. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: Canon law and primacy theology in the condemnation of the Council initiator Andreas Jamometić by Pope Sixtus IV. The bull "Grave gerimus" of July 16, 1482 and Botticelli's fresco "Punishment of the Rotte Korah" (with edition of the source text). In: Uta-Renate Blumenthal (Ed.): Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (= Monumenta iuris canonici. Series C. Volume 13). Vatican City 2008, pp. 667-698. See also Miroslav Krleža : The flags. Novel in five volumes (e-book edition).
  6. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: Reichsrecht versus Kirchenrecht , 2015, p. 11. Meinecke's quote comes from a letter to Siegfried Kaehler from 1943.
  7. ↑ Thomas M. Krüger: Leadership and collegiality. From the Benedictine right to advise on the constitutionalism of German cathedral chapters and the cardinal's college (approx. 500-1500) (= studies on Germania Sacra. New series. Volume 2). De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2013, p. 263.
  8. ^ Kerstin Hitzbleck: Review of Jürgen Petersohn: Imperial Law versus Church Law. In: Sehepunkte . Volume 16, 2016, No. 9, September 15, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Jamometić, Andreas
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Andreas von Krain; Jamone, Andreas; Zamometić, Andrea; Jamometić, Andrija; Zamometil, Andreas
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Archbishop of Kraina
DATE OF BIRTH around 1420
DATE OF DEATH November 12, 1484
Place of death Basel