Antonov An-10

Antonov An-10
Antonov An-10A
Type:	Airliner
Design country:	Soviet Union
Manufacturer:	Antonov
First flight:	March 7, 1957
Commissioning:	July 1959
Production time:	1957 to 1960
Number of pieces:	108

The Antonov An-10 ( NATO code name : Cat , German  cat ) is a Soviet passenger aircraft . It was developed in parallel with the two military cargo planes Antonov An-8 and An-12 . Aeroflot was the only operator of the type.

The high power excess of the four engines and the robust landing gear made it possible to take off and land on very short unpaved runways.

history

The An-10 was created on the basis of a resolution by the Council of Ministers on November 30, 1955 to develop a passenger plane based on the An-12 . The aim was a universal aircraft for passenger and cargo transport. The design range was 500 to 3500 km. There were 85 seats, luggage storage, kitchen and toilet. The machine could also be equipped as a combined freighter with 52 passenger seats and 9,080 kg of cargo or as a pure cargo aircraft with 15,050 kg of cargo. For this purpose, the stern was redesigned and the rear loading ramp and the armory were omitted. The further development took only 15 months.

The first flight of the prototype named Ukraina ( Ukraine ) with the (Cyrillic) license plate СССР – У1957 took place with Jakow I. Vernikow on March 7, 1957 in Kiev . The second prototype followed on November 5, 1957. There were stability problems that delayed the project. Extensive flight tests followed , which lasted until June 1959. After additional stabilizing fins had been attached under the fuselage stern and on the horizontal stabilizer , the tests were finally successfully completed. The first series model was delivered in December 1959.

At the world exhibition in 1958 , the guy was awarded a gold medal. In 1959, three machines took part in the Tushino air parade . Operational flights took place in the spring of 1959. As an experiment, prototypes were used in the Aeroflot liner service in the summer of 1959 . On December 17, 1959, an An-10 flew over the Pacific as a gift from Nikita Khrushchev to Dwight D. Eisenhower .

The An-10A is a further development with a seating capacity of 100 seats. The outer shape was not changed, but engines of the type AI-20A with modified propellers of the type AW-68I were used. Series production of the An-10A took place in 1959 and 1960. In 1969, 22 machines of this type were converted into high-density seating for the transport of up to 115 people.

On July 14, 1960, the special performance of this type was demonstrated when a test flight succeeded in keeping the machine in the air with only one working engine. On April 29, 1961, it was followed by a world speed record of 730.616 km / h over 500 km in closed orbit for propeller-turbine-powered aircraft.

A total of 108 machines of the types An-10 and An-10A were manufactured in Voronezh between 1957 and 1960 . By 1971 about 35 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo were carried.

After material fatigue was found in the aircraft , all machines were shut down in 1973.

construction

Antonov An-10 on a Soviet postage stamp (1958)

The shoulder- wing aircraft is powered by four propeller turbines. The machine has a pressurized cabin with a diameter of 4.10 m and a nose wheel landing gear .

The wings have a trapezoidal shape with a square central part and two end pieces with a slight arrow . Double slit flaps are used as a buoyancy aid. There are 18 tanks in the wings and another four in the fuselage. The total capacity is 13,580 liters. The engines are in fairings in front of the wings and have a fire extinguishing system.

The unbraked steerable nose wheel has a tire size of 900 mm × 300 mm. The main landing gear has 1050 × 300 tires and disc brakes . The wheelbase is 9.58 m and the track width is 4.92 m. In the stern there is a retractable abrasive spur that prevents damage to the fuselage caused by the stern stop if you pull too hard when starting.

All flight control systems are designed twice. The machine has an autopilot as standard. An APU supplies radio, hydraulics, fuel systems, de-icing and air conditioning with electricity on the ground . It also provides the energy to start the engines.

The fuselage is divided into four sections, starting with the cockpit , which offers space for the crew consisting of the captain, co-pilot, navigator, radio operator and flight engineer. Next up is the front passenger cabin with 25 seats and space for luggage, kitchen and cloakroom. Then there are two more sections for passengers with 45 and 13 seats. The individual cabin compartments are separated by curtains. In the lower part of the fuselage there is additional storage space for luggage and cargo. Loading and unloading takes place through openings on the right side of the fuselage.

The passenger seats consist of a frame made of magnesium and aluminum alloy. They have an ashtray, a call button for the attendant, an adjustment option and a headphone connection.

Passengers can get on and off through two doors on the left. Bulky cargo can be loaded and unloaded through a loading door in the rear right fuselage area. There are a total of 33 round windows on both sides of the fuselage.

There were tests with a special rapid descent screen which made it possible to descend from 10,000 m to 4,000 m within two minutes in the event of a pressure loss in the cabin. However, he was not introduced to the series.

variants

Early An-10 with additional stabilizing fins on the horizontal stabilizer

An-10 : first series version with four PTL engines Kuznetsov NK-4 and 84 seats. Used in regular service from July 1959.

An-10A : improved production version from 1957 with a fuselage two meters longer, increased seating capacity and a modified tail unit. Used in scheduled service from February 1960.

An-10AS : a pure freight variant. The maximum payload was 16,300 kg. The machine was converted from conventional passenger planes. The seats, the cabin partitions and the luggage compartments were removed. The floor and hull structure have been reinforced.

An-10B : variant in which space was created for 132 passengers by changing the room layout. Seating with seven seats per row (instead of six) was used. Two more rows of seats were added in the middle section. Completely redesigned seats kept the loss of comfort within limits. The external dimensions of the machine remained the same. In order to be able to achieve the previous ranges with the higher load, the tanks in the fuselage were enlarged and four more tanks were integrated into the wings. The total fuel weight was 15,200 kg. Only one machine was built.

An-10KP : Variant for interception management. In 1970 a machine of this type was converted. It was equipped with special communication facilities and special workstations for operation.

An-10TS : military variant of the An-10, with which up to 14 tons of payload can be carried. In contrast to the Antonov An-12 , which was equipped with a large rear loading ramp, the cargo had to be brought into the aircraft interior through the loading hatch with dimensions of 1300 mm × 1500 mm. The machine had a transport capacity of 113 soldiers or 60 paratroopers . For their use, the cabin was equipped with a rope into which the opening mechanisms could be hooked. The paratroopers were able to exit the machine through the cargo door on the right and the normal door on the left. The machine could also be used to transport the wounded and enabled the transport of 73 injured persons lying on stretchers and 20 seated persons. In 1959 the decision was made to manufacture eleven machines of this type and make them available to the Soviet air force .

An-10W : an extended hull project for Aeroflot , which was supposed to carry up to 174 passengers 1,600 km and 128 passengers 3,000 km. For this purpose, two fuselage sections, each three meters long, were inserted in front of and behind the wings. This variant was examined in 1963, but ultimately not implemented.

An-16 : a project started in 1957 for an An-10 that should have carried 130 passengers over a range of 2000 km. The hull should be lengthened by three meters. But there was no implementation.

Incidents

From the first flight in 1957 to the end of operations in 1973, the Antonov An-10 caused 14 total aircraft losses. In 10 of them 373 people were killed. Selection:

• On November 16, 1959, an An-10 crashed on the domestic scheduled flight Aeroflot flight 315 from Moscow to Lviv due to icing of the wings.
• Just three months later, another An-10 on the same route also crashed due to icing, 32 of the 33 occupants were killed, see Aeroflot flight 315 (1960) .
• On March 31, 1971, an Aeroflot Antonov An-10 ( registration number CCCP-11145) crashed while approaching Luhansk Airport due to structural failure (loss of the right wing). All 65 occupants (eight crew members and 57 passengers) were killed in the accident.
• On May 18, 1972, an Aeroflot An-10A (CCCP-11215) crashed near Kharkiv with serious consequences, killing all 122 people on board. Fatigue fractures in the fuselage structure were found to be the cause. After further investigations on other An-10, which also showed such damage, the type was taken out of service by Aeroflot in 1973.

Technical specifications

Two-sided view

Parameter	Data (An-10A)
crew	5
Passengers	normal 100 maximum 132
length	36.97 m
span	38.00 m
height	9.78 m
Wing area	120.00 m²
Wing extension	12.0
V position	-15 °
Trunk width	4.07 m
Cabin height	2.50 m
Cabin volume	222.00 m³
Cargo hold volume	42.00 m³
Empty mass	30,500 kg
Payload	24,500 kg
payload	14,500 kg
Takeoff mass	55,000 kg
Wing loading	430.00 kg / m³
Power load	3.27 kg / hp
Tire pressure	5.6-6.7 kgf / cm²
Engines	four PTL Ivchenko AI-20K
power	2,942 kW (4,000 hp) each
Propeller	four AW-68 four-blades, adjustable, diameter 4.50 m
Tank capacity	12,750 l
Top speed	725 km / h
Cruising speed	economical 630 km / h at an altitude of 8,000 m, maximum 660 km / h
Landing speed	170 km / h
Service ceiling	10,000 m
Range	1,200 km with a full payload 4,000 km with a full tank
Climb performance	10.00 m / s
Cruising altitude	10,000 m
Take-off / landing runway	650 m / 500 m

See also

• List of aircraft types

Web links

Commons : Antonov An-10  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ANTONOV history (en) . Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved on December 27, 2012.
2. ^ Wilfried Copenhagen : The great aircraft type book . 1st edition. Motorbuchverlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-613-01686-9 , p. 355, 596 f .
3. ^ Accident statistics Antonov An-10 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 18, 2017.
4. ^ Accident report AN-10 CCCP-11145 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on March 24, 2016.
5. ^ Accident report AN-10A CCCP-11215 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on May 12, 2017.
6. ^ Heinz AF Schmidt: Soviet aircraft . Transpress , Berlin, p. 38 .