Sago Palm Ferns
Sago Palm Ferns | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cycas rumphii with a cone-shaped male inflorescence |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name of the family | ||||||||||||
Cycadaceae | ||||||||||||
Persoon | ||||||||||||
Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
Cycas | ||||||||||||
L. |
The sago palm ferns ( Cycas ), also called Cycas cycads , are the only genus of the plant family of the Cycadaceae within the division of the cycads (Cycadophyta). The 90 to 108 species have their areas in tropical to subtropical areas of the Old World and on Pacific islands including Australia. In East Asia, the so-called false sago is obtained from the trunks of two species, Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis , while the real sago mainly comes from the - unrelated - sago palm .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Cycas species are long-lived, perennial plants . Most of the time the trunks are unbranched. The species are very different in size. The largest species are Cycas angulata , which can reach heights of up to 12 meters and trunk diameters of up to 40 centimeters, and Cycas thouarsii , which reach heights of up to 10 meters in trunk diameters of up to 45 centimeters.
When the leaves are thrown off, the leaf scars remain on the trunk as clear marks. Young parts of the plants are hairy.
The feathery leaf fronds that look very similar to fern fronds are typical. Unlike palm fronds, the fronds of the cycads are fork-veined ( dichotomous ). Initially, the fronds, similar to ferns, are rolled up. Lower leaves are also formed, alternating with the leaf fronds. On the trunk, the leaves are formed helically. Usually a wreath of new leaves forms at the same time, usually once a year, the older the plant, the more new leaves per year. The leaflets have a main nerve and never a lateral nerve.
Generative characteristics
Cycas species are dioecious separately sexed ( dioecious ). In all species of the Cycadaceae family (= genus Cycas ), only the male plant specimens have cone-shaped inflorescences ( sporophylls ) (in contrast to the other Cycadophyta). The female plant specimens have reshaped ( fertile ) leaves, which are formed in a wreath at the top of the plant alternating with the leaves - on the edges of these fertile leaves (sporophylls) there are individual ovules. After fertilization, the seeds then form on the edge of these fertile leaves. The similarity of the female fertile leaves to the way in which ferns have arranged their spore systems is remarkable .
ecology
In the roots of Cycas species, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales live as endosymbionts . It is the only known symbiosis of this kind in gymnosperms. The plant produces a special type of root, the "coralloid" roots, especially to absorb blue-green algae. It is absorbed by infection from the outside, from the ground. The genus Nostoc is usually mentioned as the symbiote, but in fact other species are probably involved.
Locations
The habitats of the Cycas species vary greatly: They thrive from the coast and coastal plains to mountain regions. Many species grow in forests, a few in savannahs and many on rocky slopes and places with little vegetation. Some species live in areas with frequent forest fires . Some species in arid areas are seasonally green, that is, they are without leaves in the dry season . Some species with a major distribution along the coast have seeds that can float on the water, such species often have a large area.
Distribution and systematics
Cycas TYPES have their areas in tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World and the Pacific islands including Australia. Important home areas are Southeast Asia , southern China , Malaysia , tropical areas of Australia , Oceania , Japan , Africa and Madagascar .
In the genus of the sago palm ferns ( Cycas L. ) there are 90 to 108 species:
- Cycas aculeata K.D. Hill & HTNguyen : It was first described in 2004 from southeast Vietnam.
- Cycas aenigma K.D. Hill & A. Lindstr. : It wasfirst describedin 2008 from the Philippine island of Palawan .
- Cycas angulata R.Br. : The home is Australia.
- Cycas annaikalensis Rita Singh & P.Radha : It wasfirst describedin 2006 from the Indian state of Kerala .
- Cycas ApoA K.D.Hill : It comes in the northern Guinea before.
- Cycas arenicola K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory .
- Cycas armstrongii Miq. : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas arnhemica K.D. Hill : The three subspecies occur only in the northern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas badensis K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland .
- Cycas balansae Warb. : It occurs from southeast China's Guangxi Autonomous Region to northern Vietnam .
- Cycas basaltica C.A. Gardner : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Western Australia .
- Cycas beddomei Dyer : The home is southern India.
- Cycas bifida (Dyer) KDHill : It occurs from the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and western Guangxi to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas bougainvilleana K.D. Hill : It occurs from the Bismarck Archipelago to the Solomon Islands.
- Cycas brachycantha K.D. Hill : It wasfirst describedin 2004 from northern Vietnam .
- Cycas brunnea K.D. Hill : It occurs from the northeastern Northern Territory to northwestern Queensland.
- Cycas cairnsiana F. Muell. : The home is Queensland.
- Cycas calcicola Maconochie : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas campestris K.D. Hill : It occurs in Papua New Guinea .
- Cycas canalis K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northwestern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas candida K.D. Hill : It was first described in 2004 from northeast Queensland.
- Cycas cantafolia Jutta, KLChew & Saw : It wasfirst describedfrom Malaysia in 2010.
- Cycas chamaoensis K.D.Hill : Your home is the southeastern Thailand.
- Cycas changjiangensis N.Liu : It only occurs on Hainan.
- Cycas chenii X.Gong & Wei Zhou : It wasfirst describedin 2015 from Yunnan .
- Cycas chevalieri Leandri : The home is central Vietnam.
- Rolled up sago palm fern ( Cycas circinalis L. ): The closer home of the species is southern India. Other clans that were previously produced here as varieties of the species are now mostly regarded as separate subspecies or species.
- Cycas clivicola K.D. Hill : It occurs from Indochina to Malaysia.
- Cycas collina K.D. Hill, HTNguyen & PKLôc : It was first described in 2004 from northern Vietnam.
- Cycas condaoensis K.D. Hill & SLYang : It wasfirst describedin 2004 from the Vietnamese islands of Côn Đảo .
- Cycas conferta Chirgwin : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas couttsiana K.D.Hill : The home is the northern and central Queensland.
- Cycas cupida P.I. Forest. : It was first described in 2001 from eastern to central Queensland.
- Cycas curranii (J.Schust.) KDHill (Syn .: Cycas circinalis var. Curranii J.Schust. ): The home is the island of Palawan in the Philippines.
- Cycas darshii R.C. Rivast. & Jana : It wasfirst describedby the Andamans in 2014.
- Cycas debaoensis Y.C.Zhong & CJChen : The home is the Chinese Autonomous Region of Guangxi.
- Cycas desolata P.I. Forest. : This endemic occurs only in the northeastern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas diannanensis Z.T.Guan & GDTao : It occurs in the Chinese province of Yunnan.
- Cycas distans P.I. Forest. & B.Gray : It was first described in 2017 from Queensland.
- Cycas dolichophylla K.D. Hill, HTNguyen & PKLôc : It was first described in 2004 and occurs from Yunnan to northern Indochina.
- Cycas edentata de foliage. (Syn .: Cycas litoralis K.D. Hill ): It occurs from Indochina to western and central Malesia.
- Cycas elephantipes A. Lindstr. & KDHill : It was first described in 2003 from eastern Thailand.
- Cycas elongata (Leandri) DYWang : The homeland is northern Vietnam.
- Cycas falcata K.D. Hill : Your home is Sulawesi .
- Cycas ferruginea F.N.Wei : The distribution area extends from the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas fugax K.D. Hill, HTNguyen & PKLôc : It was first described in 2004 from northern Vietnam.
- Cycas furfuracea W. Fitzg. : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Western Australia .
- Cycas glauca Miq. : It occurs on the Sunda Islands Sumba and Timor .
- Cycas guizhouensis K.M.Lan & RFZou : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan.
- Cycas hainanensis C.J.Chen : The home is Hainan.
- Cycas hoabinhensis P.K.Lôc & HTNguyen : It was first described in 2004 from northern Vietnam.
- Cycas hongheensis S.Y.Yang & SLYang : The home is Yunnan.
- Cycas indica A. Lindstr. & KDHill : It wasfirst describedin 2007 from the Indian state of Karnataka .
- Cycas inermis Lour. : It occurs in eastern Laos and in central and southern Vietnam.
- Cycas javana (Miq.) De foliage. : It occurs from southern Sumatra to Java.
- Cycas lacrimans A. Lindstr. & KDHill : It was first described in 2008 and occurs in the eastern part of the Mindanao archipelago of the Philippines.
- Cycas lane-poolei C.A. Gardner : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Western Australia .
- Cycas laotica T.H. Nguyên & KSNguyen : It wasfirst describedfrom Laos in 2014.
- Cycas lindstromii S.L. Yang, KDHill & Hiep : The home is southern Vietnam.
- Cycas × longipetiolula D.Y.Wang = Cycas bifida × Cycas multipinnata ; it occurs in Yunnan.
- Cycas maconochiei Chirgwin & KDHill : The three subspecies occur only in the Australian state of Northern Territory .
- Cycas macrocarpa handle. : It occurs from northwest Laos to Malaysia.
- Cycas media R. Br .: The three subspecies occur only in the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas megacarpa K.D. Hill : This endemic only occurs in the eastern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas micholitzii Dyer : It occurs from eastern Laos to central Vietnam.
- Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill : It is home to the islands of the northwestern Pacific.
- Cycas × multifrondis D.Y.Wang = Cycas bifida × Cycas dolichophylla ; it occurs from southeastern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas multipinnata C.J.Chen & SYYang : It occurs from southern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas nathorstii J.Schust. : It occurs in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.
- Cycas nitida K.D. Hill & A. Lindstr. : It only occurs on the Philippines island of Luzon .
- Cycas nongnoochiae K.D.Hill : It occurs from northern Thailand to the north-western Laos.
- Cycas ophiolitica K.D. Hill : Their home is eastern Queensland.
- Cycas orientis K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the north-northeastern part of the Australian state of Northern Territory.
- Cycas orixensis (Haines) Rita Singh & Khuraijam (Syn .: Cycas circinalis var. Orixensis Haines ): It occurs in northeastern India.
- Cycas pachypoda K.D. Hill : The homeland is Vietnam.
- Cycas panzhihuaensis L. Zhou & SY Yang : The home is the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Cycas papuana F. Muell. : Your home is southern New Guinea.
- Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham. : The distribution area extends from the Himalayas to western Yunnan.
- Cycas petrae A. Lindstr. & KDHill : The distribution area of the species first described in 2003 stretches from northeastern Thailand to northwestern Laos.
- Cycas platyphylla K.D. Hill : The home is the north central and northeastern Queensland.
- Cycas pranburiensis S.L. Yang & al. : The home is the southwest of Thailand.
- Cycas pruinosa Maconochie : The range extends from northern Western Australia to the northwestern Northern Territory .
- Cycas pschannae R.C.Srivast. & LJSingh (Syn .: Cycas dharmrajii L.J.Singh ): The species first described in 2015 occurs on the Andamans.
- Japanese sago palm fern ( Cycas revoluta Thunb. ), Native to: Southern Japan, Riukiu Islands
- Cycas riuminiana Porte ex rule : The home is the Philippines island of Luzon .
- Cycas rumphii Miq. : The distribution area extends from southern Borneo to New Guinea and the Ashmore Islands .
- Cycas sainathii R.C.Srivast. : It was first described by the Andamans in 2014.
- Cycas sancti-lasallei Agoo & Madulid : It was first described by the Philippines in 2012.
- Cycas saxatilis K.D. Hill & A. Lindstr. : The home of the species first described in 2008 is the Philippines island of Palawan .
- Cycas schumanniana Lauterb. : The home is Papua New Guinea.
- Cycas scratchleyana F. Muell. : The distribution area extends from Maluku to Papua Asia.
- Cycas seemannii A.Br. : The range extends from the islands of the southwest Pacific to the Torres Strait Islands of Queensland.
- Cycas segmentifida D.Y.Wang & CYDeng : The home is the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi.
- Cycas semota K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas seshachalamensis P.VCRao, NVSPrasad, PMBabu, K.Prassad & Prasanna : The species first described in 2016 occurs in India in Andra Pradesh.
- Cycas sexseminifera F.N.Wei : The range extends from the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas shanyaensis G.A.Fu : It was first described in 2006 from Hainan.
- Thai sago palm fern ( Cycas siamensis Miq. ): It is native to Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
- Cycas silvestris K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas simplicipinna (Smitinand) KDHill : The homeland is northern Indochina.
- Cycas sphaerica Roxb. : The homeland is eastern India.
- Cycas sundaica Miq. ex A. Lindstr. & KDHill : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2009, is the Sunda island of Flores .
- Cycas szechuanensis W.C.Cheng & LKFu (incl. Cycas fairylakea D.Yue Wang ): The two subspecies of the species occur in central and southern China.
- Cycas taitungensis C.F. Shen & al. : The home is Taitung County in Taiwan.
- Cycas taiwaniana Carruth. : The homeland are the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Yunnan.
- Cycas tanqingii D.Y.Wang : The range extends from Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
- Cycas tansachana K.D. Hill & SLYang : The home is central Thailand.
- Cycas terryana P.I. Forest . : It was first described in 2011 from Queensland.
- Cycas thouarsii R.Br. : The distribution area extends from eastern Kenya to Mozambique, the Comoros, Aldabra and eastern Madagascar.
- Cycas tropophylla K.D. Hill & PKLôc : It was first described from Vietnam in 2004.
- Cycas tuckeri K.D. Hill : The homeland is northern Queensland.
- Cycas vespertilio A. Lindstr. & KDHill : It was first described by the Philippines in 2008.
- Cycas wadei Merr. : The home is the island of Culion in the Philippines.
- Cycas xipholepis K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas yorkiana K.D. Hill : This endemic occurs only in the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland.
- Cycas zambalensis Madulid & Agoo : It was first described in 2005 and only occurs in the northwestern part of the Philippines island of Luzon .
- Cycas zeylanica (J.Schust.) A. Lindstr. & KDHill : The homeland are the Andamans , the Nicobar Islands and southern Sri Lanka .
swell
- Christopher J. Earle: Cycas Linnaeus 1753. In: The Gymnosperm Database. February 28, 2019, accessed May 5, 2019 .
- Everything about the genus Cycas . (engl.)
Individual evidence
- ^ Wolfgang Franke : Nutzpflanzenkunde. Usable crops of temperate latitudes, subtropics and tropics. 4th, revised and expanded edition. Thieme, Stuttgart a. a. 1989, ISBN 3-13-530404-3 , p. 81.
- ↑ José-Luís Costa, Per Paulsrud, Peter Lindblad: Cyanobiont diversity within coralloid roots of selected cycad species. In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. Volume 28, No. 1, ISSN 0168-6496 , 1999, pp. 85-91, doi : 10.1111 / j.1574-6941.1999.tb00563.x (open access).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cycas. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ A b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold : The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .