Bayreuth District Hospital
| Bayreuth District Hospital | |
|---|---|
| Sponsorship | Health facilities of the district of Upper Franconia AöR |
| place | Bayreuth |
| state | Bavaria |
| Country | Germany |
| Coordinates | 49 ° 57 '27 " N , 11 ° 34' 6" E |
| Board | Katja Bittner |
| founding | 1870 as a district insane asylum in Bayreuth |
| Website | www.gebo-med.de |
The Bayreuth District Hospital (short: BKH Bayreuth ) is a hospital in Bayreuth in the administrative district of Upper Franconia . It is a specialist hospital with departments for psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychosomatics, child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy as well as forensic psychiatry and teaching hospital of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg . The hospital has 481 fully inpatient and 30 partial inpatient treatment places and is part of the municipal enterprise health facilities of the district of Upper Franconia (GeBO), an institution under public law .
history
Beginnings
A first "fool's house" can be traced back to 1538 in the city. The building stood in the area of the lower gate until 1700 and was replaced that year because it was dilapidated. Until 1784, the “mentally ill” were housed on the upper floor of the penitentiary built between 1724 and 1735 in the Sankt Georgen district, as were “stubborn people” who opposed the instructions of their parents or guardians. Their relatives had to pay for board and lodging for the sick. At the end of that century, Margrave Carl Alexander made the former princess house opposite available as an asylum. In 1789 and 1791 it received large side buildings, and in 1806/07 a further wing with a bathroom and lintel .
In the psychiatric institution, formerly known as the “Bayreuth Madhouse”, the conditions initially evidently were devastating, as an investigative commission found. Miserable food, corruption on the part of the staff and deficiencies in the medical police were mentioned. Between 1803 and 1810, Johann Gottfried Langermann , as the successor to the first doctor, turned the “Narrenhaus” into a model institution of the time. He is considered a pioneer of scientific psychiatry and founder of the first mental health institution in Germany. The institution had 22 rooms, three chambers and two storage places, as well as lounges, dining and study rooms and apartments for the guards. The artistically decorated “operating room” served “as a meeting place for those insane patients who, in the presence of the doctor, were given either electricity, ... or stibiate swabs , and also a place to stay for those who loved themselves through music on a fortepiano or violin or cheer up others ... “. Compared to earlier “violent means of coercion”, a fall bath, a compulsory box, a dark prison, a compulsory shirt, a pedal bike, an iron mask and reduced meals were considered progressive. In 1857 the Bayreuther Zeitung reported a phase of stagnation and a relapse into dire conditions, and as a result Friedrich Karl Stahl carried out reforms again.
Since the institution had reached the limit of its capabilities, the district administrator of Upper Franconia decided on June 20, 1864 to build a new hospital after the city had long argued with Bamberg about its seat. On May 16, 1870, the Bayreuth District Insane Asylum was opened, the construction of which had cost 885,000 guilders . The new complex was divided into six main departments, the administration building contained apartments for the management and the senior physicians. There was a modern steam kitchen, a steam laundry, air heating and own bath stoves. First, the 70 residents of the old institution in Sankt Georgen moved in.
The institution's capacity, initially designed for 250 patients, was soon no longer sufficient. After expanding to 400 patients in 1898, the actual occupancy was already 520, a high point was reached in 1904 with 705 people. Time and again, additional floors, wings, buildings or pavilions were hastily built to accommodate the influx of patients. In 1905 the construction of a second “county insane asylum” in Kutzenberg near Lichtenfels brought temporary relief .
The first director Joseph Engelmann abolished the mechanical constraint (straitjacket) and continued u. a. warm baths, medication and occupational therapy. A coconut mat weaving mill where patients worked made a profit. In 1906 the house was renamed the Bayreuth Sanatorium; The facility kept this name until 1964.
The work in nursing was hard: the working day began at 4:30 a.m. in summer and lasted until late in the evening. To make the poorly paid service more attractive, a pension fund was set up for the staff. The profession of psychiatrist was also little sought after. In 1906, the institution did not find a fourth assistant doctor for a long time, and local general practitioners from the city were used to help out.
In addition to the public institutional psychiatry, there were several private “insane institutes” in Bayreuth, which - as they were usually reserved for wealthy patients - were appropriately luxuriously equipped. Of particular note is the institution for male and female Israelite patients founded in 1861 by Simon Würzburger in Erlanger Strasse. His son Albert moved the clinic in 1894 to the lower Herzoghöhe , in the "Mainschloß" opened there in 1907, nerve diseases of all kinds were treated. The writer Oskar Panizza lived there from 1907 until his death .
time of the nationalsocialism
In 1937/38 the sanatorium had 660 beds. Due to its proximity to the Richard-Wagner-Festspielhaus and the best residential area of Bayreuth, the Hans-Schemm-Gartenstadt , which was built in 1936, the establishment disliked the now ruling National Socialists . At the beginning of October 1940 the institution was vacated, 511 patients were transferred to Kutzenberg, Erlangen and Ansbach . In the course of Operation T4 , a total of 446 people from Kutzenberg were murdered from September 1940 to June 1941. The first victims were ten Jewish patients who had been brought to the Brandenburg an der Havel killing center . Of the others, a good two thirds were transferred to the Hartheim Castle killing center in Upper Austria and just under third to the Sonnenstein killing center near Pirna in Saxony . In Hartheim, one of a total of six killing centers in the Reich, people were poisoned in gas chambers with carbon monoxide that poured out of shower heads in alleged washrooms - one of the test runs for the later industrial mass killing of people. The murders were covered up with death certificates on which the cause and place of death were forged. Around 100 former patients from Bayreuth were among those murdered as part of Action T4; 76 of them were transported from Erlangen to Hartheim on November 2, 1940 and gassed there.
The deputy head of the Bayreuth sanatorium and nursing home was a member of the hereditary health court introduced in 1934 . Almost 1,500 people were brought to trial, 1,123 of whom were sterilized against their will . The forced sterilizations took place in the city hospital .
In 1940 the house was converted into a children's home, around 100 former patients remained as employees.
1947 to 1970s
In 1947 the house was reopened. In 1960 it had 1200 beds, and in 1964 it was renamed Bayreuth Neurological Hospital. In 1969 the number of 1486 beds was reached, making the Neurosurgery Hospital of Upper Franconia the largest hospital. In 1987 a renovation took place, in 1995 and 2003 new buildings followed. In 2004 the beds of the Clinic for Neurological Rehabilitation were given to the Hohe Warte Clinic .
Until the 1980s, patients were still housed in large dormitories. They were divided into so-called boxes, which were only separated from each other by half-height walls with glass panes, each with six beds. Ward baths were used by dozens of patients to wash at predetermined times; the patients were not allowed to choose their own clothes. Each group of around 20 patients was supervised by a "room nurse". Men and women were strictly separated from each other in what was then the nervous hospital. The houses on the BKH site still have abbreviations with the letters M (for "men") and F (for "women").
The nursing staff were also subject to strict rules. Until the 1930s, nurses who lived on the premises even required an exit permit. But even in 1956, personnel willing to marry still had to obtain the consent of their boss, the nursing director.
In earlier times, occupational therapy was the responsibility of the nursing staff. For example, patients threaded cords into Christmas bags, built sockets for industry or the forerunners of the Bobby Cars for the toy manufacturer BIG . Others worked in doctors' households or for nurses. Many patients acquired specialized knowledge and were valuable workers, especially as some spent up to 20 or 30 years in the nervous hospital. From the famine years after the two world wars, which had cost many patients their lives because of insufficient supply, it was learned that agriculture could be vital. For this reason, crops were grown and farm animals were kept on the clinic premises ; they even had their own slaughterhouse . With a church, shop, hairdresser and dentist, the clinic became a small town in its own right.
From the psychiatric reform until today
The hospitalization in the 1970s and 1980s led to a reduction in inpatient accommodation to currently (as of 2020) around 550 patients. Reform proposals from the Bundestag Enquete Commission from 1975 were implemented step by step in Bayreuth under the then director Felix Böcker. The wall that used to surround the hospital grounds was torn down and the overcrowding reduced. The external determination in the old institution was replaced by elements of self-determination. House assemblies were set up for patients and nursing staff, and the gender segregation was gradually lifted in the early 1980s. The average length of stay of patients in Bayreuth adult psychiatry was only 20 to 30 days in 2019.
Around 180 patients can be treated in the Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry . Gustl Mollath , whose case has been discussed in the media since 2012 , was held there until August 6, 2013 . Until mid-2015, Ulvi Kulaç, who became known in the Peggy Knobloch case, was among the patients accommodated as part of the penal system . Further areas are geriatric psychiatry , child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy , addiction medicine and curative education .
A day clinic for adult psychiatry with 30 places and a psychosomatic day clinic with eight places are available so that mentally ill patients can stay in their familiar surroundings as far as possible . There is also a day clinic for children with eight and one for young people with six places. In the psychiatric outpatient clinic, people with severe mental illnesses and persistent mental impairments are treated, cared for and accompanied to the extent required by several professional groups.
The mixed breed dog Murphy works two hours a day as a therapy dog at the Bayreuth District Hospital. In the “old laundry”, which is no longer used as such, lectures, readings and training courses take place on a regular basis.
structure
The hospital has the following clinics:
- Clinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
- Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry (Head: Volkmar Blendl)
Nursing school
Attached to the facility is a school for specialized psychiatric care. It was established in 1922 and reopened after the Second World War in 1954 with 13 students. The students used to have to attend classes in their free time after their practical work. In 1985, 1,600 apprentices applied for one of the 36 vacant apprenticeship positions at the time, including their current head Thomas Kirpal.
The dormitory built for the nursing students was the city's first high-rise and one reason why the Bayreuth fire brigade received its first turntable ladder . The 15- and 16-year-old girls reached the neighboring classrooms via the so-called Jungfernsteg. The bridge ran far across the site so that the girls were consistently shielded from the male patients.
Since 1986 it has been possible to train to become a specialist nurse or specialist nurse for psychiatry. Of the 520 nurses in the district hospital, around 60 have completed the two-year additional training as specialist nurses for psychiatry.
See also
Web links
- District Hospital Bayreuth on the website of the health facilities of the District of Upper Franconia (GeBO)
- District hospital Bayreuth on the website of the district of Upper Franconia
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d When the “mad” became sick in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from January 10, 2020, p. 11.
- ↑ a b c d Rainer Trübsbach : History of the City of Bayreuth. 1194-1994 . Druckhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth 1993, ISBN 3-922808-35-2 , p. 222 ff .
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Langermann : About the current state of the psychological healing methods of mental illnesses and about the first psychiatric sanatorium established in Bayreuth. In: Medical-surgical newspaper. Volume 4, 1805, pp. 90-93.
- ↑ Bernd Mayer : Bayreuth as it was. Flash lights from the city's history 1850–1950 . 2nd Edition. Gondrom, Bayreuth 1981, p. 28 .
- ↑ a b Deportation to the murder facility in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of January 27, 2020, p. 17.
- ↑ The secret mass murder in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of September 4, 2019, p. 10.
- ↑ a b c d Our house. Chronicle of the Bayreuth District Hospital. ( Memento from May 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the Bayreuth District Hospital, accessed on May 18, 2014.
- ↑ In the clutches of the killing machine in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of January 27, 2020, p. 17.
- ↑ 50 years ago in: Nordbayerischer Kurier of May 14, 2020, p. 8.
- ↑ a b c d e Sick rooms, agriculture and a sex axis in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from February 12, 2020, p. 11.
- ↑ a b c d Crazy Times in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from March 28, 2020, p. 56 f.
- ↑ a b c d From ADHD to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in: Nordbayerischer Kurier from March 30, 2020, p. 10.
- ^ Forensic Psychiatry . Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry at the BKH Bayreuth, GeBO website, accessed on March 30, 2018.