Bert Hölldobler

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Bert Hölldobler, 2010

Bert Hölldobler (actually Berthold Karl Hölldobler ; born June 25, 1936 in Erling-Andechs , Upper Bavaria ) is a German behavioral scientist , sociobiologist and evolutionary ecologist .

Life

Bert Hölldobler was born as the son of a doctor and zoologist, grew up in Ochsenfurt and passed his Abitur at the Marktbreit high school. He studied biology and chemistry at the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg. In 1965 in Würzburg he was awarded a Dr. rer. nat. PhD . In 1969 he completed his habilitation at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main .

In 1971 he was appointed professor of zoology at the University of Frankfurt. From 1973 to 1990 he was Professor of Biology and Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology at Harvard University in Cambridge (Massachusetts) . In 1989 he returned to Germany and took over the chair for behavioral physiology and sociobiology at the Theodor Boveri Institute of the Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg. He was the second holder of the Johannes Gutenberg Endowed Professorship in the 2001 summer semester at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, and from 2002 to 2008 Andrew D. White Professor at Large at Cornell University , Ithaca, (New York).

Since his retirement in 2004, Hölldobler has been a research professor in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University in Tempe (Arizona) . There he is one of the founders of the Social Insect Research Group (SIRG) and the Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity.

Research fields

Bert Hölldobler is a top international researcher in the field of experimental behavioral physiology and sociobiology. Further areas of work are behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, chemical ecology and the biology of social insects.

His work on social insects , especially ants , brought many new insights into mating strategies, regulation of reproduction, territoriality and orientation, organization of superorganisms, evolution of eusociality and multilevel selection , chemical communication and multi-modal communication, to ant nests as ecological islands for myrmecophilic arthropods.

research results

Hölldobler is interested in the communication mechanisms of social insects, through which the behavior of thousands of individuals is integrated and which underlie the dominance structures, the caste and work division systems and the regulation of the social homeostasis of an animal community. He regards the social insects as ideal model objects for developing and testing behavioral, sociobiological and population biological concepts. From his point of view, the insect societies show in a very clear way how constraints in life history and ecological constraints influence the evolution of social systems. In the following, some of Hölldobler's research topics are outlined separately and how the topics are related.

Mating strategies

Hölldobler was able to show for the first time that in some species of horse ant ( Camponotus ) the males overwinter in the nest and that the overwintering phase is preceded by a social phase during which the males participate in the social flow of food, i.e. H. not only receive feed from the workers, but also pass on feed to other males and nest mates through regurgitation . Only after the winter phase does the reproductive phase begin, during which the males no longer participate in the social flow of food. The reproductive phase ends with the mating flight , and together with Ulrich Maschwitz , the first evidence of chemical signals was achieved by which the mating flights of the sex animals in horse ant colonies are synchronized. Furthermore, Hölldobler and his colleagues discovered a variety of mating strategies in ants. The first detection of female sex pheromones in ants and the detection of fundamentally different mating strategies in phylogenetically original and further evolved species were successful .

In a series of studies, the mating frequency in ant populations was examined, both in terms of behavior and population genetics. Great differences have emerged here. In some species, e.g. B. of the genus Pogonomyrmex , females mate with several males (5–20), while the females of other species are strictly monogamous. Polyandry and polygyny on the one hand and monoandry and monogyny on the other are very decisive factors that determine the population structures within the societies and have repercussions on intra- and inter-colonial conflicts, systems of division of labor and territoriality in ant populations. To this end, Hölldobler and his staff submitted numerous papers.

Regulation of reproduction

Questions relating to the regulation of reproduction within ant societies are closely linked to the research area mentioned above. For a long time nothing was known about the variety of mechanisms and their evolution. Hölldobler's working group compared the regulatory mechanisms in so-called “primitive” species (Ponerinae, Myrmeciinae), which live in relatively small and hierarchically organized societies, with those of “highly evolved” species (Formicinae, Myrmicinae), which form huge, network-like societies. In the hierarchically organized societies, reproduction is regulated by inter-individual conflicts and aggressive “policing” behavior of the workers and by means of fertility signals. These fertility signals usually consist of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons on the cuticle (CHC).

The situation is completely different in the huge network-like ant societies that function like a superorganism. There are no dominance hierarchies for these nest populations of hundreds of thousands or even several million sterile individuals and a reproductive animal (queen). Although workers have ovaries (ovarian), and in the absence of the queen she lay haploid eggs (from which males emerge). In the presence of the queen, however, the workers remain sterile. It has already been shown earlier that queens indicate their presence via chemical signals.

But it remained completely a mystery how this queen signal is constantly distributed throughout the entire colony. Employees in the Hölldobler group discovered that the queen also produces a characteristic cuticular hydrocarbon profile in such species. It has also been shown that the eggs laid by the queen are also marked with the typical hydrocarbon profile of the queen. These eggs are continuously distributed among the colony by workers, and this is how the queen signal is spread. The workers can distinguish between eggs laid by the queen and those laid by workers. As long as the queen is present in the ant colony, the eggs laid by the workers are destroyed by the nest mates. That too is policing. Usually, however, the workers remain sterile when the queen is present, even if they have no direct contact with the queen. It could be shown that only the eggs laid by the queen or their hydrocarbon mixtures are sufficient to inhibit the development of the ovaries in the workers. However, there are also species in which the eggs obviously do not carry a specific queen signal. For these species it is not yet known how the queen signal is distributed in the colony.

Superorganism Territoriality Population Structure

While the above-mentioned studies concentrated on the regulating function of individuals in the nest populations, Hölldobler also dealt with the ant societies as a whole, i.e. with the ant colony as a " superorganism ". Superorganisms are seen by Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson as functional entities. The superorganism is in ecological competition with superorganisms of the same kind (intraspecific competition) and with those of other sympatric species (interspecific competition). It has been proven that the ecological mosaic of ant communities is determined by a large number of intra-species and inter-species interactions between the communities. Hölldobler examined the underlying behavioral mechanisms of enemy and competitor recognition and territorial furious strategies and thus made an important contribution to the lively question of the extent to which the structures of ecological societies are based on competition. It has sometimes been doubted that competition is an important structuring factor in insects. The experimental behavioral ecological studies clearly show, however, that for ecologically dominant ant species the competition between the societies is the most important structuring factor in the population.

Territorial strategies

In this context, Hölldobler carried out a comparative analysis of the territorial strategies in ants. Above all, the communication mechanisms he found (various recruitment techniques) and the use of colony resources for the establishment and defense of territories were related to the distribution of food sources in the area. From these empirically obtained correlations, together with Charles Lumsden, models could be developed that suggested that ants follow a cost-benefit principle when creating and defending territories. The discovery of intraspecific slavery aroused particular interest. Especially in the case of honey ants (Myrmecocystus) species, it was discovered that larger colonies destroy smaller colonies in the vicinity and that the workers who hatch from the stolen brood in the victorious colony act as workers in the foreign colony.

For every worker who can be robbed, the colony saves resources that it invests in the production of sex animals. Ultimately, it is the sex animals that transport the genes into the next generations, i. H. the fitness of the colony is correlated with the number of sex animals that introduce their genes into the population's gene pool each year.

The superorganism and multilevel selection

The “superorganism” model has not been accepted for a long time among evolutionary biologists, who predominantly represent gene selection models. In the meantime, however, the "zeitgeist" has changed and recently, the colony, i. H. the superorganism, seen as a "unit of selection". Together with EO Wilson , Hölldobler has always argued that the superorganism represents an “extended phenotype ” whose functional characteristics (social organization, communication and division of labor systems) are shaped by selection ( multilevel selection ). This means that the superorganism that has better adapted organization and communication systems and therefore brings in resources more effectively will produce more sex animals than a less well adapted competing superorganism. The sex animals are ultimately the transporters of the genes of the superorganism, i. H. the more sex animals are released into the population for mating flight and future colony establishment, the more alleles of this superorganism are found in the population's gene pool . The superorganism is in fact the “extended phenotype” of its reproductive unit, namely the queen and the males, whose sperm the queen stores in her semen pouch. From Hölldobler's point of view, the multilevel selection theory does not contradict the overall fitness theory developed by William D. Hamilton (also called kin selection theory). Both models lay the theoretical foundation for understanding the evolution of eusociality and the highly complex insect societies.

communication

In contrast to the so-called “primitive” ant societies, in which the intra-colonial conflict among nestmates is much greater than the inter-colonial conflict (there are no territories; the animals furious individually), in highly developed ant colonies there is minimal intra-colonial conflict, whereas inter-colonial conflict is minimal considerable, because these species are usually very territorial and furious in organized masses. While one can hardly speak of superorganisms in the primitive ant societies, many of the highly developed ant colonies are real superorganisms.

Hölldobler and his team have dealt intensively with the organization of superorganisms, especially with the communication systems. An extremely rich chemical communication “vocabulary” was discovered. The behavioral analysis of chemical communication and modulating mechanical signals was supplemented by the chemical elucidation of pheromones (in collaboration with several specialists in natural product chemistry). The role of these signals in organizing furious behavior and territorial defense and orientation has been studied for a variety of species. Numerous works on this have been published.

Hölldobler's comparative studies on the function and evolution of chemical communication and the modulating vibratory and tactile key stimuli have not only provided an insight into the astonishing biodiversity of these behavioral mechanisms, but they also had important effects on the higher classification of formicides. The exocrine glands and their secretions represent distinctive systematic features that are not easily recognized by systematics.

Ant nests as ecological islands

Like every organism, the superorganism “ant colony” represents an ecological island for numerous other organisms that live in parasitic or mutualistic symbiosis or as simple commensals in the ant colony or with ants. An ant nest offers numerous ecological niches for such organisms. Hölldobler has been dealing with the diversity of these symbioses for many years. For the myrmecophilic beetles of the subfamily Aleocharinae, a number of evolutionary stages could be shown, which suggest a plausible evolutionary path of the highly adapted parasites . It could be shown that the most advanced myrmecophiles, who live in the brood nest of the ant host, imitate the communication system of the ant host and are thus not only carried into the brood nest, but are also fed and cared for by the ants, although the beetles eat the ant brood. Numerous similar myrmecophilic adaptations have been discovered and analyzed, including the function and evolution of intracellular bacteria, the coevolution of which with ant hosts was first described. A massive international research initiative has succeeded in sequencing the greatly reduced genome of this symbiotic bacterial species ( Blochmannia floridana ). In addition, the transmission path of the symbionts and their behavior during the ontogenesis of the host organisms could be precisely followed. These discoveries have opened up a whole new area of ​​research that examines the relationships and dependencies in the metabolism of host and symbiote.

Awards and honors

Memberships (selection)

Books

Web links

Commons : Bert Hölldobler  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Interviews on the web

Interviews in magazines

  • The ant friend . Spectrum of Science March 2009 pp. 46–53
  • The whole state is the brain. The ant researcher Bert Hölldobler on slavery, migrations of peoples and martial show tournaments in ant colonies - and the advantages of a social structure without hierarchies . DER SPIEGEL 5/2010, pp. 102-106
  • The critic of civilization . Universum, October 2011, pp. 74-77

Technical reports in magazines

Documentaries

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedhelm Klöhr: A special day with Prof. Dr. Bert Hölldobler. website of the grammar school Marktbreit
  2. ↑ J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, K. Yamauchi, 1998. Male competition in Cardiocondyla ants Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 42: 239-246
  3. ↑ B. Hölldobler, U. Maschwitz, 1965. The wedding swarm of the horse ant Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. Comp. Physiol. 50: 551-568
  4. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1971. Sex pheromone in the ant Xenomyrmex floridanus J. Insect. Physiol. 17: 1497-1499
  5. ↑ B. Hölldobler, M. Wüst, 1973. A sex pheromone in the pharaoh ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.) Z. Tierpsychol. 32: 1-9
  6. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1976. The behavioral ecology of mating in harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pogonomyrmex) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 405-423
  7. ↑ B. Hölldobler, CP Haskins, 1977. Sexual calling behavior in primitive ants Science 195: 793-794
  8. ↑ H. Markl, B. Hölldobler, T. Hölldobler, 1977. Mating behavior and sound production in harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex, Formicidae) Insectes Sociaux 24: 191-212
  9. ↑ B. Hölldobler, H. Engel-Siegel, 1982. Tergal and Sternal Glands in Male Ants Psyche 89: 113-132
  10. ↑ B. Hölldobler, S. Bartz, 1985. Sociobiology of Reproduction in ants. Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology B. Hölldobler and M. Lindauer (eds.), Advances in the Zool. 31: 237-257
  11. ^ NR Franks, B. Hölldobler, 1987. Sexual competition during colony reproduction in army ants Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 30: 229-243
  12. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1962. On the question of oligogyny in Camponotus ligniperda LATR. and Camponotus herculeanus L. (Hym. Formicidae). Z. specified Entomology 49: 337.352
  13. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, 1974. Home range orientation and territoriality in harvesting ants Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 71: 3274-3277
  14. ↑ a b c B. Hölldobler, 1976. Recruitment behavior, home range orientation and territoriality in harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 3-44
  15. ↑ B. Hölldobler, EO Wilson, 1977. The number of queens: an important trait in ant evolution Naturwissenschaften 64: 8-15
  16. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, CD Michener, 1980. Mechanisms of Identification and Discrimination in Social Hymenoptera Evolution of Social Behavior: Hypotheses and Empirical Tests, ed. H. Markl, Dahlem Konferenz, 35-38
  17. ↑ a b c d B. Hölldobler, C. Lumsden, 1980. Territorial Strategies in Ants Science 210: 732-739
  18. ↑ B. Hölldobler, N. Carlin, 1985. Colony founding, queen dominance and oligogyny in the Austrian meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18: 45-58
  19. ↑ K. Sommer, B. Hölldobler, 1992. Pleometrosis in Lasius niger In: J. Billen (Ed.) Biology and Evolution of Social Insects. Leuven University Press, 47-50
  20. ↑ J. Heinze, N. Lipski, B. Hölldobler, 1992. Reproductive competition in colonies of the ant Leptothorax gredleri Ethology 90: 265-278
  21. ↑ a b K. Sommer, B. Hölldobler, 1992. Coexistence and dominance among queens and mated workers in the ant Pachycondyla tridentata Naturwissenschaften 19: 470-472
  22. ↑ J. Heinze, J. Gadau, B. Hölldobler, 1994. Genetic variability in the ant Camponotus floridanus Detected by multilocus DNA fingerprinting science 81: 34-36
  23. ↑ K. Sommer, B. Hölldobler, 1995. Colony founding by queen association and determinants of reduction in queen number in the ant Lasius niger Animal Behavior 50: 287-294
  24. ↑ J. Heinze, N. Lipski, K. Schlehmeyer, B. Hölldobler, 1995. Colony structure and reproduction in the ant, Leptothorax acervorum Behav. Ecology 6: 359-367
  25. ↑ J. Heinze, S. Foitzik, A. Hippert, B. Hölldobler, 1996. Apparent Dear-enemy Phenomenon and Environment-based Recognition Cues in the Ant Leptothorax nylanderi Ethology 102: 510-522
  26. ↑ J. Gadau, J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, M. Schmid, 1996. Population and colony structure of the carpenter ant Camponotus floridanus Molecular Ecology 5: 785-792
  27. ↑ J. Heinze, C. Elsishans, B. Hölldobler, 1997. No Evidence for Kin Assortment during Colony Propagation in a Polygynous Ant. Naturwissenschaften 84: 249-250
  28. ↑ J. Heinze, W. Puchinger, B. Hölldobler, 1997. Worker reproduction and social hierarchies in Leptothorax ants Anim. Behav. 54: 849-864
  29. Jump up ↑ J. Gadau, PJ Gertsch, J. Heinze, P. Pamilo, B. Hölldobler, 1998. Oligogyny by unrelated queens in the carpenter ant, Camponotus ligniperdus Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 44: 23-33
  30. ↑ K. Schilder, J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler Colony structure and reproduction in the thelytokous parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Insectes Sociaux 46: 150-158
  31. ↑ J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, G. Alpert, 1999 Reproductive Conflict and Division of Labor in Eutetramorium mocquerysi, a Myrmicine Ant Without Morphologically Distinct Female Reproductives Ethology 105: 701-717
  32. ↑ a b K. Tsuji, K. Egashira, B. Hölldobler, 1999. Regulation of worker reproduction by direct physical contact in the ant Diacamma sp. from Japan Animal Behavior 58: 337-343
  33. ↑ a b J. Liebig, C. Peeters, B. Hölldobler Worker policing limits the number of reproductives in a ponerine ant Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 266: 1865-1870
  34. ↑ J. Heinze, B. Trunzer, B. Hölldobler, JHC Delabie, 2001. Reproductive skew and queen relatedness in an ant with primary polygyny Insectes Sociaux 48: 149-153
  35. ^ O. Rüppell, J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, 2002. Sex ratio variation in a facultatively polygynous ant with size-dimorphic queens Ethology Ecology & Evolution 14: 53-67
  36. ↑ a b K. Kolmer, B. Hölldobler, J. Heinze, 2002. Colony and population structure in Pachycondyla cf. inversa, a ponerine ant with primary polygyny. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 14: 157-164
  37. ↑ a b J. Gadau, CP Strehl, J. Oettler, B. Hölldobler, 2003. Determinants of intra colonial relatedness in Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Hymenoptera; Formicidae) - mating frequency and brood raids, Molecular Ecology 12: 1931-1938
  38. ↑ Frank E. Rheindt, Jürgen Gadau, Christoph Strehl-Peter, Bert Hölldobler, 2004. Extremely high mating frequency in the Florida harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex badius) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 56: 472-481
  39. ↑ PS Oliveira, B. Hölldobler, 1990. Dominance orders in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 27: 385-393
  40. ^ PS Oliveira, B. Hölldobler, 1991. Agonistic interactions and reproductive dominance in Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Psyche 98: 215-225
  41. ↑ FNS Medeiros, LE Lopes, RS Moutinho, PS Oliveira, B. Hölldobler, 1992. Functional polygyny, agonistic interactions and reproductive dominance in the neotropical ant Odontomachus chelifer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae, Ponerinae)
  42. ↑ C. Peeters, J. Billen, B. Hölldobler, 1992. Alternative Dominance Mechanisms Regulating Monogyny in the Queenless Ant Genus Diacamma Naturwissenschaften 79: 572-573
  43. ↑ C. Peeters, J. Billen, B. Hölldobler Alternative Dominance Mechanisms Regulating Monogyny in the Queenless Ant Genus Diacamma Naturwissenschaften 79: 572-573
  44. ^ J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, 1995. Thelytokous Parthenogenesis and Dominance Hierarchies in the Ponerine Ant, Platythyrea punctata Naturwissenschaften 82: 40-41
  45. ↑ K. Sommer, B. Hölldobler, K. Jessen, 1994. The Unusual Social Organization of the Ant Pachycondyla tridentata (Formicidae, Ponerinae) J. Ethol. 12: 175-185
  46. ↑ C. Peeters, B. Hölldobler, 1995. Reproductive cooperation between queens and their mated workers: The complex life history of an ant with a valuable nest Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 10977-10979
  47. ↑ O. Düssmann, C. Peeters, B. Hölldobler, 1996. Morphology and reproductive behavior of inter-castes in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis ins. Soc. 43: 421-425
  48. ↑ PS Oliveira, M. Obermayer, B. Hölldobler, 1998. Division of Labor in the Neotropical ant Pachycondyla stigma (Ponerinae), with Special Reference to Mutual Antennal Rubbing between Nestmates (Hymenoptera) Sociobiology 31: 9-24
  49. ↑ B. Trunzer, J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, 1998. Cooperative colony founding and experimental primary polygyny in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla villosa Insectes Sociaux, 45: 267-276
  50. ↑ K. Tsuji, C. Peeters, B. Hölldobler, 1998. Experimental Investigation of the Mechanism of Reproductive Differentiation in the Queenless Ant, Diacamma sp., From Japan Ethology, 104: 633-643
  51. ↑ B. Trunzer, J. Heinze, B. Hölldobler, 1999. Social Status and Reproductive Success in Queenless Ant Colonies Behavior 136: 1093-1105
  52. ^ J. Liebig, C. Peeters, NJ Oldham, C. Markstädter, B. Hölldobler, 2000. Are variations in cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers a reliable signal of fertility in the ant Harpegnathos saltator? PNAS 97: 4124-4131
  53. ↑ J. Tenschert, K. Kolmer, B. Hölldobler, H.-J. Bestmann, JHC Delabie, J. Heinze, 2001. Chemical profiles, division of labor and social status in Pachycondyla queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Science 88: 175-178
  54. ↑ V. Dietemann, B. Hölldobler, C. Peeters, 2002. Caste specialization and differentiation in reproductive potential in the phylogenetically primitive ant Myrmecia gulosa Insectes Sociaux 49: 289-298
  55. ^ V. Dietemann, C. Peeters, J. Liebig, V. Thivet, B. Hölldobler, 2003. Cuticular hydrocarbons mediate discrimination of reproductives and nonreproductives in the ant Myrmecia gulosa PNAS 100: 10341-10346
  56. ↑ B. Hölldobler, EO Wilson, 1983. Queen Control in Colonies of Weaver Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Ann. of the Ent. Soc. of America 76: 235-238
  57. ^ NF Carlin, B. Hölldobler, 1984. Nestmate and Kin Recognition in Interspecific Mixed Colonies of Ants Science 222: 1027-1029
  58. ^ NF Carlin, B. Hölldobler, 1986. The kin recognition system of carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) I. Hierarchical cues in small colonies Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19: 123-134
  59. ^ NF Carlin, B. Hölldobler, 1987. The recognition system of carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) II. Larger colonies Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20: 209-217
  60. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, NF Carlin, 1987. Anonymity and specificity in the chemical communication signals of social insects J. Comp. Physiol. A 161: 567-581
  61. ^ NF Carlin, R. Halpern, B. Hölldobler, P. Schwartz, 1987. Early learning and the recognition of conspecific cocoons by carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) Ethology 75: 306-316
  62. ^ NF Carlin, B. Hölldobler, 1988. Influence of Virgin Queens on Kin Recognition in the Carpenter Ant Camponotus Floridanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Insectes Sociaux, Paris 35: 191-197
  63. ↑ Annett Endler, Jürgen Liebig, Thomas Schmitt, Jane E. Parker, Graeme R. Jones, Peter Schreier and Bert Hölldobler Surface hydrocarbons of queen eggs regulate worker reproduction in a social insect PNAS 101: 2945-2950
  64. ^ Adrian A. Smith, Bert Hölldobler, Jürgen Liebig Hydrocarbon Signals Explain the Pattern of Worker and Egg Policing in the Ant Aphaenogaster cockerelli H. Chem. Ecol. 34: 1275-1282
  65. ^ Adrian A. Smith, Bert Hölldobler, Jürgen Liebig Cuticular Hydrocarbons Reliably Identify Cheaters and Allow Enforcement of Altruism in a Social Insect Current Biology 19: 78-81
  66. ^ Adrian A. Smith, Bert Hölldobler, Jürgen Liebig Reclaiming the crown: queen to worker conflict over reproduction in Aphaenogaster cockerelli Naturwissenschaften 98: 237-240
  67. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, 1976. Tournaments and slavery in a desert ant Science 192: 912-914
  68. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, EO Wilson, 1977. Weaver ants: social establishment and maintenance of territory Science 195: 900-902
  69. ↑ a b B. Hölldobler, EO Wilson, 1977. Colony-specific territorial pheromone in the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (LATREILLE) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 2072-2075
  70. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1979. Territoriality in ants Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 123: 211-218
  71. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1979. Territories of the African weaver ant (Oecophylla longinoda LATREILLE) Z. Tierpsychol. 51: 201-213
  72. ↑ B. Hölldobler, M. Possible, 1980. The Foraging System of Pheidole militicida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Insectes Sociaux 27: 237-264
  73. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1981. Foraging and Spatiotemporal Territories in the Honey Ant Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9: 301-314
  74. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1982. Interference Strategy of Iridomyrmex pruinosum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) During Foraging Oecologia (Berl.) 52: 208-213
  75. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1983. Territorial behavior in the green tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina Biotropica 15: 241-250
  76. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1986. Competitive Behavior and Territoriality in Ant Pupulations In Information Processing in Animals 3: 25-70
  77. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1988. Communication and Competition in Ant Communities Evolution and Coadaptation in Biotic Communities University of Tokyo Press, 95-124
  78. ↑ SH Bartz, B. Hölldobler, 1982. Colony Founding in Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the evolution of foundress associations Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 10: 137-147
  79. ↑ C. Lumsden, B. Hölldobler, 1983. Ritualized Combat and Intercolony Communication in Ants J. Theoret. Biol. 100: 81-98
  80. ↑ DJC Kronauer, J. Gadau, B. Hölldobler, 2003. Genetic evidence for intra- and interspecific slavery in honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus). Proceedings of the Royal Society 270: 805-810
  81. ↑ DJC Kronauer, B. Hölldobler, and J. Gadau, 2004. Phylogenetics of the new world honey ants (genus Myrmecocystus) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 416-421
  82. ^ Bert Hölldobler, EO Wilson The SUPERORGANISM WW Norton (New York, London) pp 522
  83. ^ B. Hölldobler, 1971. Homing in the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex badius Science 171: 1149-1151
  84. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1971. Recruitment behavior in Camponotus socius (Hym. Formicidae) Z. see Physiol. 75: 123-142
  85. ^ FE Regnier, M. Nieh, B. Hölldobler, 1973. The volatile Dufour's gland components of the harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and P. barbatus J. Insect Physiol. 19: 981-992
  86. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1973 Chemical strategy for the acquisition of food by the thief ant (Solenopsis fugax LATR.) And the pharaoh ants (Monomorium pharaonis L.) Oecologia (Berl.) 11: 371-380
  87. ↑ B. Hölldobler, M. Possible, U. Maschwitz, 1974. Communication by tandem running in the ant Camponotus sericeus J. Comp. Physiol. 90: 105-127
  88. ↑ M. Possible, U. Maschwitz, B. Hölldobler, 1974. Tandem calling: a new kind of signal in ant communication Science 186: 1046-1047
  89. ↑ U. Maschwitz, B. Hölldobler, M. Possible, 1974. Tandem running as recruiting behavior in Bothroponera tesserinoda FOREL (Formicidae: Ponerinae) Z. Tierpsychol. 35: 113-123
  90. ↑ M. Possible, B. Hölldobler, 1975. Communication and orientation during foraging and emigration in the ant Formica fusca J. Comp. Physiol. 101: 275-288
  91. ↑ B. Hölldobler, EO Wilson, 1978. The multiple recruitment systems of the African weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda (LATREILLE) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 3: 19-60
  92. ^ B. Hölldobler, 1978. Ethological aspects of chemical communication in ants Advances in the study of behavior 8: 75-115
  93. ↑ B. Hölldobler, RC Stanton, H. Markl, 1978. Recruitment and food-retrieving behavior in Novomessor Formicidae, Hymenoptera. I. Chemical Signals Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiol. 4: 163-181
  94. ^ H. Markl, B. Hölldobler, 1978. Recruitment and food-retrieving behavior in Novomessor (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). II. Vibration Signals Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4: 183-216
  95. ^ MS Blum, TH Jones, B. Hölldobler, HM Fales, T. Jaouni, 1980. Alkaloidal venom mace: offensive use by a thief ant Naturwissenschaften 67: 144
  96. ↑ B. Hölldobler, J. Traniello, 1980. The Pygidial Gland and Chemical Recruitment Communication in Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) laevigata Journal of Chemical Ecology 6: 883-893
  97. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1980. Canopy Orientation: A New Kind of Orientation in Ants Science 210: 86-88.
  98. ^ B. Hölldobler, 1982. Communication, Raiding Behavior and Prey Storage in Cerapachys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Psyche 89: 3-23
  99. ↑ JFA Traniello, B. Hölldobler, 1984. Chemical Communication during tandem running in Pachycondyla obscuriocornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) J. of. Chem. Ecol. 10: 783-794
  100. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1984. Communication during foraging and nest relocation in the African stink ant, Paltothyreus tarsatus Fabr. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 65: 40-52
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  102. ↑ T. Bellas, B. Hölldobler, 1985. Constituents of mandibular and Dufour's glands of an Australian Polyrhachis weaver ant J. Chemical Ecology 11: 525-538
  103. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1988. Chemical communication in Meranoplus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Psyche 95: 139-151
  104. ↑ PS Oliveira, B. Hölldobler, 1989. Orientation and communication in the Neotropical ant Odontomachus bauri Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) Ethology 83: 154-166
  105. ↑ ED Morgan, B. Hölldobler, T. Vaisar, BD Jackson, 1992. Contents of poison apparatus and their relation to trail-following in the ant Daceton armigerum J. of Chemical Ecology 18: 2161-2168
  106. ↑ F. Roces, J. Tautz, B. Hölldobler, 1993. Stridulation in leaf cutting ants Naturwissenschaften 80: 521-524
  107. ↑ F. Roces, B. Hölldobler, Leaf density and a trade-off between load-size selection and recruitment behavior in the ant Atta cephalotes Oecologia 97: 1-8
  108. ↑ J. Tautz, F. Roces, B. Hölldobler, 1995. Use of a sound-Based Vibratome by Leaf-Cutting Ants Science 267: 84-87
  109. ↑ HJ Bestmann, U. Haak, F. Kern, B. Hölldobler, 1995. 2,4-Dimethyl-5-hexanolide, a trail pheromone component of the carpenter ant Camponotus herculeanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Naturwissenschaften 82: 142-144
  110. ↑ HJ Bestmann, E. Hanssen, F. Kern, B. Liepold, B. Hölldobler, 1995. All-trans Geranylgeranyl Acetate and Geranylgeraniol , Recruitment pheromone Components in the Dufour gland of the Ponerine Ant Ectatomma ruidum Naturwissenschaften 82: 334-336
  111. ^ B. Hölldobler, NJ Oldham, ED Morgan, WA König, 1995. Recruitment Pheromones in the Ants Aphaenogaster albisetosus and A. cockerelli (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) J. Insect Physiol 41: 739-744
  112. ↑ B. Hölldobler, E. Janssen, HJ Bestmann, IR Leal, PS Oliveira, F. Kern, WA König, 1996. Communication in the migratory termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata (Formicidae, Ponerinae) J. Comp. Physiol. A 178: 47-53
  113. ↑ F. Roces, B. Hölldobler, 1996. Use of stridulation in foraging leaf-cutting ants: mechanical support during cutting or short-range recruitment signal? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 39: 93-299
  114. ↑ HJ Bestmann, E. Übler, B. Hölldobler, 1997. First Biosynthetic Studies on Trail Pheromones in Ants Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36: 395-397
  115. ^ R. Wirth, W. Beyschlag, RJ Ryel, B. Hölldobler, 1997. Annual foraging of the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica in a semideciduous rain forest in Panama Journal of Tropical Ecology 13: 741-757
  116. ↑ E. Janssen, B. Hölldobler, F. Kern, HJ Bestmann, K. Tsuji, 1997. Trail Pheromone of Myrmicine Ant Pristomyrmex pungens Journal of Chemical Ecology, 4: 1025-1034
  117. ↑ C. Liefke, U. Maschwitz, B. Hölldobler, 1997. Recruiting strategies as an important niche dimension: Polyrhachis illaudata and Polyrhachis proxima (Formicidae), syntopic twin species from West Malaysia Mitteilg. the German. Society f. general u. Applied Entomology, 11: 759-762
  118. ↑ B. Hölldobler, M. Obermayer, GD Alpert, 1998. Chemical trail communication in the amblyoponine species Mystrium rogeri Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) Chemoecology, 8: 119-123
  119. ^ E. Janssen, B. Hölldobler, HJ Bestmann, 1999. A trail pheromone component of the African stink ant, Pachycondyla (Paltothyreus) tarsata Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) Chemoecology 9: 9-11
  120. ↑ E. Kohl, B. Hölldobler, H.-J. Bestmann, 2000. A trail pheromone component of the ant Mayriella overbecki Viehmeyer (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) Naturwissenschaften 87: 320-322
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  122. ↑ B. Hölldobler, ED Morgan, NJ Oldham, J. Liebig, 2001. Recruitment pheromone in the harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex Journal of Insect Physiol. 47: 369-374
  123. ^ B. Hölldobler, NJ Oldham, GD Alpert, J. Liebig, 2002. Predatory behavior and chemical communication on two Metapone species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Chemoecology 12: 147-151
  124. ↑ R. Wirth, H. Herz, RJ Ryel, W. Beyschlag, B. Hölldobler, 2003. Herbivory of Leaf-Cutting Ants: A case Study on Atta Colombica in the tropical rainforest of Panama. Ecological Studies, Vol. 164. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp. 230
  125. ↑ E. Kohl, B. Hölldobler, H.-J. Bestmann, 2003. Trail pheromones and Dufour gland contents in three Camponotus species (C. castaneus, C. balzani, C. sericeiventris: Formicidae, Hymenoptera) Chemoecology 13: 113-122
  126. ↑ Hölldobler, 1997. Behavioral studies on the myrmecophilia of some staphylinid larvae Zool. Number Negotiating Zool. Ges. Heidelberg, 428-434
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  128. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1969. Host finding by odor in the Myrmecophilic beetle Atemels pubicollis Bris. (Staphylinidae). Science 166: 757-758
  129. ↑ U. Maschwitz, B. Hölldobler, 1970. The cardboard nest construction at Lasius fuliginosus Latr. (Hym. Formicidae) Z. see Physiol. 66: 176-189
  130. ↑ B. Hölldobler, 1970. On the physiology of guest-host relationships (myrmecophilia) in ants. II. The guest relationship of the imaginal Atemeles pubicollis Bris. (Col. Staphylinidae) to Myrmica and Formica (Hym. Formicidae). Z. see Physiol. 66: 215-250
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  133. ^ F. Fiedler, B. Hölldobler, P. Seufert, 1996. Butterflies and ants: the communicative domain; Experientia, 52: 14-24
  134. ↑ D. Schröder, H. Deppisch, M. Obermayer, G. Krohne, E. Stackebrandt, B. Hölldobler, W. Goebel, R. Gross, 1996. Intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria of Camponotus species (carpenter ants): systematics, evolution and ultrastructural characterization Molecular Microbiology 21: 479-489
  135. ^ W. Federle, U. Maschwitz, B. Fiala, M. Riederer, B. Hölldobler, 1997. Slippery ant-plants and skilful climbers: selection and protection of specific ant partners by epicuticular wax blooms in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) Oecologia 112: 217-224
  136. ↑ W. Federle, K. Rohrseitz, B. Hölldobler, 2000. Attachment forces of ants Measured with a centrifuge: Better 'wax-runners' have a Poorer attachment to a smooth surface The Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 505-512
  137. ↑ C. Markstädter, W. Federle, R. Jetter, M. Riederer, B. Hölldobler, 2000. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae) ant-plants Chemoecology 10: 033-040
  138. ↑ C. Sauer, B. Hölldobler, R. Gross, 2000. Bacterial endosymbioses in insects Biospectrum 6: 359-363
  139. ^ W. Federle, EL Brainerd, TA McMahon, B. Hölldobler, 2001. Biomechanics of the movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. PNAS 98: 6215-6220
  140. ↑ C. Sauer, D. Dudaczek, B. Hölldobler, R. Gross, 2002. Tissue Localization of the Endosymbiotic Bacterium "Candidatus Blochmannia floridanus" in Adults and Larvae of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus floridanus Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 4187-4193
  141. ^ R. Gil, FJ Silva, E. Zientz, F. Delmotte, F. González-Candelas, A. Latorre, C. Rausell, J. Kamerbeek, J. Gadau, B. Hölldobler, RCHJ van Ham, R. Gross and A. Moya, 2003. The genome sequence of Blochmannia floridanus: Comparative analysis of reduced genomes. PNAS 100: 9388-9393
  142. ↑ Florian Wolschin, Bert Hölldobler, Roy Gross, Evelyn Zientz, 2004. Replication of the Endosymbiotic Bacterium Blochmannia floridanus Is Correlated with the Developmental and Reproductive Stages of Its Ant Host Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, No. 7: 4096-4102
  143. ↑ Science New Ant Species
  144. ↑ Member entry by Prof. Dr. Bert Hölldobler at the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina , accessed on July 15, 2016.
  145. ^ Member History: Bert Hölldobler. American Philosophical Society, accessed October 2, 2018 .
personal data
SURNAME Helldobler, Bert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hölldobler, Bertold; Hölldobler, Berthold Karl (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German behavioral scientist, sociobiologist, evolutionary ecologist
DATE OF BIRTH June 25, 1936
PLACE OF BIRTH Erling-Andechs