Real wound clover

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Real wound clover
Common anthyllis (Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Pseudovulneraria)

Common anthyllis ( Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Pseudovulneraria )

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Genre : Wundklee ( Anthyllis )
Type : Real wound clover
Scientific name
Anthyllis vulneraria
L.

Real Wundklee , Common vetch , Common Wundklee or fir Klee ( Anthyllis vulneraria ) is a plant type from the genus Wundklee ( Anthyllis ). The Artepipheton vulneraria is derived from the Latin vulnerarius (= wound). The popular name of Wundklee or "Wundkraut" refers to its use in folk medicine for healing wounds and as a cough suppressant.

description

The perennial, herbaceous plant reaches heights of about 5 to 40 centimeters. This type of plant has a short, more or less branchy and many-headed rhizome and ascending or upright stems .

The basal leaves have up to four pairs of leaflets, but these are often missing at the time of flowering. The terminal leaflets are up to 8 centimeters long and are therefore noticeably larger than the other lateral leaflets. The stem leaves consist of two to seven pairs of leaflets. The leaflet shape is long-elliptical.

The flowers are in multi-flowered flower heads . The golden yellow crown is between 9 and 19 mm long. Occasionally these are also whitish, orange or red in color. The hairy white calyx is inflated after the flowering period and has uneven teeth. The flowering period is from June to September.

Despite the formation of nectar, all ten stamens have grown together to form a tube, which is therefore only accessible to long-nosed insects such as bumblebees or butterflies . The flower has a pumping mechanism: when the pollinator pushes the boat down, the pollen is emptied through the stylus piston. The scar is only sticky after the delicate surface cells have been rubbed off.

The relatively light one to two-seeded nuts are encased in the dry calyx and are mainly spread by the wind. The fruit ripens from July to October.

The chromosome number is 2n = 12 for the subspecies subsp. vulneraria , subsp. carpatica and subsp. alpicola .

Systematics

This very diverse species occurs in numerous subspecies that have not yet been adequately researched. There are around 24 different subspecies in Europe. There are also intermediate forms and hybrids. Here is a selection of the subspecies:

  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicola (Brügger) Gutermann (Syn .: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn. ): It occurs in societies of the order Seslerietalia, the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii and the Erico-Pinion association. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the southwest slope of the Linkerskopf in Bavaria to an altitude of 2200 meters.
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. carpatica (Pant.) Nyman : It occurs in companies of the Mesobromion Association.
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. maritima (Hagen) Corb. : It occurs on the dunes of the Baltic Sea coast and is a character species of the Koelerion albescentis association.
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. polyphylla (DC.) Nyman : It grows in Central Europe in societies of the Cirsio-Brachypodion association.
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. pseudovulneraria (Sagorski) Cullen
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. rubriflora (DC.) Arcang. (Syn .: Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Dillenii auct.)
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. versicolor (Sagorski) Gutermann
  • Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. vulneraria : It thrives in societies of the orders Brometalia, Violetalia calaminariae and the order Erico-Pinion.

  • Alpine Kidney Vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Alpicola )

  • Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pseudovulneraria (stem leaves)

  • Steppe wound clover ( Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. Polyphylla )

  • Anthyllis vulnearia subsp. pulchella (Vis.) Bornm. is common in the Balkans to Greece

  • Illustration of Anthyllis vulneraria

Occurrence

The distribution area of ​​the real Wundklees includes all of Europe and North Africa (Atlas Mountains). Dry meadows and semi-arid grasslands, roadsides, embankments, quarries and coastal dunes are preferred as locations. Especially on calcareous soils. The plant grows from the plains to alpine regions.

ecology

pollination

The plant is one of the most important raw soil stabilizers and pioneers as a deep-rooted plant as well as the root nodules with air nitrogen-binding bacteria. This plant is often cultivated on cracks in the earth and avalanche cracks, on road embankments. The plant itself is hostile to fertilizers and its distribution is decreasing due to eutrophication and decline in sheep pasture. The lowland form of the common wound clover is a good fodder plant.

Ethnobotany and folk medicine

Due to the saponin and tannin content , the flowers were highly regarded and used to treat wounds and ulcers. Possibly the use goes back to the signature theory , since the flowers are often red overflowed.

The common sorrel was also considered a magic herb. It was placed in the cradle to protect small children from “screaming” (= bewitching), from which the name Schreiklee is derived.

The many popular names reflect the degree of familiarity of the plant: Schöpfli, woolly clover, bear clovers, Hasenklee, Katzenklee, Katzenbratzerl, Katzentapen, Muttergottes-Schühlein, Frauenkapperl, Taubenkröpferl, Tannenklee. Other popular names are apothecary clover, bear clover, bearded clover, yellow clover, gold button, herring herb, Russian clover, sheep's tooth, summer clover and cotton wool flower.

Other popular names are or were, in some cases only regional, the names Bädönikli ( Schaffhausen ), Bärndazen ( Zillertal ), Bergkraut ( East Prussia , Kurland ), Fleabane ( Silesia ), wild beans , Fräulischlössli ( Graubünden ), Frauenkäppeln ( Lechrain ), Frauenschuhli ( Lucerne , Bern ), Frauenthrän (Lucerne, Bern), Gichtbleamen ( Transylvania ), geeler Hasenklee , Hendelweis (Silesia), Hergött-Schühalein , Iven , Kanferkrut , Katzendöpli (Lucerne), Katzendapen in ( Hossingen ) ( Swabian Alb ), Weißer Katzenklee , Unser Frauen Krapflein (Zillertal), Trän (Lucerne, Entlebuch ), Wollblume ( Moravia , Pomerania , Silesia), Wollklee ( Bernese Oberland ), Wundklee (Silesia), Wundkraut (Bern), Wundwurz and Zehali ( St. Gallen near Werdenberg ).

literature

  • Xaver Finkenzeller: Alpine flowers. Recognize & determine. Mosaik, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-576-11482-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
  2. ↑ a b Elfrune Wendelberger: Alpine plants - flowers, grasses, dwarf shrubs. Munich 1984, ISBN 3-7632-2975-2 .
  3. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 597-598.
  5. ^ Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  6. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings . Volume 2, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 137.
  7. ↑ Datasheet Anthyllis vulneraria. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  8. ↑ Dankwart Seidel: Flowers. Determine accurately with the 3-check. 2nd, revised edition. blv, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-405-15766-8 .
  9. ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. Volume I, Leipzig 1943, pp 339-345: Anthyllis vulneraria and Anthyllis vulneraria at www.awl.ch .
  10. ↑ Keppler teaching assistant - questionnaire on folkloric tradition . State Office for Württ. Folklore, Meßstetten 1900.
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 33, online.

Web links

Commons : Echter Wundklee  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files