White lead varnish funnel
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White lead varnish funnel ( Clitocybe phyllophila ) |
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| Clitocybe phyllophila | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr. ) P. Kumm. |
The Lead White varnish Deceiver ( Clitocybe phyllophila , syn. Clitocybe cerussata , Clitocybe pithyophila ), also leaves Friend Trichterling called, is a fungal art from the family of Ritterlingsartige relatives (Tricholomataceae).
features
Macroscopic features
The lead-white varnish funnel forms medium-sized to relatively large fruit bodies , which can also be quite robust. The hat becomes 3–10 centimeters wide. It is initially convex, later flat with an indicated central depression, although it is not funnel-shaped. Sometimes there is a slight hump in the middle of the hat. The hat is whitish-flesh-colored and - especially when young - frosted silvery to chalky white. The white layer works like a mold, under which the cream-gray to flesh-brownish hat base color shimmers through somewhat. The edge of the hat is not rubbed and remains curved for a long time. The lamellae are whitish-yellowish at first, later cream-colored and with a more or less pronounced pinkish tone. They stand close together and are broad on the stem or run down slightly. The spore powder is cream-colored and often with pink tones, sometimes lighter or white. The stem becomes 3–8 cm long and 5–12 mm thick. It is cylindrical in shape, but often slightly pointed at the base. Its color is dirty whitish, but more beige-brownish with age. Its surface is smooth and bare. At the base there is a dense, white mycelium network , which is located on the topmost layer of leaves . The flesh is watery and white, but a bit gray-brown, especially in the hat. It has a pleasantly aromatic-sweet smell and a mild taste.
Microscopic features
The hyaline spores are elliptical and measure 4–5.5 × 2.5–4 µm. The ratio between length and width is between 1.2 and 1.9. Their surface is smooth. They are inamyloid and cyanophilic . In desiccates they are usually connected in tetrahedral shapes. The basidia are club-shaped and measure 18-25 × 4.5-5.5 µm. There are four spurs on each. The basidia have a buckle at the base . There are no cystids . The top layer of the hat consists of irregularly arranged, 2–4 µm wide hyphae . These usually have short, nodular outgrowths or short branches. The few septa that are present have buckles . The hyphae walls are weakly gelled.
Species delimitation
The lead-white varnish funnel can be confused with other white funnels such as the Rinnig-frosted funnel ( C. rivulosa ) or the wax-stalked funnel ( C. candicans ). These are mostly smaller, have white spore powder and a differently structured hat cover layer. The edible flour mill ( Clitopilus prunulus ), which has an intense odor of flour, is very similar . The suspected poisonous white tufted rasling ( Clitocybe connatum ) can also be used for confusion . It grows in tufts and has a smell of larkspur flowers; with iron (II) sulphate , its flesh turns purple. Even the fused fruit bodies of the green anise funnel sometimes look similar to it, but they clearly smell of anise. The Sharp Rötelritterling ( Lepista ricekii ) was initially as C. phyllophila var. Piperata described. Its taste is mild at first, but then sharp.
Ecology and phenology
The white lead varnish funnel occurs in deciduous and coniferous forests. Among the red beech forests, he prefers woodruff , barley and grove beech forests . The fungus can also be found in spruce and spruce-fir forests. In the forest communities it grows in the litter, especially from the common spruce and the red beech . The populated soils are acidic to basic and mostly moderately to significantly enriched with nitrogen . The fruiting bodies are mainly formed in autumn from September to November, more rarely later or even in summer. They usually appear in groups or rows, rarely individually.
distribution
The lead-white varnish funnel is widespread in Austro-subtropical areas, where it can be found submeridional to boral . He can be found in South America (Brazil) and Europe. According to other sources, the species is a cosmopolitan apart from Antarctica . In Europe, the area extends from the Mediterranean to the high-boreal zone of Norwegian Lapland and eastwards to Belarus. The species is common in Germany. In northern Germany and in the Bavarian Forest it occurs a little more scattered.
Systematics
Some authors separate C. cerrusata and C. pithophila by the color of the spore powder. Accordingly, these white and lead-white varnish funnels have pinkish-cream-colored spore dust. However, this view is not shared by all authors. The color should depend on external factors such as temperature. Other explanations lie in a misinterpretation due to insufficient amounts of spore powder.
A var. Tenuis is distinguished within the species . It is thinner and has a thinner stem.
Poisonous effect
The mushroom contains the neurotoxin muscarin , which causes muscarinic syndrome . After a latency period of 15 minutes to 2 hours after consumption, severe nausea , abdominal cramps , vomiting , salivation, diarrhea and sweating suddenly appear . In addition, there may be visual disturbances as well as heart and blood pressure problems. Activated charcoal can be used for treatment (0.5–1 g / kg body weight). This delays the absorption of poison.
swell
literature
- Andreas Gminder , Armin Kaiser, German Josef Krieglsteiner : Stand mushrooms: agarics I . In: GJ Krieglsteiner (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . tape 3 . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 .
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 3: Bolete and agaric mushrooms. Part 1: Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiacea, Hygrophoracea, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellar). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 4th edition. BLV, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-8354-0053-3 , p. 82 .
- ^ Rose Marie Dähncke : 1200 mushrooms. Determine easily and safely . Weltbild, Augsburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8289-3112-1 , p. 187 .
- ↑ Krieglsteiner: The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg. P. 185.
- ↑ Krieglsteiner: The large mushrooms of Baden-Württemberg. P. 184.
- ↑ Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel, Edmund Michael: The most important and most common mushrooms with special consideration of the poison mushrooms . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 5th edition. tape 1 . VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena 1983, p. 258 .
- ↑ a b c d B. Haberl B, JJ Kleber, Th. Zilker: Laubfreund-Fichterling ( Clitocybe phyllophila ). (No longer available online.) Department of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Emergency Call Munich , 2000, formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 25, 2013 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Web links
- Foliage friend funnel ( Clitocybe phyllophila ) . Department of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Emergency Call Munich
- Clitocybe phyllophila at RogersMushrooms (English)
- Clitocybe phyllophila (Pers.) P. Kumm. - Frosty Funnel at First Nature (English)