Caddo (Confederation)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

With Caddo today are usually three historically powerful confederations (alliances) - rather, chiefdoms - Indian peoples and inscribed with these loosely allied tribes, all variants of the Southern Caddo spoke and in the catchment area of the Red River of the South in East Texas , southwestern Arkansas , West Louisiana and southeastern Oklahoma lived. In addition, the collective term Caddo sometimes also refers to all the tribes of the Southern and Central Plains and the adjacent pine trees - forest areas in the east that spoke variants of the Caddo languages . Culturally, they belong to the cultural area of the Southeast Forest as well as to that of the prairie and plains and are considered to be the successors of the Mississippi culture .

language

Caddo / Southern Caddo (Hasi: nay)

Spoken in

in Caddo County in western Oklahoma , USA
speaker approx. 25 (2007), almost extinct
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

cad

ISO 639-3

cad

The peoples referred to under the collective term Caddo are divided geographically, culturally and linguistically into two large Caddo dialect groups that once spoke five Caddo languages:

  • The Northern Caddo or Plains Caddo lived as semi-nomads on the Southern and Central Plains from central Texas to North Dakota (from south to north):
  • The Southern Caddo, or peoples simply referred to as Caddo , lived as sedentary farmers on the prairies and in the wooded areas in the catchment area of ​​the Red River of the South in east Texas, southwest Arkansas, west Louisiana and southeast Oklahoma, were historically in three large powerful chiefdoms (alliances ) or confederations loosely joined by other smaller tribes (from south to north):
    • the Hasinai or Tejas (Texas) Confederation
    • the Natchitoches Confederation
    • the Kadohadacho or Caddo Confederation
    • as well as several smaller tribes such as the Cahinnio, Mento, Upper and Lower Yatasi, Ouachita (Washita), Eyeish and possibly Tula

None of the four Caddo languages still spoken today reaches a speaker count of more than 25 and therefore all are seriously endangered languages (Southern Caddo) or almost extinct languages (Northern Caddo).

The peoples generally known as the Southern Caddo or in the narrower sense of the Caddo spoke (speak) several mutually understandable dialects of the Southern Caddo (Hasí: nay) , which mostly also reflected the political alliances: Kadohadacho, Hasinai, Hainai, Natchitoches and Yatasi, as well the dialects of the Eyeish, Quachita (Washita) and possibly Tula. Today there are only 25 mainly older Caddo speakers, with the Hasinai and Hainai dialects dominating - in addition to a few Kadohadacho dialect speakers.

Chiefs and tribes of the Southern Caddo

KADOHADACHO or CADDO Confederation (Alliance) (Caddo: Kadawdáachuh or Kä'dohadä'cho , also known as Real Caddo, Grand Caddo , were eponymous for all Caddo and their language; traditionally lived in the area of ​​the loop of the Red River of the South in Bordered by Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana, each tribe of the Confederation was led by a hereditary line of chiefs, the Caddi , who formed an indigenous nobility; the Spanish referred to these noble leaders as Cacique ( Kazike ) , the English later as chief ( Chief ) ; the top caddi of the Confederation came from the nobility of the Kadohadacho tribe and is called Paramount chief in English to distinguish it from the politically dependent caddi .)

  • Kadohadacho or actually. Caddo (most important tribe of the Kadohadacho (Caddo) Alliance, lived along the north bank of the Red River near today's Arkansas-Texas borderline, at the beginning of the 18th century they were repeatedly attacked, killed or enslaved by the Chickasaw moving westwards, the Kadohadacho therefore fled to the Nassoni and Natchitoches, at the end of the 18th century the surviving Kadohadacho joined the Natchitoches in northwestern Louisiana)
  • Nanatsoho (lived between the Kadohadacho and Upper Nasoni along the loop of the Red River in the border area of ​​Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas at the end of the 17th to mid-18th centuries; by the beginning of the 19th century they had lost their independent identity and were in the others Tribes of the Kadohadacho Confederation risen)
  • Upper Nasoni or Upper Assony (lived along the Red River in east Texas and southwest Arkansas, were allies of the French in the early to mid-18th century, later heavily decimated by disease and war)
  • Upper Natchitoches (Caddo: Náshit'ush or Nashitosh , lived along the Cane River in the area of ​​what is now Natchitoches, which is named after them, in northwestern Louisiana. At the beginning of the 17th century, some Kadohadacho (Caddo) had already sought protection from the attacking Chickasaw In the 18th century the last surviving Kadohadacho (Caddo) joined them; the Lower Natchitoches, however, were part of the southern Natchitoches Confederation)

the following tribes were originally independent, but later joined the Kadohadacho Confederation:

  • Cahinnio (originally lived near the Red River of the South in the extreme southwest of Arkansas, were enemies of the southern Natchitoches and Hasinai confederations, migrated northwest in the 18th century and now settled along the south bank of the Ouachita River , about 1763 they moved further north again and settled along the Arkansas River . Together with several neighboring tribes they signed a peace treaty with the French in 1771. Like other tribes, they were severely decimated by disease and war, so that they were decimated by other tribes in the 19th century assimilated into the Kadohadacho Confederation and lost their separate tribe identity.)
  • Mento (lived on the north bank of the Arkansas River, near their once close allies the Cahinnio, like them joined the Kadohadacho Confederation in the late 18th century and also lost their separate identity as a tribe through disease and assimilation within the more populous neighboring Kadohadacho. )
  • Upper Yatasi (Caddo: Yáttasih - "That other people", a name of the once hostile Kadohadacho, a splinter group of the Yatasi, which split off from the Yatasi of the Natchitoches Confederation and the tribes of the the Kadohadacho Confederation living north)
  • Imaha (originally a band of the Quapaw (Kwâpâ or Ugahxpa) (historically mostly Akansea / Akansa , from which the names for the Arkansas River and the state of Arkansas are derived ), who fled to the Kadohadacho at the end of the 18th century and themselves joined the confederation, but retained their independent identity and their Dhegiha Sioux language , which differs from the Caddo languages , today there are still families among the Caddo who can be traced back to the Imaha-Quapaw, but no longer speak their language)
  • Yowani or Yowani Choctaws (originally from the town of the same name Yowani of the Choctaw (Chahta) near the present-day town of Shubuta on the Chickasawhay River in eastern Mississippi , around 1764 a group of Yowani Choctaws moved west to Louisiana in Caddo territory. The Yowani took over Caddo - Traditions and customs and were integrated into the Kadohadacho Confederation After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 the Yowani moved to Spanish Texas to avoid the invading American settlers (a second group followed in 1824), until 1850 most of the Yowani lived in areas of the Caddo in Texas, in the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and parts of Louisiana, after the Texan Indian Wars were postponed by the Civil War , they rejoined Choctaw or Cherokee under Chief Chicken Trotter; today they are members of the Texas Band of Cherokee Indians of the Mount Tabor Indian Community , the Chickasaw Nation, and Choctaw Nation .)

NATCHITOCHES Confederation (Alliance) (Caddo: Náshit'ush or Nashitosh - " Papau (Pawpaw)", however, an early Spanish historian, Jose Antonio Pichardo, was told that the tribal name of Nacicit - "Place where the earth is ocher." “And was the name of a small stream in their territory that flowed through red earth; lived along the Red River of the South in northeast Texas and northwest Louisiana, were important allies of the French in the 17th and 18th centuries, were in involved in the subjugation of the Natchez in the Natchez uprising and the so-called Natchez Wars)

  • Doustioni or Dotchetonne (the exact settlement area is controversial today, some historians locate them in northeast Texas, JR Swanton identified them as a Caddo tribe from the area around Bayou Dauchite in northwest Louisiana, neither has been proven; the French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle reported that in the 17th century they were allies of the Kadohadacho tribe of the Kadohadacho Confederation; later, at the invitation of their allies, the French, they settled near the related Lower Natchitoches on the Red River, due to disease and Wars strongly decimated, they lost their independent identity and merged with the other Caddo tribes)
  • Lower Natchitoches (Caddo: Náshit'ush or Nashitosh , lived near the later French trading post named after them, Natchitoches, in northwest Louisiana; the Upper Natchitoches , on the other hand, were part of the Kadohadacho Confederation living to the north)

the following tribes were originally independent but later joined the Natchitoches Confederation:

  • Ouachita or Washita (Caddo: Wishita - "good hunting grounds", originally lived along the Ouachita River named after them and along the Black River (the name for the lower reaches of the Quachita River after the confluence of the Taensa River) in northeast Louisiana, approx. 1690 settled at Pargoud Landing near present-day Monroe , Louisiana, joined the Natchitoches Confederation due to losses from disease and wars against 1720)
  • Yatasi or Lower Yatasi (Caddo: Yáttasih - “that other people”, a name for the once hostile Kadohadacho of the Kadahadacho Confederation, lived in the area of ​​today's city of Shreveport in northwest Louisiana. In 1686, the French explorer Henry de Tonti visited some Yatasi settlements of the Red River of the South, the French were welcomed by the Yatasi as allies in the fight against the then hostile Kadohadacho. In the early 18th century, the Chickasaw killed large numbers of Yatasi, so that the majority of the Natchitoches Confederation joined one small splinter group - the Upper Yatasi - but of the northern Kadohadacho Confederation, were important middlemen first with the French, later with the Spanish, even after the takeover of Louisiana by the Americans they kept the fur trade)

HASINAI or TEJAS (TEXAS) Confederation (Alliance) , sometimes also Neches Angelina Confederation (Alliance) (Caddo: Hasíinay - "Our own people"), lived from the middle reaches of the Sabine River , the Neches River and its left tributary, the Angelina River to the Trinity River in east Texas, the allied tribes of the Hasinai called themselves Táyshaʼ - "friend", therefore the first Spaniards called them Tejas or Texas , from which the name for the later state of Texas developed at the time of the first contacts to the Spaniards and French in the 1680s, this was a centrally organized and run chieftainship under the politico-religious leadership of the Grand Xinesi or Grand Chenesi of the Hainai, who lived in a separate house and were supported in their decisions by a council was also run by a caddi , who in turn was assisted by men known as canahas and chayas )

  • Hainai (Caddo: Háynay politically dominant and leading group within the Hasinai, mostly made up of the Grand Xinesi , the religious and political leaders of the Confederation, lived along the Neches and Angelina Rivers west of today's Nacogdoches in eastern Texas)
  • Nabedache (Caddo: Nabáydácu - "place of the blackberries ", another theory says that the original name Wawadishe , derived from the Caddo word witish for salt , lived between the Neches River and the Trinity River in east Texas)
  • Nabiti or Nabiri ("place of the cedar", lived along the Angelina River north of the Hainai, between the Cacháe (Cacachau) and the Lower Nasoni)
  • Nacogdoche (Caddo: Nakúʔkidáawtsiʔ or Na-ko-hodó-tsi , lived between the Angelina River and the Sabine River, their main village called Nevantin was located with four mounds in the immediate vicinity of the modern city of Nacogdoches in east Texas, named after them , together with Their close allies, the Lower Nasoni, they traded with the French in Nacogdoches, so that this city developed into an important trading center and slave market , until 1800, already heavily decimated by disease and war, they joined the neighboring cities after the Texas Revolution of 1835 Hainai and Nadaco (Anadarko) and moved westwards to the Brazos River with them in 1843 )
  • Nacono or Naconish (lived in the 17th and 18th centuries along the Neches and Angelina Rivers southeast of the Nabedache and Neches, but mostly east of the Neches River in eastern Texas, their area included mixed forests and steppe )
  • Nadaco or Anadarko (Caddo: Nadá-kuh - “place of the bumblebees ”, joined the Hasinai Confederation around 1700 - but retained their independent culture and identity, originally lived along the Sabine River, during the Texas Revolution of 1835 the already heavily decimated Hainai, Nacogdoche and Nadaco (Anadarko) merged, the Nadaco now relocated their villages to the arms of the Trinity River northwest of Nacogdoches in east Texas, in the winter of 1838/1839 the now independent Texans forced all three tribes to relocate Indian Territory, but returned to the Brazos River in Texas in 1843 before being finally relocated from Texas to Indian Territory, later Oklahoma, in 1859)
  • Lower Nasoni or Lower Assony (lived near the Nadaco (Anadarko) between the Sabine River and Angelina River north of Nacogdoches in east Texas, were allies of the Spaniards in the 18th century, decimated by wars and disease, they joined the neighboring ones in 1880 Nadaco (Anadarko), were assimilated by them and could not maintain their separate identity)
  • Nechaui (Caddo: Nachawi - " Osage Dorn ", lived north of the Neche and near the Nacono, during the 17th and early 18th centuries their main village was on the east bank of the Neches River in east Texas, decimated by disease and wars found them in the neighboring Hasinai tribes in the 18th century)
  • Neche (late 17th to early 18th centuries they lived directly northwest of the Nacono (Naconish) along the east bank of the Neches River in east Texas, which was named after them, the explorer and administrator for New Spain Athanase de Mezières reported in 1779 of several mounds with fire temples on them, in which the Neche worshiped their gods, today there is a larger and two smaller mounds in Cherokee County on former Neche territory, the Spanish Mission San Francisco de los Neches failed in 1730 because the Neche on theirs Religion and continued to maintain a large fire temple and a smaller one; together with other Hasinai they were settled on the Brazos Indian Reservation in 1855, in 1859 all had to leave Texas and move to Indian territory (later Oklahoma), where they were assimilated and lost by other Hasinai their own identity in the 19th century)

history

At the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, several epidemics - including smallpox , cholera , flu , measles , malaria and whooping cough , claimed many lives among the Caddo; the previously due to crop failures and severe weather occurring famine worsened since the Caddo were already weakened by the periodically reoccurring epidemics, and under increasing competition for land with the white settlers of New Spain and New France suffered between whose areas of influence were their tribal areas.

The Caddo tried to assert their own interests as well as possible between the rival colonial powers through alliances and at the same time to benefit from contact with the European powers as trading partners and as a protective power against more powerful hostile tribes. However, this led on the one hand to conflicts with one another - the Kadohadacho and Natchitoches were allied with New France, the Hasinai, however, with New Spain - and increasingly with the neighboring tribes who were maintaining their freedom from the European powers. The Europeans convinced or forced the Caddo to settle near larger European settlements, to live in missions or to give up their scattered villages and integrate them into larger central settlements.

Even before the first contact with the Europeans, the Dhegiha-Sioux ( Osage , Kansa (Kaw), Ponca , Omaha and Quapaw ) had penetrated further and further from the east into former tribal areas of the Southern and Northern Caddo, so that these had already started in 1200 to move west. The warlike and powerful Osage soon dominated the neighboring Caddo, which from the middle of the 17th century also increasingly suffered from regular war and slave hunts by the Chickasaw , so that the various Caddo chiefdoms and tribes sought military protection from the colonial powers.

These alliances with the Spaniards (and later the Mexicans) and the French (and later the Americans) often led to the nomadic plains tribes roaming freely (including Lipan, Apache, Tonkawa , Comanche , allied or hostile to one of the European powers) . Kiowa , Plains Apache ) as well as the semi-nomadic tribes of the Prairies ( Wichita peoples , Pawnee , Arikara , Osage, etc.) the Caddo, already weakened by disease and concentrated in a few settlements due to the central settlement policy of the colonial powers (and thus easier for their enemies to find and vulnerable and more susceptible to disease) to attack, enslave and kill again and again in retaliation for their cooperation with Europeans. The continually flaring up disputes between the colonial powers New Spain and New France, each fighting for supremacy over areas that were originally tribal areas of the Caddo, led to wars against Caddo and their expulsion and forced resettlement to ever smaller areas.

In the course of the colonial era, which was marked by diseases, wars, population loss and changing alliances, some bands were wiped out, had to join other larger bands or several smaller new bands were created. The three former Caddo chiefdoms (the Hasinai, the Natchitoches and the Kadohadacho) also had to reorganize again and again and soon became a reservoir for once independent bands who now joined them for mutual protection.

Americans take over Louisiana and Texas

The former French territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River had changed hands three times since the end of the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763) - in 1762 it went from France to Spain ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ), in 1800 from Spain to France ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) and finally in 1803 from France to the USA ( Louisiana Purchase ), which had already taken over the former French territories east of the Mississippi from the British after their independence in 1776 . As already mentioned, this repeated change of colonial masters also led to retaliatory measures against tribes that were allied with the inferior colonial power.

After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and after the British-American War of 1812 , the US tried to win the Caddo as an ally, as they were one of the few neutral tribes and had not fought on the side of the British - they also recognized their importance as a source of information for the administration now to be established in the former Louisiana. 1835 Kadohadacho entered into an agreement with the United States in which they promised to abandon their lands in what is now Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana and in the time to Mexico is part of Coahuila y Tejas relocate. After the Texas Revolution of 1835, the Republic of Texas became an independent state (1836-1845) and joined the United States as a state on December 29, 1845. By 1840, most of the Caddo peoples in Texas had moved west to the Brazos River to escape the advancing frontier . Although the name "Texas" is derived from the Hasinai word Táyshaʼ ("friend" or "ally"), the government of Texas forced the Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Hasinai (as well as smaller bands to join them) after their admission to the USA and soon lost their separate identity) to settle on the Brazos Reservation in northwest Texas - along with hostile Wichita peoples , Kichai, Tonkawa, Lipan Apache, and Shawnee . In 1859 the Texas government forced the tribes of the Brazos Reservation to leave Texas for good and settle in what was then Indian territory - today's Oklahoma - west of the Mississippi River; After the end of the Civil War in 1867, the Caddo were settled together with the Wichita on the Wichita Reservation between the Washita River and Canadian River .

In 1874 the Wichita and the Caddo each got their own reservations and began to establish separate tribal governments. The now four Wichita tribes and the Kichai joined the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie) and the survivors of the various Caddo peoples agreed to the proposal of the US government to form a unified tribe , the Unified Caddo Indian Tribe band together. Under the General Allotment Act or Dawes Act of 1887, the Caddo Reservation (like that of the neighboring tribes) was divided into several parcels of land in 1902 - 160 acres for each male head of the family, 80 acres for all unmarried tribe members over 18 and underage orphans, 40 acres for children under 18, wives nothing; however, the parcels only became the property of the Indians after 25 years - until then the US government acted as trustee . Since the Caddo were not aware of any private property ownership, they often sold their land to white settlers or speculators out of ignorance or economic hardship. The non-divided areas and the parcels that went to the state after the death of the owners were sold to white buyers at bargain prices.

Today's Caddo Nation of Oklahoma (formerly Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma ) is a federally recognized tribe with the administrative seat and capital is Binger in Caddo County in Oklahoma. Today (2011) there are 5,757 enrolled tribesmen, 3,044 of whom live in western Oklahoma, mostly in Caddo County.

The Caddo try to preserve their culture and traditions and pass them on to the next generation. The tribe organizes a summer culture camp for children every year. The Hasinai Society of the Caddo Nation and the Caddo Culture Club keep both caddo dances and chants alive, while the Kiwat Hasinay Foundation seeks to preserve the Caddo language .

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Further names for the Nanatsoho: Natsoho, Natsoo, Natsoto, Nadsoo, Natsvto or Nathosos
  2. ↑ Further names for both Upper and Lower Nasoni: Nassohone or Nisohoni
  3. ↑ further names for the Cahinnio: Cachaymon, Cahaynohoua, Caynigua, Cahainihoua and Cainione
  4. ↑ Further names for the Mento: Mentou, Maintou, Manto, Menton, Matoua, Matora, Mathora or Mantona
  5. ↑ further names for the Imaha: Imaham, Imahans, Imahao or I'maha
  6. ↑ further names for the Yowani: Yguanes, Yugani or Iguanes
  7. ↑ YOWANI INDIANS
  8. ↑ Mt. Tabor Indian Community ( Memento of the original from August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.redeaglejw.net
  9. ↑ Homepage of the Texas Band of Cherokee Indians of the Mount Tabor Indian Community ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nationoftexas.com
  10. ↑ Other names for the Natchitoches: Nachittoos, Nachtichoukas, Nacitos, Nactythos, Nadchito, Naketosh, Napgitache, Naquitoches, Nashi'tosh, Nasitti, Natsytos, Notchitoches and Yatchitcohes
  11. ↑ Further names of the Doustioni: Souchitioni or Dulcinoe
  12. ↑ Another name of the Quachita: possibly Yesito
  13. ↑ further names for the Yatasi: Yataché, Natasse, Yatache and Yattasses , possibly villages or sub-tribes of the Yatasi: Nada and Choye
  14. ↑ further names for the Hasinai: Hasini, Asenai, Asinai, Assoni, Asenay, Cenis or Sannaye
  15. ↑ further names for the Hainai: Aynais, Aynay, Ainai, Ioni or Ayonai
  16. ↑ Further names for the Nabedache: Nabadacho, Nabaydacho, Nabordakhes, Inecis, Ynecis, Navedacho and Naoudiche
  17. ↑ Further names for the Nabiti: Amediche, Namidish, Naodiche, Naondiche, Naviti and Nawidish
  18. ↑ Further names for the Nacogdoche: Nazadachotzi, Nacadocheeto, Nacodissy, Nacodochito, Nagodoche, Nasahossoz, Naugdoche, Nocodosh and Neticatzi
  19. ↑ further names for the Nacono: Macono, Naconome or Nocono ; possibly villages or sub-tribes of the Nacano (Naconish): Lacane, Nacachau, Nacao (Nacau), Naconicho (Nacaniche) and Nakanawan
  20. ↑ Further names for the Lower Nasoni: Nasaya, Nasayaha, Nasayaya, Nasoui, Nassoni, Nassonite, Nazone, Nazoni
  21. ↑ further names for the Nechaui: Nacachau or Nechavi
  22. ↑ Further names for the Neche: Neches, Nacha, Naesha, Nascha, Nesta, Nouista, Nacoche, Nechas and Neitas
  23. ^ The Hasinai Society
  24. ↑ The Kiwat Hasinay Foundation