Charlotte Bühler

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charlotte Bühler , b. Malachowski (born December 20, 1893 in Berlin , † February 3, 1974 in Stuttgart ) was a German developmental psychologist .

Life

Charlotte Bühler was born in Berlin as the eldest of two children of the Jewish government architect Hermann Malachowski and his wife Katharina Rose, née Kristeller. She herself was a Protestant.

After attending grammar school, in 1913 she began studying natural sciences and humanities at the University of Freiburg im Breisgau and the University of Berlin . In 1918 she received her doctorate in Munich with the text About thought formation: Experimental investigations on thought psychology for Dr. phil. In the same year she went to Dresden with Karl Bühler, where Charlotte continued research in the field of child and adolescent psychology and prepared for her habilitation. In 1920 she completed her habilitation at the TH Dresden and received the license to teach in Saxony.

Charlotte Malachowski married Karl Bühler on April 4, 1916. In 1917 their daughter Ingeborg and 1919 their son Rolf were born. Her husband Karl died in Los Angeles in 1963. She fell ill in 1970 and returned to her children in Stuttgart in 1971, where her son was professor of space travel at the university. Here she died in February 1974 at the age of 80.

Act

In 1923, Charlotte Bühler's teaching license was transferred to the University of Vienna , and in 1929, against widespread opposition to her, she was made an associate professor as a woman. Both Bühlers worked closely together in the new institute, in which a laboratory was made available to them for their research.

Here, through her research and publications, she acquired an international reputation over the next few years, which led to the name of the “ Vienna Child Psychology School ” around Charlotte Bühler - which is still carried out in this spirit today at the Charlotte Bühler Institute. There was hardly any direct contact with the psychoanalytic group around Sigmund Freud , who taught at the medical faculty. In 1924/25 she was invited by the Rockefeller Foundation to the USA for 10 months , where she studied the methods of behaviorism that was prevalent there . But the developmental thinking of biology remained the guiding principle of her research. In 1930 she was visiting professor at Columbia University New York , in 1935 she was in London to set up a child psychology institute .

In 1929 she was a founding member of the first Austrian club Soroptimist International , a service club for working women.

In March 1938 she found out about the “ Anschluss of Austria ” during a stay in London . Karl Bühler was taken into protective custody on March 23, 1938 and both were removed from the university because they were of Jewish origin. Charlotte Bühler obtained her husband's release after six and a half weeks through ties to Norway. In October 1938 the family was reunited in Oslo.

Both were promoted to Catholic Fordham University in New York City in 1938, but it was revoked when Charlotte's Protestant denomination became known. Karl Bühler then accepted a professorship in Saint Paul , Minnesota , while Charlotte Bühler stayed in Norway, since in 1938 she had already accepted a professorship at the University of Oslo and the Teachers' Academy in Trondheim at the same time . Only after an urgent request from her husband did she emigrate to Saint Paul in the United States in 1940 , which she managed to do shortly before the occupation of Norway .

In 1942, she assumed the position of senior psychologist at Minneapolis Central Hospital . In 1945 she became a US citizen and moved to Los Angeles , California to serve as the chief psychologist at the County General Hospital. She held this position until her retirement in 1958, at the same time as professor of psychiatry at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. She then ran a private practice in Beverly Hills . Her late work served the development of humanistic psychology .

Fonts

  • In Dresden in 1922 Das Seelenleben des Jugend was published , which was the first to use a developmental perspective in youth psychology . A projective test procedure , which Charlotte Bühler owes, is the Bühler world test .
  • In Vienna, specializing in infant and adolescent psychology, the scientist established an orientation for experimental research work on the basis of diaries and behavioral observations (“ Vienna School ”). With her assistant Hildegard Hetzer , who was replaced by Lotte Schenk-Danzinger in 1927 , she developed development and intelligence tests for small children that are still used today.
  • In 1933 The Human Life Course appeared as a psychological problem , in which, for the first time in German-speaking countries, older age is included in a psychology of the life span and gerontopsychology is assigned to psychology. She is therefore considered to be an early pioneer in geriatric psychology.
  • In the USA she developed four “basic tendencies” of human life: satisfaction of needs, self-limiting adjustment, creative expansion, maintenance of internal order; Other formulations for this are also: tendencies towards personal satisfaction, towards adjustment for the purpose of achieving security, creativity or self-development and towards order. Together with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow she created the foundations of humanistic psychology .
Memorial plaque at Palais Epstein, Vienna

Honors

  • She was the namesake of the “Charlotte Bühler Institute for Practice-Oriented Research on Young Children”, founded in Vienna in 1992.
  • In 1995, a memorial plaque for her and Karl Bühler was unveiled at Palais Epstein in Vienna.
  • Dresden and Emsdetten got Charlotte-Bühler-Strasse and Vienna got Charlotte-Bühler-Weg.
  • In June 2016 she was honored with a bust in the arcade courtyard of the University of Vienna .

Publications

The list of her publications includes 168 works, several of which have been translated into 21 languages.

  • The fairy tale and the child's imagination. Barth, Leipzig 1918.
  • The Adolescent Mental Life: Attempting Analysis and Theory of Psychological Puberty. G. Fischer, Jena 1922.
  • Childhood and Adolescence: Genesis of Consciousness. Hirzel, Leipzig 1928.
  • The human life course as a psychological problem. Hirzel, Leipzig 1933.
  • Child and family: studies of the child's interactions with his family. Fischer, Jena 1937.
  • Practical child psychology. Lorenz, Vienna, Leipzig 1938.
  • Toddler tests: Development tests from the 1st to the 6th year of life. Barth, Munich 1952.
  • Psychology in the life of our time. Droemer / Knaur, Munich, Zurich 1962.

literature

  • Manfred Berger : Bühler, Charlotte Berta. In: Hugo Maier (Ed.): Who is who of social work. Freiburg / Brsg. 1998, pp. 115-116.
  • Manfred Berger: On the 100th birthday of Charlotte Bühler. In: Our youth 1993, pp. 525-527.
  • Charlotte Bühler: Self-expression . In: Ludwig Pongratz et al. (Ed.): Psychology in self-portrayals . Volume 1. Huber, Bern et al. 1972, ISBN 3-456-30433-1 , pp. 9-42.
  • Gerald Bühring: Charlotte Bühler or the curriculum vitae as a psychological problem . Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2007, ISBN 3-631-55743-4 ( contributions to the history of psychology 23), (biography).
  • Barbara Reisel: Bühler, Charlotte . In: Gerhard Stumm ao: Personal Lexicon of Psychotherapy . Springer, Vienna et al. 2005, ISBN 3-211-83818-X , pp. 77-79.

Web links

Commons : Charlotte Bühler  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Equal educational opportunities for everyone: The school reformer Otto Glöckel. The Epstein was also the place of work of Karl and Charlotte Bühler. Parliamentary Correspondence No. 358 of May 14, 2007
  2. ↑ Mission statement | Charlotte Bühler Institute. Retrieved May 28, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Brigitta Keintzel: Scientists in and from Austria: Life - work - work . Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2002, ISBN 978-3-205-99467-1 ( google.de [accessed on May 29, 2020]).
  4. ↑ https://wien1.soroptimist.at/ueberunsdet.asp?art=G accessed on October 14, 2019
  5. ^ Lieselotte Ahnert: Charlotte Bühler and developmental psychology . V&R unipress GmbH, 2015, ISBN 978-3-8471-0430-8 ( google.de [accessed on May 29, 2020]).
  6. ↑ Ulrich M. Fleischmann: Gerontopsychology. In: Lexicon of Psychology. science-online, accessed February 11, 2011
  7. ↑ orf.at - Seven women's monuments for the University of Vienna . Article dated October 28, 2015, accessed October 28, 2015.
  8. ↑ derStandard.at - Arkadenhof of the University of Vienna now also houses women's monuments . Article dated June 30, 2016, accessed July 1, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Bühler, Charlotte
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German psychologist
DATE OF BIRTH December 20, 1893
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH 3rd February 1974
Place of death Stuttgart