Artamans

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The members of the Bund Artam e , which was formally founded in Munich in 1926, called themselves Artamans . V. , a radical ethnic group of settlements in the ethnic wing of the German youth movement . In 1934 he was incorporated into the Hitler Youth .

designation

The naming was based directly on an appeal by Willibald Hentschel , who had demanded in the sheets from Niegard 2 (1923): “A knightly German combat community on German soil - I call it Artam.” Wilhelm Kotzde-Kottenrodt and Bruno Tanzmann printed in the spring issue In 1924 the German Farmers' College responded to this appeal and addressed it to the entire national youth movement.

Later interpretations of "Artam" tried to derive the name from the Old High German words art (agriculture) and manen (men). However, Hentschel supposedly derived "Artam" from Persian before 1910 and later in various editions of Varuna , but with different interpretations in the various editions. This suggests that it is an artificial word he created. The slogan of the Artamans was: "In faith we serve the earth and the great death and development."

ideology

The group represented a folkish , agrarian-romantic blood-and-soil ideology and advocated voluntary labor service in agriculture . According to her self- image, Artam meant “the renewal from the primordial forces of folk culture , from blood, soil, sun and truth”. The Artamans strove to live in the German eastern provinces in a community that was as self-sufficient as possible , in the country and from farming activities, in order to create a wall against the penetration and employment of Polish seasonal workers at harvest time. Since 1927 the Artamanen community has been hierarchically structured according to the leader principle . They were convinced that Germany's fate would not be decided in the West, not on the Rhine and Ruhr, but on the Vistula and Memel .

history

Beginnings

The first Artamanschaft was deployed in April 1924 at the Limbach manor in Saxony under the direction of the Transylvanian young farmer August Georg Kenstler . Other groups followed her. In 1926 there were 650 volunteers on 65 estates and farms; in 1929, at the height of the movement, there were around 2,000 on around 300 estates.

However, the big landowners in the east often paid the volunteers poorly, gave them poor accommodation and also treated them badly. That is why the Artam Association went over to paying the members' income, except for a small amount of pocket money, into a common fund. From these funds, dilapidated large estates were bought up and made profitable in a transition period of several years, but then divided into individual farms with an average of 15 hectares. In Koppelow in Mecklenburg , 38 families were settled after four years of interim and construction management. This group settlement preferred by the Artamans did not mean a collective farm. Only in the development and construction of the settlement was a joint approach.

Members

Hentschel formally headed the association until 1927, but Friedrich Schmidt acted as chancellor until the NSDAP member Hans Holfelder took over the office. The headquarters were in Halle (Saale) . Other leading figures in the association were the aforementioned Bruno Tanzmann from the German Farmers College, Wilhelm Kotzde-Kottenrodt , founder and leader of the Adler and Falken , and August Georg Kenstler , publisher of the magazine Blut und Boden . Many Artamans were also members of the Adler and Falken , who set up their own Artamanenamt and in their conflict published the special supplement The Artamane . Responsible for this was Hans Teichmann , who later became the chief editor of the magazine Die Kommenden .

The members of the Artamanen came from the following youth leagues and groups: eagles and falcons , traveling journeymen , Wandering Birds German Association , Scouts Movement , Quickborn , Freischar Schill, Schill Youth, Sudeten German Wandering Bird , Austrian Wandering Bird , Finkenstein Association, Association of Friends of Light; from the armed forces: Wehrwolf , members of the SA and the NSDAP , Young German Order , Jungstahlhelm , Kyffhäuserbund ; there were also young farmers, many from Transylvania, and later members of the socialist youth workers .

In 1927 Georg Wilhelm Schiele founded a "Society of Friends of the Artaman Movement" and solicited support from financially strong circles.

The members included some later prominent National Socialists such as the Reichsbauernführer Richard Walther Darré , his close colleague Horst Rechenbach , the Auschwitz Commander Rudolf Höß , the Prime Minister of Mecklenburg Walter Granzow , the head of the NSDAP's main training office, the aforementioned Friedrich Schmidt and the Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler , who was confirmed on December 21, 1929 on the Reichsthing of the Artamans in Freyburg an der Unstrut as Gaufführer of the Artam Federation in Bavaria , to which he had been appointed by Holfelder in mid-1928. The speakers at the event in Freyburg were: The folk writer Georg Stammler , Max Robert Gerstenhauer , Hans Severus Ziegler , Ernst Niekisch , Friedrich Muck-Lamberty , Kleo Pleyer , Alfred Rosenberg and Baldur von Schirach .

Decline and division

At the Reichsthing in 1929, the Artam Confederation split. The majority around the federal leadership excluded the minority, who then identified themselves as “Die Artamanen. Bündische Gemeinde für Landarbeit und Siedlung ”(Bündische Gemeinde für Landarbeit und Siedlung) was constituted in its own league with Fritz Hugo Hoffmann as federal leader. This began the decline of the movement. The Artamans' settlement activity, which was still in its infancy, came to an end.

After the dissolution and the ban of all other organizations of the Bundische Jugend and the free youth movement in the course of the Gleichschaltung by the National Socialists, the Bund der Artamanen was incorporated into the Hitler Youth (HJ) as the only exception on October 7, 1934 and later formed the core of the Land service of the HJ.

Artaman's badge

Artaman badge

On the Artamanen badge is a tie rune, which is composed of the Man rune and the Ar rune, taken from the runes of the Armanen . "Man" means "man" and "Ar" means "field". This tie rune is supposed to symbolize the earthly man, the guardian of the clod. The eight stars represent the North Star and the seven stars of the Big Dipper .

In 1942, the Reich Youth Leader approved "in appreciation of the merits of the Artamanen movement" that the old Artamanen badge (blue shield with tie rune and eight stars) could be worn with the HJ's service suit by former members of the NS-Bund der Artamanen and the Bund Artamanen eV. The badge was worn on the left breast pocket below the party badge.

reception

The total number of young people who have been active in the Artamanen movement during the twelve years of its existence is between 25,000 and 30,000. In September 1966 an “Artam circular” was sent for the first time by and for old Artamans, from which the “Artam sheets” of a “Circle of Friends of Artamans” emerged, which met regularly for a national meeting in Oberwesel until it was dissolved in 2001 and was transferred to the " Überbündischen Kreis ".

The Artam idea was taken up again in 2007 by Volkmar Weiss in the form of a dystopian novel .

Neo-Artamans

Since the beginning of the 1990s, several groups have settled between Teterow and Güstrow in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , which tie in with the tradition of the Artamans and are sometimes referred to as "Neo-Artamans".

In 1992, 10 to 20 younger people from the settlements turned to the completely outdated Circle of Friends and presented the “ Koppelow Concept ” at the federal meeting . They came from various völkisch new right youth groups such as the Deutsch-Wandervogel, the traveling journeyman, the Freibund and the Lower Saxony Volkstumsjugend. In the Artaman's circular one spoke of the goal of building "an organically growing settlement of culturally conscious people in the heart of Germany".

The modern settlers come from heterogeneous groups such as the Free Comradeships , the NPD or religious - esoteric organizations. Also ideologically they cannot be equated with the old Artamans - the ideological substructure of the new settlers is much more differentiated; it is also about the targeted settlement in certain areas in order to establish a local right-wing extremist culture. The Irminsul , the so-called world tree, is used as a distinguishing mark, already a symbol of the German Ahnenerbe Research Association founded by Heinrich Himmler as an SS research facility .

Many of the farmers linked their concepts to "aspects of esotericism, eco-movement and animal welfare", according to the Amadeu Antonio Foundation . Andrea Röpke writes: “There is a climate of being chosen. The people in the villages should be missionary conscious of their mission. ”The Endstation Rechts portal calls these settlers“ folkish ”and“ right-wing ”. Marius Hellwig from the Amadeu Antonio Foundation describes the Neo-Artamans as “an elite within the right. [...] They do not riot, are not tattooed, do not display Nazi flags. You behave unsuspectingly, well. "

The basic idea is taken up by other right-wing extremist groups: "targeted settlement of like-minded people including creating and living out their own infrastructures and networks". This is propagated, among other things, by the right-wing extremist small party Der III. Way .

literature

  • Stefan Brauckmann: Artamanen as a völkisch-nationalist group within the German youth movement 1924–1935 . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement NF Volume 2/05 . Wochenschau-Verlag, Schwalbach 2006, ISBN 3-89974-310-5 , pp. 176-196.
  • Stefan Brauckmann: The Artaman Movement in Mecklenburg. In: Contemporary history regional. Messages from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Issue 2/08, Rostock 2008. ISSN  1434-1794 , pp. 68-78.
  • Stefan Breuer : The nationalists in Germany. Empire and Weimar Republic. Knowledge Buchges., Darmstadt 2008, ISBN 978-3-534-21354-2 .
  • Walter Dietrich: Artam settlers, settlements, farms. Attempt to document the areas where the Artamans settled in the years 1926–1945. Self-published, Witzenhausen 1982.
  • Marie-Luise Heuser: What began in green ended in blood red. From the romanticism of nature to the plans for reagrarization and depopulation of the SA and SS. In: Dieter Hassenpflug (ed.), Industrialism and Ecoromantics. History and perspectives of greening, Wiesbaden 1991, pp. 43–62.
  • Michael H. Kater : The Artamanen - Völkische Jugend in the Weimar Republic. In: Historical magazine . Volume 213, 1971, pp. 577-638.
  • Thomas Nitschke: The garden city of Hellerau in the tension between the cosmopolitan reform settlement and the nationalist-minded folk community. Dissertation. Martin Luther University, Halle 2007, DNB 988227517 .
  • Alwiss Rosenberg: rural settlement work of the federal Artam. An agricultural policy attempt by Bundestag youth. In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . Volume 9, 1977, pp. 199-229.
  • Peter Schmitz: Die Artamanen: Landarbeit and Settlement of Bundischer Jugend 1920-1945. Bad Neustadt an der Saale 1985, ISBN 3-922923-36-4 .
  • Klaus Bergmann : Agrarian romanticism and hostility to the big cities. Series: Marburger Abhandlungen zur Politische Wissenschaft, 20. Hain, Meisenheim 1970 (udT studies on hostility to cities and rural exodus, combating in Germany since the end of the 19th century, also PhD at the University of Münster )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulrich Linse: Back, oh human, to mother earth. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-423-02934-X , pp. 327–339 (Artamanengüter).
  2. ↑ Stefan Breuer, Ina Schmidt: The coming ones. A magazine of the Bündische Jugend (1926–1933). Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2010, p. 26 ff. (Alliance partners: Artamanen and Schilljugend)
  3. ↑ Alwiss Rosenberg: The Artamanen and the Labor Service - Critical contribution to the discussion on Karl Bühler's "Labor Service as Educational Task " . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement 9 (1977), p. 234.
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Schlicker: "Voluntary" Labor Service and Compulsory Labor Service 1919–1933. The role of militaristic and fascist forces in the labor service efforts of the Weimar Republic . Dissertation at the Pädagogische Hochschule Potsdam, 1968, pp. 82-105 (Artamanen movement, Landwerk and "Ostmärkische Landarbeiter- und Siedlerschule" - forerunners of the fascist labor service and centers of aggressive nationalism and fascism in the countryside)
  5. ↑ Dietrich Bronder: Before Hitler came . Marva, Geneva 1975, p. 204.
  6. ↑ Hans-Christian Brandenburg: The history of the HJ. Paths and wrong turns of a generation. 2nd Edition. Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1982, ISBN 3-8046-8609-5 , pp. 77-80 (Die Artamanen).
  7. ↑ Stefan Breuer : The Völkische in Germany . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft WBG, Darmstadt 2008, pp. 218–220 (Völkische Jugend).
  8. ↑ on the split see FH Hoffmanns report Bund Artam eV , in Hertha Siemering, The German youth care associations. Your goals, history and organization. A handbook on behalf of the Central Office for People's Welfare, Part 3, 1931, p. 107; Rudolf Proksch: Artamanen. The beginning of a movement for the return of young people to the country , in Zs. Wille und Macht, 1939, p. 24; and Felix Raabe , Die Bündische Jugend. Brentanoverlag, Stuttgart 1961, p. 78.
  9. ↑ Federal Archives (Germany) : Bund Artam - Bund der Artamanen: History, Idea and Reality. Representation, attempt at an interpretation by Rudolf Proksch, 1937. Signature: BArch, NS 28/91, inventory NS 28 Hitler Youth
  10. ↑ UM uniforms market. Trade journal for the uniforms trade. Episode 20 of October 15, 1942, p. 157.
  11. ↑ Werner Kindt (Ed.): The German youth movement 1920 to 1933. The Bundische Zeit. Eugen Diederichs, Düsseldorf 1974, pp. 909-930 (Artamanen).
  12. ↑ Gideon Botsch: Artamanen. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Volume 5: Organizations, Institutions, Movements. Berlin: De Gruyter Saur 2012, pp. 44–46.
  13. ↑ Uwe Puschner : Mittgart - A völkisch utopia. In: Klaus Geus (ed.): Utopia, ideas about the future, thought experiments. Literary concepts from an “other” world in occidental thought from antiquity to the present. Frankfurt / Main: Peter Lang 2011, p. 155–181, on p. 180: “ Hentschel's racial breeding utopia has its entry into the ideological novel by Volkmar Weiss, Das Tausendjahres Reich Artam, Die alternative Geschichte , which largely unites pornographic, ethnic and National Socialist ideologues , ... found, by which the reader - according to the publisher - should be mentally provoked. "
  14. ↑ Maik Baumgärtner, Jesko Wrede: "Who carries the black flag there ..." Völkisch and new right groups in the waters of the Bündische Jugend. Educational Association for Work and Life Lower Saxony East, Braunschweig 2009, p. 115.
  15. ↑ M. Baumgärtner, J. Wrede: "Who carries the black flag there ...". Ethnic and right-wing groups in the waters of the Bundish youth today. Braunschweig 2009. ISBN 978-3-932082-35-1 . P. 118.
  16. ↑ Quoted from M. Baumgärtner, J. Wrede: "Who wears the black flag there ...". Ethnic and right-wing groups in the waters of the Bundish youth today. Braunschweig 2009. ISBN 978-3-932082-35-1 . P. 118.
  17. ↑ Ibid. P. 10.
  18. ↑ Source: Der Freitag, Settlers on Liberated Floe, September 23, 2015 , accessed on September 4, 2016.
  19. ↑ Source: Der Freitag, Settlers on Liberated Floe, September 23, 2015 , accessed on September 4, 2016.
  20. ↑ NDR , broadcast Braune Biokost - Rechts Siedler im Nordosten from August 24, 2012, accessed on March 1, 2013.
  21. ^ Settlement project in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: Housing and life in Nazi tradition . Right terminus , accessed on February 26, 2014.
  22. ^ André Mächler: Ecological right-wing. endstation-rechts.de, accessed on November 20, 2013.
  23. ↑ Edith Kresta: Backward-looking settlers: The right Landlust . In: the daily newspaper . ( taz.de [accessed on January 16, 2017]).
  24. ↑ Source: Blick nach rechts , " Rechts Siedlungsträume im Osten ", accessed July 31, 2020
  25. ↑ especially on Himmler, Schirach and Darré as Artamanen