Dardaner (people)
The Dardanians ( ancient Greek Δαρδάνιοι Dardánioi , Δάρδανοι Dárdanoi , or Δαρδανίωνες Dardaníones ; Latin Dardani ; Albanian Dardanët ) the first tribe of antiquity , living in the region of Dardania on the southern Balkans named after him . To the east, the Dardanian settlement area touched that of the Thracians , with whom they mingled and some of which they incorporated into their culture. It is controversial whether the Dardans are an Illyrian tribe, but they are sometimes associated with the Illyrians.
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Surname
It is assumed that the ethnonym of the Dardaner and the associated region of Dardania is linguistically connected to the Albanian word dardha (indefinitely dardhë , " pear "). This thesis is supported by the ethnonym of the Illyrian tribe of the Piraeus , which is therefore to be understood as a Latin equivalent ( Latin pirus , "pear").
Settlement area
Dardania encompassed today's Kosovo , stretched west of it into the Drin Valley and included the Dukagjin Mountains ( Albanian Rrafsh i Dukagjinit or Dukagjin or Dukagjini for short , Serbian Метохија Metohija ). In the north it extended beyond Niš and in the south it also included the area around Skopje . There the Dardanian land bordered on Peonia and Dassaratia , regions that existed in the fourth century BC. Had become provinces of the Macedonian Kingdom .
Ethnogenesis
Little is known about the origin and ethnogenesis of the Dardans. Even the ancient tradition was based on a connection with the mythical people of the Dardans in Asia Minor who, according to Homer , fought alongside the Trojans against the Greeks . This would suggest that the Balkan Dardans belong to the Thracians , some of whom also lived in Asia Minor. However, there is no archaeological evidence for this. The excavated Dardanian artefacts, especially the ceramics and the fibulae, show Illyrian shapes, as they are also known from Illyrian sites in Albania and on the central Adriatic coast in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Almost nothing is known of the language of the Dardans. Until the Roman conquest, they lived in a largely writtenless culture. Under Roman rule, they used Latin and Greek , as numerous inscriptions attest.
history
Prehistory and the Hellenistic Period
At the turn of the sixth to the fifth century BC The Dardaner put on the first fortified settlements. At that time there was no larger political organization. However, there is evidence that the Dardans were already trading with the neighboring regions. The graves contain pottery from Corinth , Athens and Epidamnos (today Durrës ). The most important export of the Dardans was silver . Chemical analyzes have shown that the Greek colonies of Apollonia and Epidamnos obtained most of the silver for their coinage from the Dardan mines. Around 400 BC There was at least one urban center in Dardania. The city of Damastion is only known for its coins and has not yet been localized. Around 385 BC Chr. Established Bardylis the first dynasty of Dardanians and ruled comprised of many other tribes over a kingdom that area.
Politically, the Dardans first appeared in connection with the Celtic invasion of the Balkans around 280 BC. In appearance. They proposed an alliance to the Macedonians against the invaders, but they rejected it. The imperial historians Diodorus and Ptolemaeus know to report that the Dardans were ruled by kings at that time. They do not give the names of the rulers.
The Macedonian King Philip V (220–179 BC) led 211 and 199 BC. War against the Dardaner. 175 BC The Dardans, under their king Monunios, fended off an invasion of the bastards . Monunios married his daughter Etleva to the Illyrian king Genthios and both entered around 170 BC. In an alliance with the Macedonians against the Romans. After the end of the Third Macedonian-Roman War in 167 BC. The Dardaner asked the Roman consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus for peace. The Adriatic countries bordering Dardania to the south and west had now become Roman provinces. For more than 50 years, however, the Romans made no further forays into the interior.
Roman time
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86 BC Chr. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix against the Dardaner, who with Mithridates VI. and had allied the rebellious Greeks against Rome. A counter-attack by the Dardans led to Delphi . Gaius Scribonius Curio , the consul of the year 76 BC. BC, was able to decisively defeat the Thracians and Dardans during his subsequent governorship in Macedonia. When Gaius Iulius Caesar 59 BC BC Proconsul of the Roman provinces of Gallia (Gaul) and Illyricum (Illyria), the Dardans had already been incorporated into the province of Illyria. After the Illyrian uprising (6-9 AD), Illyria was divided into several provinces. Dardania became part of the province of Moesia ( Moesia ).
The mountainous area of Dardania was of little importance to the Romans. No legions were stationed here and no Roman colonies were founded for a long time. Besides Naissus and Scupi (now Municipium ) there were no other cities of importance in the first century. The degree of Romanization among the Dardanians was probably correspondingly low . Only the country's mining continued to be of supraregional importance. The Roman official responsible for this with the title Procurator metallorum Augusti resided in Scupi . Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD) founded the colony Ulpiana (near Lipjan in Kosovo) as the third Muncipium in Dardania . Significant deposits of lead had been found in the vicinity ; the metal was needed in large quantities primarily for the construction of water pipes.
Emperor Diocletian (284–305 AD) set up his own province of Dardania, separated from Moesia superior (Upper Moesia ) when he reorganized the provincial administration . Since the end of the 3rd century AD, the country was repeatedly hit by barbarian incursions from north of the Danube . Therefore, the cities were now fortified and troops stationed in the province. Many Dardans were hired as soldiers in the Roman army . When the empire was partitioned in 395 , Dardania became part of the Greek East . In 441 AD Naissus was captured and plundered by Attila , king of the Huns . After Emperor Zenon was able to divert the Goths to Italy , peace reigned in Dardania for several decades and the economy prospered again at the end of the 5th century.
Roman auxiliary units
The following Roman auxiliary units were established from the Dardaner people :
literature
- Fanoula Papazoglou: The Central Balkan tribes in Pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autaritae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1978, ISBN 9025607934 .
- Karl Kaser, Wolfgang Petritsch , Robert Pichler: Kosovo / Kosova. Myths, dates, facts. Wieser Verlag , Klagenfurt / Celovec 1999, ISBN 3-8512-9304-5 (especially the first chapter).
- Neritan Ceka : Ilirët. Tirana 2001 (especially pp. 147-164).
- Dragoslav Srejović : Iliri i Tracani. O starobalkanskim plemenima. Belgrade 2002.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Robert Elsie : Dendronymica Albanica. (PDF) In: elsie.de. P. 9 , accessed on March 28, 2017 (English).
- ↑ Since Mansaku: Rreth njësisë dhe shtrirjes së etnosit ilir në vështrimin gjuhësor . In: Iliria (= Kuvendi II i Studimeve Ilire ). tape 16 . Tirana 1985, p. 227-235 (Albanian, persee.fr ).
- ↑ Theopompos , fragment 35 = Cicero , de officiis 2, 40; see. Polybios 39, 2, 4.