Bunges jaw

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Bunges jaw
Bunges Pine (Pinus bungeana)

Bunges Pine ( Pinus bungeana )

Systematics
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Subgenus : Strobus
Type : Bunges jaw
Scientific name
Pinus bungeana
Zucc. ex Endl.

Lacebark Pine ( Pinus bungeana ), also called temple pine referred to, a species from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The trunk bark dissolves in irregular scales similar to plane trees , but is even more colorful in younger trees. The natural range is in China. It is widely used as an ornamental plant in China and Korea .

description

Trunk bark
Bud and needles
Twig and needles
Pollen cones
Ripe cone

Appearance

Bunges pine grows as an evergreen tree and reaches heights of 25 to 30 meters. The trunk reaches a chest height diameter of up to 3 meters and often branches out near the base.

The trunk bark is smooth, hard and comes off in irregular, thin scales that expose light spots that later turn from yellow-green to purple-brown and thus form a multi-colored pattern on the trunk and on larger branches. It is thus similar to the bark of plane trees, but is even more colorful in younger trees. It becomes lighter with age and is chalky white on old trees.

The branches are long, thin, ascending and form a conical crown in young trees and a broad, domed or flat crown in older trees. Young twigs are gray-green, shiny and bare in the first year. Needle twigs are thin and have a gray-green, smooth, shiny, and hairless bark.

Buds and needles

The vegetative buds are egg-shaped and not resinous with a length of 6 to 10 millimeters. The lower leaves are red-brown and arranged like roof tiles.

The needles grow in threes in a decrepit, 1 to 2 centimeter long, basal needle sheath. The needles are light green or slightly glaucous , smooth, stiff, straight, 6 to 10 centimeters long, broadly triangular in cross section and up to 2 millimeters thick. The edge of the needle is finely serrated, the end pointed. There are faint stomata lines on all sides of the needle . Three to seven large resin channels are formed. The needles give off a turpentine odor when rubbed . They stay on the tree for four to five years.

Cones and seeds

The pollen cones grow spirally arranged in elongated groups on young shoots in the axils of broad lower leaves. The pollen cones are oval-cylindrical with a length of 10 to 15 millimeters. The seed cones grow upright or protruding individually almost sitting or on a short, up to 1 centimeter long stalk. The seed cones are open with a length of 5 to 7 centimeters and a diameter of 4 to 5, rarely up to 6 centimeters wide-ovoid to rounded with a flattened base. They are initially pale green and later turn light brown in color. They stay on the tree for a year or two after the seeds are released. The 30 to 50 seed scales are broad, wedge-shaped, elongated, woody and stiff. The apophysis is strongly thickened, more or less rhombic in outline and clearly keeled transversely. The umbo lies more or less centrally dorsally. It is broadly triangular and armed with a stiff, curved and sharp spine .

The dull brown seeds are 8 to 10 millimeters long and 5 to 6 millimeters in diameter and obovate. The seed wing is only 4 to 5 millimeters long and easily detaches from the seed.

The pollination takes place in April and May, the seeds ripen in October and November of the then two year old cones.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution map
illustration

Distribution, locations and endangerment

The natural range of Pinus bungeana is in the Chinese provinces of southern Gansu , southern Hebei , western Henan , Badong County in western Hubei , Hunan , southern Shaanxi , western Shandong , Shanxi and northern Sichuan . It covers a large part of China, but it is highly fragmented and the tree specimens are scattered and are nowhere common.

Pinus bungeana grows in the mountains, often on limestone , in the north of the range also on acidic soils . You can find them on southern slopes at altitudes of 500 to 2150 meters. Reports of occurrence in lower elevations refer to cultivated specimens. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 7 with mean annual minimum temperatures between −17.7 and −12.3 ° Celsius (0 to 10 ° Fahrenheit ). The trees need a lot of light, so they grow in areas that other species, especially flowers , tend to avoid. Pinus bungeana grows scattered and together with Pinus tabuliformis .

In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus bungeana occurring at high altitudes and low use of wood as a result of the large distribution area, not compromised classified (= "Least Concern"). There is no evidence of a decline in populations or preferred habitat. The stocks are mostly outside of protected areas, but there are deposits in the Wudaoxia Reserve .

Systematics and research history

The first valid description of Pinus bungeana was made in 1847 by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher in Synopsis Coniferarum , page 166. The previous description by Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini did not meet the requirements of a first scientific description. The specific epithet bungeana honors the Russian botanist Alexander von Bunge , who in 1831 collected the type specimen as Russian envoy to the imperial court in Beijing . A synonym for Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl. is Pinus excorticata Lindl. & Gordon .

The species Pinus bungeana belongs to the Gerardianae sub- section from the Quinquefoliae section in the Strobus sub-genus within the Pinus genus . Pinus bungeana is similar to Pinus gerardiana , from which it differs in its smaller cones and stiffer needles. It differs from other three-needle pines in its smooth, peeling bark, the sparse needles and the needles that are strongly scented when rubbed.

The variety 'Buchholz Dwarf'

use

Bunges pine is a popular ornamental tree in China . It is traditionally planted in the north of China and in Korea in temple complexes, palace gardens, cemeteries and public places in the natural range and also beyond. Bunge did not find the specimens in their natural environment either. Pinus bungeana was introduced to England in 1843 but is rarely used in parks and gardens in Europe.

Bunges pine is not an important supplier of wood, but in northeast China the wood is used locally for posts, construction timber , fences and gates and for the production of boxes and transport pallets , but also furniture and veneers . The seeds are edible and are used in traditional Chinese medicine to relieve respiratory problems.

swell

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 643-644 .
  • James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 416-417 .
  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 762.
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 22 (English).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b German names based on Roloff, Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze , p. 762
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 643
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 416
  4. ↑ Roloff, Bärtels: Flora of the Woods , p. 762
  5. ↑ a b c Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus bungeana , p. 22 - online with the same text as the printed work , in Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Christopher J. Earle: Pinus bungeana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed April 27, 2019 (English).
  7. ↑ Pinus bungeana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ Pinus bungeana in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  9. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 643-644
  10. ↑ Pinus bungeana in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019.1. Listed by: D. Luscombe, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  11. ↑ a b Pinus bungeana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  12. ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 417
  13. ^ A b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 644

Web links

Commons : Bunges Kiefer ( Pinus bungeana )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files