Gangkofen coming to the German Order
The Teutonic Order Gangkofen is located in the Gangkofen market of the same name in the Rottal-Inn district in Lower Bavaria . The foundation goes back to the year 1279 (or 1278), in which the knight of the order Count Wernhard II of Leonberg made a corresponding foundation for a religious house. The Kommende Gangkofen was part of the Deutschordensballei Franken ; This led to the fact that the area of the order belonged to the Franconian Empire from 1500 . This coming of the Teutonic Order was dissolved in 1806 by the Kingdom of Bavaria . Until then it was the only branch of the Teutonic Order in what is now Lower Bavaria.
history
With the deed of foundation of August 9, 1279 (sometimes also referring to the year 1278), Count Wernhard II of Leonberg gave the Teutonic Knights the right of patronage over the parish church ( parochialis ecclesie ) and the nove capellae in today's Heiligenstadt von Gangkofen district (today the pilgrimage church of St. Salvator ). The condition was that an independent religious house, subordinate only to the magister generalis , was founded there. The founder, Count Wernhard, was himself a member of the Teutonic Order.
When the foundation was confirmed by the diocese of Regensburg , disputes arose. The bishop Heinrich II. Von Rotteneck and the cathedral chapter were of the opinion that Count Wernhard Gangkofen did not own as a free property , but as a fiefdom of high estates . Only after the Leonberger had given the diocese of Regensburg ample compensation (goods in tunding and forest in South Tyrol ), the bishop approved the foundation.
On August 5, 1279, Hermann von Mansdorf , a friar from the Regensburg monastery, the German Order Commander St. Aegid , was appointed as the first Commander ; apparently at the same time there was a settlement with other friars. The number of twelve brothers and one commander (based on the Twelve Apostles ) stipulated in the statutes of the order was never reached, however, and at the same time a maximum of eight friars are attested in the copy books .
In a contract dated June 6, 1280 with the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Hartmann von Heldrungen and the founder, it is stipulated that nothing from the donations and foundations to the churches may be diverted without the consent of the Leonberger, but that everything is intended for the order buildings to be built is. The house of the order should be exempt and only the Grand Master may dispose of his income for the tasks of the order in the Holy Land . Apart from the building of the church factory , no other building was allowed to be erected that could damage the castles or fortifications of the Leonberger. Legal violence was only towards the tributary of the altar tenants . The order had to provide for the members of the parish for a clergyman and other priests for the surrounding churches. The order had the right to present the pastor, it was able to coordinate the chaplains with the Regensburg bishopric , appoint and depose the commander in charge and make the schoolmasters and other servants responsible for the commander.
In the period that followed, the Deutschordenskommende zu Gangkofen was able to acquire considerable property through donations, purchases, pitches or donations of sea equipment . Allodial goods were also transferred to the order when new members joined the order. Obviously, a house sufficiently occupied by religious priests was seen by the population and the donors as a guarantor for the holding of the vigils of the dead and the foundation masses.
On July 20, 1316, Heinrich VII. Count von Leonberg donated the parish Zimmer and its branch church in Tann , located in the Archdiocese of Salzburg , to the Teutonic Order. The background was that the Counts of Leonberg had large estates in this area. The church of Zimmer had been given a parish of 164 days by the Lords of Tann and the Counts of Leonberg; this was the basis that rooms with Tann could be separated from the previously existing parish association with Stammham as a separate parish and raised to a separate parish. The right of patronage belonged to the Counts of Leonberg. This also meant that taxes had to be paid to the county (which had then become Wittelsbach). This donation was recorded in several documented documents, such as one from August 20, 1316 and another to the German king, that of Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in November 1316 and again in a document that was issued by the Bavarian dukes Heinrich , Otto and Heinrich were signed. This was necessary in order to protect the property of the Kommende against access by the Wittelsbachers. Agreements also had to be made with the Archdiocese of Salzburg. The right of presentation was assigned to the Count or the Coming Gangkofen, but the appointment was made by the Archbishop, whereby taxes were also to be paid. In 1318 this was negotiated with Archbishop Friedrich and the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter .
The increase in property seems to have come to an end in the 14th century; In the following period, property security is more likely to be pursued (the list of farms and houses subordinate to the Teutonic Order shows at least 115 objects subject to interest around 1806).
Since October 16, 1352, Gangkofen has been subordinate to the Deutschordensballei Franken . The German House and the market in Gangkofen were placed under their princely protection on December 5, 1393 by Duke Friedrich and on February 4, 1451 by Duke Ludwig . Their successor, Duke Heinrich XVI. In contrast to his ancestors, however, had seized the order in Gangkofen by force in 1423. The background to this was his participation in a trip to Prussia in 1422. He had received the promise of a possible fair payment from the Order Marshal Ulrich Zenger . Since Heinrich did not work for the order in Prussia and also because of the limited resources of the order, which was then very much under pressure, Grand Master Michael Küchmeister only made him an advance payment of 1400 instead of the required 6,761 guilders; his successor, Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf , also refused to pay. Ultimately, the German master Eberhard von Saunsheim , who was interested in a good relationship with the Wittelsbacher, accepted the Duke's demands. In 1426 these were even the subject of the Diet of Nuremberg; but presumably the matter fizzled out and the duke's demands remained unfulfilled. Under Duke Ludwig IX. A letter is issued to the German Order Coming and also to the Gangkofen market for princely protection.
In the beginning of the Reformation , convent life in Gangkofen was intact, but still exposed to distress. Six convent members are recorded for 1513 and the parish is also occupied by a religious priest. At that time, the Grand Master of the Order Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Protestantism . In Bavaria, too, Luther's teaching had spread widely among the people, which meant that the willingness to make offerings had drastically decreased. This led to complaints from the religious priests working in Gangkofen ( Mang Rapolt , Eustachius Loblin von Ellingen , Brother Martin von Hailprunn ) that they no longer even received the wages of a day laborer. However, the German master Dietrich von Cleen only responded with good advice and the reference to the vowed obedience. In 1528 it became known of Martin von Heilbrunn that he had declared himself a follower of Luther's teachings. Since the Bavarian dukes adhered to their Catholic faith, the order had to act quickly and the convent priest was imprisoned and brought to the Kapfenburg (only on June 19, 1538 he was transferred back to Gangkofen after a guarantee was given). The Ballei chapter also made it clear that no confessions in favor of the Lutterian Weysse would be tolerated. Nevertheless, the situation at Gangkofen remained difficult, because the religious priests received no financial support from their priestly brothers and the down-to-earth people questioned the ordained priesthood according to Luther's doctrine, which resulted in a drastic decline in willingness to make sacrifices. In addition, there were problems for the entire order with regard to the recruitment of young priests. In Ganzkofen this even led to the fact that in the middle of the 16th century four secular priests had to be employed instead of the religious priests. In addition, serious problems arose with individual members of the order. House commander Philipp Schelm von Bergen was accused of poor housekeeping, violence towards various people, offenses against hunting and violating celibacy; in addition, he fell out with the citizens of Gangkofens in many ways. As late as 1598, Grand Master Johann Eustach von Westernach was unable to agree to an intercession against the knight Schelm von Bergen who had been appointed to Mergentheim .
On October 19, 1599, a fire broke out at a Wagner in Gangkofen, which hit 47 buildings in the place and building of the coming (priest, school and sacristan's house, grain barn), the brick house of the coming, the parish church, the box and the cattle. In spite of the conceded crowd service and promised funds from the Ballei Franken, the reconstruction remained unfinished and the clergy had to live in the village for rent even during the Thirty Years' War . During this time, according to a resolution of the Ballei of May 12, 1655, no separate commander was appointed because they were unable to endure any Commenthur . Only one administrator ( called Richter in Gangkofen ) carried out the official business. In the last days of the Thirty Years War, the area around Gangkofen was affected by the war events. On the day of Pentecost 1666, another fire destroyed the parish church, the schoolhouse and the accommodation of the sacristan and schoolmaster. The reconstruction work began immediately and on November 19, 1666, a service could already be held in the rebuilt choir of the church. However, complaints arose from the population because of excessive cemetery and stole fees; an application for 4,000 guilders building tax from the wealthier communities was rejected by the court in Munich. Between 1665 and 1681 Augustinian hermits from the Seemannshausen monastery took over the parish business in Gangkofen . However, there were complaints from the population about the irregular holding of church services. It was not until 1691 that the prior of the monastery was revoked from taking care of the branch churches.
In August 1686, the Teutonic order priest and beneficiary Bartholomäus Gerwein was appointed parish administrator to Gangkofen. Under him, the reconstruction of the Coming is systematically tackled. The wing of the Coming to Bina was suspended because of the events of the War of the Spanish Succession . After the end of the war, Pastor Christian Philipp Burrach and the knight Philipp Benedikt Fortmeister zu Gelnhausen made an attempt to rebuild the stalled church. Two wings of the upcoming building were built from scratch in 1692. At the request of the Landkomtur Johann Wilhelm von Zocha, the commander had been given lower jurisdiction since August 14, 1685 and had to collect taxes from around 200 subjects and forward them to Landshut . At that time, however, the Kommende did not yet have the freedom of noblemen and was also not a Hofmark . It was not until 1745 that lower jurisdiction was fully approved. In 1718 the further construction of the church was initiated and Franz Keller was commissioned as master builder. Benedict Zöpf was requested for the marbling work. The local body of Christ and a brotherhood of the poor and souls contributed to the construction costs. The church building was completed in 1722. The Commander-in-Chief Christoph Anton Karl Freiherr von Berndorf had the farm buildings and stables torn down without permission from the provincial superiors and built a garden and a glass house in their place. On May 7, 1755, lightning struck the tower of the parish church, but the damage was immediately repaired. Due to the Seven Years' War , the Bavarian Elector Max III. Joseph had a high capital requirement and therefore Pope Benedict XIV. 1757 gave him a decimation , i.e. H. a ten percent taxation of church property, approved for five years. This resulted in a lengthy dispute with a favorable outcome for the Teutonic Order under Elector Karl Theodor . In 1787 Bavaria made new demands for decimates; They wanted to anticipate this with a double knight's tax and a voluntary donum gratuitum , but this was unsuccessful - and so in 1797 Gangkofen had to pay six times the knight's tax.
The Coming Gangkofen of the Teutonic Order was sequestered by Bavaria on December 9, 1805 , before the Peace of Pressburg, and was taken over by the Kingdom of Bavaria on January 11, 1806. On August 9, 1806, the property belonging to the commandery was valued, then the buildings were auctioned and the citizen Josef Fruhmann was the first buyer of a former commandery building. The order itself was initially terminated in the states of the Rhine Confederation by the repeal decree of Napoleon of Regensburg of April 24, 1809 . After the dissolution of the Kommende, an independent parish was established in Gangkofen instead of the monastery parish.
No significant cultural, literary or scientific achievements are attested by the knights of the order. The school teachers (also organists) employed by the Comende were extremely poorly paid and had no educational qualifications for their work. Although the Teutonic Order Coming was always described as poor and small, individual committees led a lavish life as country noblemen. This was the case with Christoph Anton Karl Freiherr von Berndorf and the Komtur Johann Philipp Friedrich Wilhelm von Weitershausen , who had accumulated debts of over 1000 guilders when he was suspended in 1785.
- Gangkofen coming to the German Order
Teutonic Order House 4
Archway House German Order Coming
Passage church and Teutonic Order House 4
Alliance coat of arms on Teutonic Order House 4
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Gangkofen coming from the German Order, then and now
The buildings of the Teutonic Order were destroyed by fire in 1599, along with half of the market, and were also affected by another damaging event in 1666. The engraving by Michael Wening shows the situation after the reconstruction around 1721. The next one consists of an L-shaped, two-story mansion with arcades on the ground floor. Together with the farm buildings, a rectangular inner courtyard is formed, outside an extensive and fenced park area can be seen. The parish church of St. Mary's Assumption , which was built according to the plans of the Teutonic order builder Franz Keller, adjoins the upcoming one . The facility is located directly on the Bina and is now centrally located in Gangkofen. The buildings have a painted plaster structure.
Today the former administrator's house (Deutschhaus 1) exists as a two-storey hipped gable-roof house, the core of which was built around 1691. Its external appearance and the extension to the south date from 1878, when a through bridge to the west gallery of the parish church was created. The rectory, which was created around 1791, is at right angles to it. The so-called sister house (with an eaves cornice) adjoins the parsonage wing and dates from around 1791. The economic buildings of the former Teutonic Order Commander (Deutschhaus 3) are a ground floor mansard roof building . The east wing is a late Baroque two-storey building around 1691, which was built using the previous building before the fire of 1666.
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In the later years, parts of the Kommende building were used as a school, others were used by the poor school sisters for residential purposes. After their departure from Gangkofen in September 2001, the buildings were handed over to the Gangkofen Parish Church Foundation with the consent of the order leadership in Munich. Today, the Gangkofen outpatient care ward is housed in the former premises of the poor school sisters. In addition to the parish hall and the parish administration rooms, there is also a chaplain’s apartment.
literature
- Heinz Blank: The courtyards and houses directly subordinate to the Gangkofen coming from the Teutonic Order. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (Ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 (pp. 145–174). Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
- Bernhard Demel: the Teutonic Order coming Gangkofen 1278 / 79-1805 / 06. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 (pp. 20–76). Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
- Helmut Hartmann: List of the Commander of the Teutonic Order in Gangkofen. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (Ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 (pp. 77–98). Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
- Paul Mai: History of the parish Gangkofen. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (Ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 (pp. 99–143). Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
- Celebration committee 700 years of founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (Ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 . Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
- Walter Pera: The Teutonic Order Coming Gangkofen and Zimmer. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the German Order Commander Gangkofen (Ed.): Gangkofen and the German Order Commander 1279-1979 (pp. 175–179). Self-published, Gangkofen 1979.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Paul Mai (Ed.): 800 Years of the German Order Commander St. Aegid in Regensburg 1210 - 2010 . Exhibition in the Episcopal Central Library in Regensburg, St. Petersweg 11-13, June 19 to September 26, 2010. Regensburg, Schnell & Steiner, 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-2421-3
- ^ List of the Commander of the Teutonic Order in Gangkofen. In: Festival Committee 700 Years of Founding of the Deutschordenskommende Gangkofen , 1979, pp. 78–98.
- ↑ Walter Pera, 1979, p. 176ff.
- ↑ Gangkofen market - St. Martin's community home chapel
Web links
Coordinates: 48 ° 26 ′ 28.1 ″ N , 12 ° 34 ′ 18.9 ″ E