Cyphostemma

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Cyphostemma
Cyphostemma cirrhosum

Cyphostemma cirrhosum

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Rosids
Order : Grapevine-like (vitales)
Family : Grapevines (Vitaceae)
Subfamily : Vitoideae
Genre : Cyphostemma
Scientific name
Cyphostemma
( Planch. ) Alston

Cyphostemma is a genus of plants within the grapevine family(Vitaceae). The approximately 250 species are mainly found in Africa and Madagascar .

description

Illustration from Curtis's Botanical Magazine, London. , Volume 135. 1909, plate 8278 by Cissus adenopodus
Section of an inflorescence with four-fold flowers of Cyphostemma juttae
Ripe fruits of Cyphostemma bainesii

Appearance and leaves

In Cyphostemma TYPES is creeping independently upright or climbing perennial herbaceous plants or to little to more woody plants that independently upright as shrubs or climbing as lianas grow. Some species are more or less succulent (for example Cyphostemma elephantopus , Cyphostemma juttae ). They can be evergreen or deciduous. If there are shoots , then they are opposite the leaves.

The alternate leaves arranged on the stem axis are mostly divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. Depending on the species, the leaf blade is rarely divided into three to nine folds or is usually palm-shaped. The leaf margins are smooth, lobed or serrated. Stipules are present.

Inflorescences and flowers

In Cyphostemma species, the flowers are hermaphroditic; in many genera of the subfamily Vitoideae they are predominantly unisexual. The lateral, umbellate to umbel-ripped inflorescences contain a few to many flowers. There are bracts , bracts and flower stalks. The flower buds are more or less cylindrical or bottle-shaped with a rounded upper end, which is often more or less inflated and more or less constricted at or near the middle.

The relatively small flowers are fourfold and radial symmetry with a double flower envelope . The four sepals are fused over more or less their entire length and four calyx teeth are not always recognizable. The four free, downy or glandular hairy petals are hood-shaped at the upper end, curve downwards after the anthesis and fall off very early. The discus that is fused with the ovary consists of four very fleshy, trimmed or conical nectar glands that are not fused together. There is only the inner circle of the stamen with four fertile, free stamens . The stamens are more or less straight. The two carpels are an above-permanent, two-chambered ovary grown. The simple, awl-shaped stylus ends in a relatively small, almost simple heady to tiny two-part scar.

Fruits and seeds

The fleshy berries usually only contain one seed. The seeds have one or more ridges at the top and are often more or less wrinkled.

Systematics and distribution

The first description was in 1887 in the rank of a section Cissus sect. Cyphostemma Planch. the genus Cissus by Jules Émile Planchon in Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle and Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle : Monographiae Phanerogamarum , Volume 5, p. 472; there "Cyphostomma" written. The rank of a genus Tetrastigma was published in 1931 by Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston in A Hand-book to the Flora of Ceylon , Volume 6, p. 53. The generic name Cyphostemma is derived from the Greek words kyphos for hump and stemma for wreath.

The genus Cyphostemma belongs to the subfamily Vitoideae within the Vitaceae family .

The wide natural range of the genus Cyphostemma mainly includes Africa and Madagascar . 23 species are only native to Madagascar. Only a few species reach east to Thailand.

There are around 250 species of Cyphostemma :

The succulent species Cyphostemma currorii in August without leaves at its natural habitat in Spitzkoppe , Namibia
The succulent species Cyphostemma elephantopus
The succulent species Cyphostemma juttae
The succulent species Cyphostemma laza

Danger

Cyphostemma juttae and Cyphostemma bainesii are rated in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species as “least concern” = “not endangered”. The populations of both species, which only occur in Namibia, are endangered by foraging. Most of the species found in South Africa are included in the Red List of Endangered Plant Species in South Africa.

use

Few Cyphostemma species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens as well as in rooms (example Cyphostemma juttae ) .

From Cyphostemma adenocaule leaves and fruits are eaten raw or cooked. Cyphostemma adenocaule is widely used in folk medicine .

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e H. Wild & RB Drummond: Cyphostemma - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 2 - Vitaceae , 1966.
  2. ^ A b c Anna Trias-Blasi, John AN Parnell & Trevor R. Hodkinson: Multi-gene Region Phylogenetic Analysis of the Grape Family (Vitaceae) , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 37, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 941-950 . doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X656437
  3. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  4. ↑ Cissus sect. Cyphostemma at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 6, 2013.
  5. ^ A b Cyphostemma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
  6. ↑ a b Cyphostemma in Flora of Mozambique .
  7. ^ Entry in the African Plant Database by CJB.
  8. ^ Cyphostemma in Madagascar Catalog .
  9. ^ Cyphostemma in Flora of Zimbabwe .
  10. ↑ a b c Search for "Cyphostemma" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
  11. ^ D. Raimondo, L. von Staden, W. Foden, JE Victor, NA Helme, RC Turner, DA Kamundi & PA Manyama, 2009: Entry in the Red List of South African Plants of the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. last accessed July 7, 2013
  12. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images. Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 , Cyphostemma therein pages 281-282
  13. ↑ Gerardus JH Grubben (Ed.): Vegetables in Plant resources of tropical Africa , Volume 2, PROTA-Verlag, 2004. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9 : Google-Books-online. , Cyphostemma species therein pages 279-280

Web links and additional literature

Commons : Cyphostemma  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Maurizio Rossettoac, Betsy R. Jackesb, Kirsten D. Scotta & Robert J. Henry: Is the genus Cissus (Vitaceae) monophyletic? Evidence from plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA , In: Systematic Botany , 27, Issue 3, 2002, pp. 522-533. on-line.