Great Yenisei
The Big Yenisei ( Russian Большой Енисей / Bolshoi Yenisei ; Tuvan Бий-Хем / Bii-Chem , "Big River") is the 605 km long right source river of Yenisei in to Russia belonging southern Siberian republic of Tuva .
course
The Great Yenisei flows from Lake Kara-Balyk , which is 1591 m above sea level on the southern flank of the main ridge of the Great Sayan, not far from the border with Mongolia . The lake, seven kilometers long and almost one kilometer wide, is mainly fed by the Kok-Chem (Tuvinian "Blue River"; Russian also Goluboi Jenissei , Blue Yenisei ), which originates at about 2600 m in a glacier on the northwest flank of the Pik Topografow ( "Top of the topographers "), one of the highest massifs of the Eastern Sayan, whose 3089 m high summit is already in the neighboring republic of Buryatia . Immediately north of Kara Balyk Lake is the Asas volcanic field .
The Great Yenisei initially flows in a westerly direction through the mountain landscape of the Eastern Tuva overgrown by mountain taiga. It flows through the Todscha Depression , where it turns north to northwest. On the lower section, the river turns south and in a narrow valley breaks through the more than 2500 m high southeastern foothills of the West Sayan, which separate the Todscha Depression from the Tuvinian Basin in the central part of the republic. It finally unites at the republic capital Kyzyl with the only slightly shorter Little Yenisei ( Kaa-Chem ) coming from the left to form the Yenisei, one of the largest rivers in Siberia. The upper reaches of the actual Yenisei in the area of the Republic of Tuva and further up to the emergence from the West Sayan into the Minussinsk Basin is also called Upper Yenisei (Russian Werchni Jenissei , Tuvinian Ulug-Chem ).
Near the mouth, the Great Yenisei is more than 200 meters wide; the flow velocity is 2.3 m / s. In the Todscha Depression in particular, the water-rich river takes in a large number of tributaries. The most important are Basch-Chem , Toora-Chem (outflow of Lake Todscha ), Ij-Chem , Chamsara , Systyg-Chem , Chut , Oschu and Ujuk from the right as well as Ailyg , Serlig-Chem , Charal , O-Chem and Ulug- Oo (Russian Podporoschnaja ) from the left.
Hydrology
The catchment area of the river covers 56,800 km². The Great Yenisei freezes between November and April / May, followed by floods during the melting of the snow that last until July and account for more than half of the annual runoff. The autumn ice drift can last up to a month, the spring a good week.
| level | Distance to the mouth (km) |
Mean flow rate (m³ / s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | Minimum (March) |
Maximum (June) |
||
| Kara-chaak | 20th | 592 | 104 | 1888 |
| Sewi (Seiba) | 159 | 493 | 86 | 1627 |
| Toora-Chem | 284 | 177 | 40 | 533 |
Use and infrastructure
The Great Yenisei is navigable for 285 kilometers from the village of Toora-Chem to the mouth. The navigation is blocked in sections by rapids . The river is also used for logging from the wooded area (70% of the area is covered by forest).
The catchment area of the Great Yenisei is one of the most sparsely populated in the Tuva Republic; the population density of the Todschinsky Rajons , which occupies the largest part, is only 0.14 inhabitants / km² with 6113 inhabitants (2009). The largest town on the river is the Toora-Chem district administrative center with a good 2000 inhabitants; other villages are Ij, Yrban, Systyg-Chem, Sewi (Seiba) and Kara-Chaak. The river is the main transport route into the area; Bridges are missing, a paved road only leads along the lower reaches of Kara-Chaak. The places on the middle course between Toora-Chem and Sewi are connected to the small town of Turan by a road . A road from Boyarovka on the Little Yenisei above Kyzyl to Toora-Chem, which does not follow the Big Yenisei, but crosses the mountains, is under construction. A quick completion of the road is not expected due to financing problems, but it is already partially passable. Not far from the origin of the Great Yenisei, a road leads out of the river valley over the 1989 m high Sarykty-Daban pass to the village of Orlik on the upper reaches of the Oka in neighboring Buryatia, which is only passable between June and September, although it is one of the lowest over the main ridge of the mountains.
Along the course of the right tributary Asas in the central part of the Todscha Depression, above Toora-Chem and Todscha-See (alternative name also Asas) extends the 3000 km² large nature reserve ( Sapowednik ) Asas .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Article Great Yenisei in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- ↑ a b Great Yenisei in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- ↑ a b Great Yenisei at the Kara-Chaak gauge - hydrographic data at R-ArcticNET
- ↑ a b Großer Jenissei ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in the dictionary of modern geographical terms . Moscow 2003–2006 (Russian)
- ↑ Great Yenisei at the Seiba gauge - hydrographic data from R-ArcticNET
- ↑ Great Yenisei at Toora-Chem gauge - hydrographic data from R-ArcticNET
- ^ List of Inland Waterways of the Russian Federation (confirmed by Order No. 1800 of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2002); on-line
- ↑ Article ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in the regional magazine PlusInform of March 12, 2010 (Russian)
- ↑ Sapowednik Asas in the information and information system Specially Protected Natural Areas of Russia of the Center for Nature Conservation (Russian)
