Edraianthus serpyllifolius
| Quendel-leaved tufted bell | ||||||||||||
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Quendel-leaved tufted bell ( Edraianthus serpyllifolius ) from the wild location, Opuvani do, Bijela gora at 1600 meters |
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| Edraianthus serpyllifolius | ||||||||||||
| A.DC. |
Edraianthus serpyllifolius, sometimes called Quendelblättrige cluster bell , is a species of the genus Edraianthus within the family of the bellflower family(Campanulaceae). The whistle-leaved tufted bell thrives in the high mountains of the Southeast Dinarides . As the most cold-tolerant species of the Edraianthus genus, it only inhabits the higher peaks or snow-rich hollows of the Dinaric Mountains in its range .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Quendelblättrige cluster bell grows as a cushion-forming, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 2 to 5, rarely up to 8 centimeters. It grows either prostrate or upright. The above-ground parts of the plant are bare or, less often, hairy.
The leaves are spatulate, somewhat sticky, shiny and mostly bald or, more rarely, somewhat hairy on both sides, 10 to 30, rarely up to 45 millimeters long and 1.5 to 3, rarely up to 4 millimeters wide. The leaf margin is straight or slightly toothed and somewhat hairy.
Generative characteristics
The few bracts are narrow, elongated, broadened at the base and with a blunt tip. They are green and tinged with purple at the base. The lower leaves are stalked, the upper +/- sessile.
The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is 5 to 10 millimeters long, purple or yellowish and glabrous. The calyx teeth are ciliate at the top. The corolla is bell-shaped, dark purple, rarely white, glabrous or slightly hairy on the nerves and 15 to 20, rarely up to 30 millimeters long.
The capsule fruit opens at the top with an irregularly shaped lid that falls off. The light brown, smooth seeds are flattened and ovoid or broadly elliptical with a length of 1.2 to 1.4 millimeters and a width of about 1 millimeter.
Similar species
Due to the individual flowers that are not arranged in clusters, the conspicuous ciliate calyx teeth and the spatula-shaped leaves, the species Edraianthus serpyllifoliius is slightly different from the Edraianthus graminifolius agg, which often occurs in the same habitat . ( Edraianthus graminifolius , Edraianthus tenuifolius , Edraianthus dalmaticus , Edraianthus serbicus ) with flowers densely packed into a cluster and the linear foliage leaves. From species with single flowers from the species group Edraianthus pumilio agg. ( Edraianthus pumilio , Edraianthus wettsteinii , Edraianthus dinaricus ) Edraianthus serpyllifoliius differs in its bare flowers and foliage leaves as well as the spatulate leaves and ciliate calyx teeth only present in this one.
Three types are in direct relationship to circle Edraianthus serpyllifolius to provide: Edraianthus pilosulus (Beck) Surina & D.Lakušić (Syn .: Edraianthus serpyllifolius . F pilosulus Beck ), Edraianthus sutjeskae Lakušić ex Surina & D.Lakušić from the vicinity of Sutjeska -Canyons in the Maglić-Volujak-Zelengora mountain region and Edraianthus pulevicii Surina & D.Lakušić endemic to the Durmitor mountains. While Edraianthus pilosulus was described by Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau as a subspecies from the Komovi Mountains with hairy leaves on the leaves , the other two species were raised to the rank of separate species relatively late. The species are distinguished from each other in particular by the hair on the upper side of the leaves and the shape of the cilia on the edge of the leaf. The unusual concentration of endemics in narrowly defined high mountain regions of the Edraianthus serpyllifolius complex in the next neighboring high mountains is explained by the high mountain island isolation and cryptospeciation . Despite the morphological similarity of the group, their genetic distinction is characterized by genetic diversity. Vertical mobility played an important role in the specialized high mountain range during the Ice Ages . Phylogeographically , the small population of Edrainthus serpyllifolius evolved into new species through genetic drift during the Ice Ages. The phylogeographic separation within the Serpyllifolius complex took place as early as the late Pliocene and has been preserved over numerous ice age cycles. As a conclusion, it can be deduced from this that the Ice Age refuges only differed vertically from today's locations.
Occurrence
The whitefly tufted bell is common in Croatia (only on the highest peak in the Biokovo Mountains ), Herzegovina , Montenegro and northern Albania in the high elevations of the Karst Mountains .
The whitefly tufted bell is a distinctly calcareous species that is found around snow valleys and semi-active debris heaps as well as in fine earth-rich locations of frost debris vegetation up to the peaks of the Hochdinarides. It is part of the plant-sociological order Arabidetalia flavescentis and the associations Seslerion juncifoliae and Oxytropidion dinaricae . It is also found on rocky sites of the order Amphoricarpetalia. The soils are predominantly lime syrups as well as organogenic and organomineral rendzines , which are predominantly basic, neutral or slightly acidic and have a high humus content.
ecology
In general, the Quendelblättrige tuft bell is a chasmophyte and limestone rock species, for which an adaptation as xerophyte is characteristic in Oro-Mediterranean climates . With other chasmophytes such as the small ray seeds ( Heliosperma pusillum ) or the Dinaric Columbine , the whorleaf tufted bell is only bound to north-facing exposures and thus microclimatically more humid locations. With the exception of the woody, deep rhizome and the squat, cushion-shaped growth form, it has not developed any noticeable adaptations of the vegetative organs to xerophytic living conditions. The anatomical characteristics of the leaves of the tufted bell in comparison to the tufted bell species Edraianthus graminifolius, which occurs in the same habitat, are characterized by continuously occurring intercellulars in the mesophyll (these are practically absent in Edraianthus graminifolius ) and in the leaf cross-section half as thick and the mesophyll thickness (328 484 µm to 217–233 µm - thickness of leaves and 310–420 µm to 135–167 µm - thickness of mesophyll). The cells of the upper epidermis of the whitefly tufted bell are comparatively very large. While in Edraianthus graminifolius the underside of the leaves also has a dense palisade parenchyma , the leaves of the whitefly tufted bell are only built up by a sponge parenchyma on the underside . Nevertheless, the tufted bell-shaped bell also has a cuticle formed on the upper side of the leaf , which, for example, does not occur in the Dinaric Columbine that occurs in the same location. In a morphological-anatomical study of fourteen crevice plants (chasmophytes) of the subalpine altitude level in the sub-Adriatic Orjen, based on these characteristics, Branka Stevanović and Vladimir Stevanović classified the quendel-leaved tuft bell into the chasmophyte group with more mesomorphic features as well as the north-facing features Occurrence around microclimatically more humid locations (including snow valleys) are to be understood.
About the pedological and climatological demands of the species Edraianthus serpyllifolius in the Elyno-Edraianthetum serpyllifolium Lkšić association. Radomir Lakušić has investigated the 2225 meter high ridge in the Volujak Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina). August Air temperature minima of -1 ° C and maxima of 26 ° C above the surface of the ground as well as soil temperatures of the limestone brown loam or 'Buavica' (Chromic luvic Cambisols) developed on limestone at a depth of 5 centimeters from 2.2 ° C to 20 ° C and in 10 Centimeter depth between 4.2 ° C and 11.8 ° C observed. During the investigations, the Buavicen were also characterized by high relative humidity and showed 80–100% water content.
Plant sociology
Edraianthus serpyllifolius is the eponymous and character type of the two associations Edraiantho-Dryadetum Lkšić. and Elyno-Edraianthetum serpyllifolii Lkšić. within the plant-sociological association of the Dinaric limestone grasslands Oxytropidion dinaricae . The former association was with the north-facing slopes of the Komovi at altitudes from 1900 to 2400 meters in association with white silver arum ( Dryas octopetala ) and the stump-leaved willow ( Salix retusa ) as well as Gentianella crispata , the latter with the naked song ( Kobresia myosuroides = Elyna myosuroides ) and the Dinaric Pointed keel described from north-facing slopes above 2100 meters from the Durmitor.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1829 under the name ( Basionym ) Campanula serpyllifolia by Robert Visiani in Flora; or, (general) botanical newspaper. Regensburg, Jena , 12 (1, supplementary sheet.), Page 6. The type material comes from plant specimens from the Biokovo Mountains. The new combination to Edraianthus serpyllifolius A.DC. was published in 1839 by Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis , 7, page 449 1839. The specific epithet serpyllifolia (to Latin serpyllifolius) refers to the similarity to the leaves of Thymus serpyllum ( sand thyme ) and has nothing to do with its creeping habit (Latin serpentes for snake).
According to Saša Stefanović 2008, there is no longer any subtaxa in the species Edraianthus serpyllifolius .
use
The quendel-leaved tufted bell is due to its compact growth and the particularly striking flowers that are mostly used as an ornamental plant of its genus. It is particularly suitable for the rock garden.
literature
- Radomir Lakušić : Prirodni sistem populacija i vrsta roda Edraianthus DC. Godišnjak Biološkog Univerizteta u Sarajevu, Posebna izdanja, Volume 26, Sarajevo, 1973, pp. 99-110.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Ćedomil Šilić: Endemične biljke. Priroda Jugoslavije, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1984, ISBN 86-01-02557-9 . here p. 141.
- ↑ Boštjan Surina, Tamara Rakić, Saša Stafanović, Vladimir Stavanović, Dmitar Laušić: One New Species of the Genus Edraianthus, and a Changi in Taxomonic Status for Edraianthus serpyllifolius f. pilosulus (Campanulaceae) from the Balkan Peninsula. Systematic Botany , Volume 34, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 602-608.
- ↑ a b Saša Stefanović, Dmitar Lakušić, Maria Kuzmina, Safer Međedović, Kit Tan, Vladimir Stavanović: Molecular phylogeny of Edraianthus (Grassy Bells: Campanulaceae) based on non-coding placid DNA sequences. In: Taxon , Volume 57, 2008, pp. 452-475.
- ↑ Boštjan Surina, Peter Schönswetter, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Quaternary range dynamics of ecologically contrasting species within the balkan refugium (Edraianthus serpyllifolius and E. tenuifolius, Campanulaceae). 5th Balkan Botanical Congress, Book of Abstracts, Belgrade, 2009, p. 38.
- ↑ Boštjan Surina, Peter Schönswetter, Gerald M. Schneeweiss: Quaternary range dynamics of ecologically contrasting species (Edraianthus serpyllifolius and E. tenuifolius, Campanulaceae) within the Balkan refugium. In: Journal of Biogeography , Volume 38, Issue 7, 2011, pp. 1381-1393.
- ↑ Branka Stevanović, Vladimir Stevanović: Morfo-anatomske karakteristike nekih značajnih hazmofita subalpijske vegetacije stena na planini Orjen u Crnoj gori . Glasnik Instituta za Botaniku i Botaničke bašte Univerziteta u Beogradu (Bulletin de l'Institut et du jardin botaniyues de l'Universite de Beograd), 26, Belgrade 1984, pp. 59-76. (PDF)
- ↑ Branka Stevanović, Vladimir Stevanović 1984: Here pp. 66–76.
- ↑ Radomir Lakušić: The Vegetation of the Southeastern Dinarides. Vegetatio, XXI, 4-6, p. 321-373, The Haag 1970. JSTOR 20035560 here p. 334.
- ↑ Radomir Lakušić: The Vegetation of the Southeastern Dinarides. Vegetatio, XXI, 4-6, pp. 321-373, The Hague 1970. JSTOR 20035560 here 351-352.
- ↑ a b Edraianthus serpyllifolius at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 18, 2020.
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Edraianthus serpyllifolius. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 18, 2020.
