Aukuben
| Aukuben | ||||||||||||
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Japanese aukube ( Aucuba japonica cv. 'Variegata') |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Aucuba | ||||||||||||
| Thunb. |
Aukubas ( Aucuba ), also known as golden oranges , are a genus in the Garryaceae family from the order Garryales within the flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). The German common name gold oranges refers to the orange tree-like leaves and not to the fruits.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Aucuba species are evergreen, woody plants: shrubs or trees that reach heights of 1 to 10 meters. The twigs and branches often stay green for a long time, and the stigmas from older leaves are clearly visible.
The opposite leaves are leathery, simple, often hairy at first, later smooth and oblong oval. However, the shape of the leaves and the hairiness vary considerably, sometimes even on one and the same plant, so short heart-shaped leaves can also occur. The edge of the leaf can also be provided with almost the entire margin or with individual large teeth. Often diversified, d. H. yellowish to whitish spotted leaves.
Generative characteristics
The Aucuba species are dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). The flowers are surrounded by bracts and are in terminal panicle inflorescences , which are 7 to 15 centimeters long on the male plants and only 1 to 5 centimeters long on the female. The relatively small flowers are radial symmetry and four-fold with a double flower envelope . The sepals are reduced or absent. The four oblong, oval and often finely pointed petals are dark red, greenish or yellowish. The male flowers contain four stamens . The female flowers are one or two carpels from constant to an ovary grown.
Cylindrical to oval drupes are formed.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Aucuba was 1783 Carl Peter Thunberg in Nova Genera Plantarum , 3, pp 61-62 firstdescribed . Type species is Aucuba japonica Thunb. A synonym for Aucuba Thunb. is Eubasis Salisb.
To which family the genus Aucuba belongs has long been debated. It was sometimes placed in its own family Aucubaceae or in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Currently (according to APG III ) it belongs to the Garryaceae family .
The natural range of the Aucuba species is the Asian region from the Himalayas to the People's Republic of China , Taiwan to Japan . The center of biodiversity is China. All species thrive as undergrowth in dense, shady forests.
Many authors expect to the genus Aucuba ( Aucuba ) only the three species Aucuba chinensis , Aucuba himalaica and Aucuba japonica , but which are difficult to distinguish, since the characteristics that are used to differentiate - the shape and the edge of the deciduous and the Bracts - are very variable. Other authors, for example, that of the Flora of China distinguish up to ten species:
- Aucuba albopunctifolia F.T.Wang : The two varieties thrive in forests at altitudes of 1,300 to 2,100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi , Guizhou , Hunan , Sichuan , western Hubei and Zhejiang .
- Chinese Aukube ( Aucuba chinensis Benth. ): The two varieties are common in Myanmar , Vietnam , Taiwan and in the southern Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan and Yunnan .
- Aucuba chlorascens F.T.Wang : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1400 to 2800 meters only in Yunnan.
- Aucuba confertiflora W.P.Fang & TPSoong : It thrives in forests at altitudes of 1000 to 1600 meters only in southeastern Yunnan.
- Aucuba eriobotryifolia F.T.Wang : It thrives in forests at altitudes from 1300 to 1600, rarely up to 2400 meters only in western Yunnan.
- Aucuba filicauda Chun & FCHow : The two varieties thrive in forests at altitudes of 900 to 1900 meters in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi and Yunnan.
- Himalayan Aukube ( Aucuba himalaica Hook. F. & Thomson ): The four varieties are widespread in the eastern Himalayas from northern India , Sikkim , Bhutan to northern Myanmar and in China.
- Japanese aukube , or Japanese golden orange , ( Aucuba japonica Thunb. ): It is common in temperate East Asia in Korea , Japan , Taiwan and southern Zhejiang . There are three varieties. Varieties are used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens.
- Aucuba obcordata (Rehder) Fu ex WKHu & TPSoong : It thrives in forests at altitudes of around 1300 meters in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and northern Yunnan.
- Aucuba robusta W.P. Fang & TPSoong : It thrives in dense forests in valleys at altitudes of 800 to 900 meters in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi.
photos
Japanese aukube ( Aucuba japonica ): Green shape with fruits:
Japanese aukube ( Aucuba japonica cv. 'Variegata'): variegated (variegated) form:
swell
- Jenny Qiuyun Xiang, David E. Boufford: Aucubaceae. : Aucuba , p. 222 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005. ISBN 1-930723-41-5 (sections description, distribution and classification)
Individual evidence
- ^ Carl Peter Thunberg: Nova Genera Plantarum , 3, 1783, pp. 61-62 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ^ Aucuba in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jenny Qiuyun Xiang, David E. Boufford: Aucubaceae. : Aucuba , p. 222 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 14: Apiaceae through Ericaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2005. ISBN 1-930723-41-5
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Aucuba. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 31, 2018.
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