Ironwood
Many tree species , especially those of the tropics, are known under the name ironwood , whose wood is valued for its particular hardness and which has a high density . Ironwood goes under in the water and is therefore a special feature. The density of water is around 1 g / cm 3 , so ironwood is denser than water.
The processing of the very heavy and hard wood usually requires carbide-tipped tools or the usual tool steels are subject to extreme wear.
The particular hardness of a wood does not necessarily always mean that it is also heavier than 1 g / cm 3 , it is then not ironwood. Examples are moabi, African pear wood ( Baillonella toxisperma ) and Brazilian olive wood ( Ocotea porosa ) and the like. a., whose density, however, is only slightly below that of ironwood.
Often in Germany this means bongossi wood ( Lophira alata ). It is occasionally used as lumber for special applications.
The hardness or density of a wood is not directly related to its durability when attacked by fungi and pests.
Types of wood of various types known as ironwood
- Acacia and Vachellia spp .; various acacia woods, waddywood ( Acacia peuce ), ( Acacia pendula ), ( Acacia acuminata ), ( Acacia nigrescens ), ( Acacia cambagei ), ( Acacia polyacantha ), Mulga ( Acacia aneura ), ( Vachellia erioloba Syn .: Acacia erioloba), Yarran ( Acacia homalophylla ), ( Acacia harpophylla ) u. a.
- Amyris elemifera
- Archidendropsis basaltica
- Astronium concinnum
- Backhousia spp .; ( Backhousia hughesii ), ( Backhousia myrtifolia )
- Bakau ( Rhizophora apiculata ), ( Bruguiera gymnorhiza )
- Baphia kirkii
- Bauhinia carronii , Bauhinia hookeri
- Mountain Mahogany ( Cercocarpus spp.)
- Bloodwood, satine ( Brosimum rubescens )
- Boonaree ( Alectryon oleifolius )
- Borneo Eisenholz, Billian ( Eusideroxylon zwageri ) from the laurel family ; the generic name means "real ironwood".
- Bocoa spp .; ( Bocoa prouacensis )
- Bongossi, azobé, African oak ( Lophira alata )
- Brazilian ironwood, Pau Ferro ( Libidbia spp.), Formerly Caesalpinia ; ( Libidibia ferrea ) and guayacan, brown ebony ( Libidibia paraguariensis ), also ( Libidibia sclerocarpa ), Ebano ( Libidibia punctata ) and the like. a.
- Bulensia spp .; Veraholz, Argentine or Paraguay Lignum Vitae ( Bulnesia arborea ) also as Maracaibo Lignum Vitae, ( Bulnesia sarmientoi )
- Buloke ( Allocasuarina luehmannii )
- Burma ironwood ( Xylia xylocarpa )
- Buxus macowanii
- Cadellia pentastylis
- Cantleya corniculata
- Cebil, Curupay, Kurupayra, Angico ( Anadenanthera colubrina )
- Cemara, Belah Allocasuarina spp. previously Casuarina spp .; ( Casuarina junghuhniana ), ( Gymnostoma sumatranum syn .: Casuarina sumatrana ), ( Casuarina cristata ), ( Allocasuarina torulosa ), ( Allocasuarina inophloia )
- Ceriops tagal
- Cocobolo ( Dalbergia retusa , Dalbergia granadillo )
- Chonta negra ( Iriartea deltoidea ), a palm tree
- Clavellin ( Brownea herthae )
- Coccoloba pubescens
- Coconut wood, Jamaica ebony, granadillo (a) ( Brya ebenus etc.)
- Cumaru, Brazilian teak ( Dipteryx odorata )
- Dimorphandra parviflora
- Dinizia excelsa
- Diphysa occidentalis
- Ebony ( Diospyros spp.), A few species; ( Diospyros rumphii ), ( Diospyros crassiflora ), ( Diospyros vera ), ( Diospyros lolin ), ( Diospyros celebica ), ( Diospyros dendo ), ( Diospyros melanoxylon )
- Eremophila mitchellii
- Erythrophleum chlorostachys
- Erythroxylum pulchrum
- Esenbeckia berlandieri , Esenbeckia nesiotica
- Exellodendron cordatum
- Various eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus websteriana ), ( Eucalyptus whitei ), ( Eucalyptus orgadophylla ), ( Eucalyptus Melliodora ), ( Eucalyptus yilgarnensis ), ( Eucalyptus albens ), ( Eucalyptus brassiana ), ( Eucalyptus siderophloia ) coolibah ( Eucalyptus coolabah , Eucalyptus microtheca ) and some others ( Eucalyptus salubris , Eucalyptus salmonophloia ) etc.
- Giam Cotylelobium spp.
- Goniorrhachis marginata
- Grenadilla, African ironwood, African blackwood, Mpingo ( Dalbergia melanoxylon )
- Green heartwood ( Chlorocardium rodiei )
- Guaiac ( Guaiacum spp.), Pockwood, Lignum Vitae
- Gymnanthes lucida
- Hopea parviflora and some others ( Hopea gregaria )
- Humbertia madagascariensis
- Ipe, or Brazilian walnut, Lapacho , ( Handroanthus spp.) Formerly Tabebuia spp .; ( Handroanthus heptaphyllus , Handroanthus impetiginosus ), also Pau d'Arco ( Handroanthus serratifolius ), and ( Handroanthus guayacan ) u. a.
- Irvingia malayana
- Itin, Caranda ( Prosopis kuntzei )
- Jacaranda do Campo ( Machaerium acutifolium )
- Royal wood, violet wood ( Dalbergia cearensis )
- Kauila ( Alphitonia ponderosa )
- Creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata )
- Laos rosewood, Burma rosewood, Burma blackwood ( Dalbergia cultrata )
- Leopard wood, yarran ( Flindersia maculosa )
- ( Lysiphyllum carronii ), ( Lysiphyllum hookerii )
- Maldives ironwood ( Pemphis acidula )
- Manilkara spp .; ( Manilkara mochisia ), ( Manilkara hexandra ), ( Manilkara chicle ), ( Manilkara kauki ), Massaranduba, Surinam ironwood, bulletwood ( Manilkara bidentata , Manilkara longifolia and others), Sapodilla ( Manilkara zapota ) and others. a.
- Marmaroxylon racemosum
- Melanoxylon brown
- Memecylon eduliforme , from the small Memecylaceae family
- Species from the genus of ironwood ( Metrosideros , myrtle family ), the New Zealand South Island ironwood ( Metrosideros umbellata ), and ( Metrosideros robusta ). ( Xanthostemon verus syn .: Metrosideros vera ) now belongs to a different genus, see under Xanthostemon .
- Minquartia guianensis
- Mimosa tenuiflora
- Mopane, Mopani ( Colophospermum mopane )
- Mora, Nato ( Mora excelsa ), ( Mora gonggrijpii ), ( Mora oleifera )
- Mugga ( Eucalyptus sideroxylon )
- Muirapixuna ( Chamaecrista scleroxylon )
- ( Myroxylon balsamum ), ( Myroxylon peruiferum )
- Neoraputia magnifica
- Normanbya normanbyi
- Pau Brasil, Brasilholz, Pernambuco ( Paubrasilia echinata Syn .: Caesalpinia echinata )
- Pau Rosa ( Bobgunnia fistuloides , Bobgunnia madagascariensis )
- Pau Santo, Brazilian black heart ( Zollernia spp.); ( Zollernia ilicifolia ), ( Zollernia paraensis )
- Persian ironwood tree, parrotia ( Parrotia persica )
- Petalostigma quadriloculare
- Phylloxylon xylophylloides
- Pouteria eugeniifolia
- Quebracho wood from different Schinopsis species ( Schinopsis brasiliensis , Schinopsis balansae , Schinopsis lorentzii ) and ( Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco )
- ( Quercus skinneri ), ( Quercus lineata )
- Recchia mexicana
- Snakewood ( Acacia xiphophylla ), ( Brosimum guianense ) also letter wood, muscat wood
- Schleichera oleosa
- Black ironwood or (black) leadwood ( Krugiodendron ferreum ) (Vahl) Urb. , Buckthorn family (America); the epithet of the Artname means "iron".
- Black ironwood ( Olea capensis ), ( Olea woodiana ), olive wood ( Olea europaea )
- Soymida febrifuga
- Sri Lanka, Ceylon, ironwood ( Mesua ferrea )
- Swartzia spp .; (Wamara, Katalox, Yzerhart, Guyana or Bastard Rosewood): A species-rich genus from the Neotropics , belonging to the subfamily of the butterflies . ( Swartzia bannia ), ( Swartzia panacoco ), ( Swartzia cubensis ), ( Swartzia benthamiana ), ( Swartzia leiocalycina ), ( Swartzia ingifolia ), ( Swartzia grandifolia ) u. a.
- Sweetia fruticosa
- Tamarindus indica
- Tempisque ( Sideroxylon CAPIRI subsp. Tempisque )
- Tristania
- Tristaniopsis spp.
- Vatica obscura
- Wawra, lead wood ( Combretum imberbe ), Mgurure ( Combretum schumannii )
- Desert ironwood ( Olneya tesota ), also a butterfly family
- Xanthostemon spp .; Lera, Lara ( Xanthostemon verus ), ( Xanthostemon petiolatus ), Philippine ironwood, Mangkono ( Xanthostemon verdugonianus ), ( Xanthostemon whitei )
- Zygia selloi
The term ironwood, or English Ironwood is also used in various plant genus and species, even when their wood is not necessarily heavier than water.
The Argan tree ( Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels , family sapotaceae ); the synonym Sideroxylon spinosum L. means "thorny ironwood", although its wood is not that heavy.
Hopea odorata from the wing fruit family, symbol of the Thai province Pattani , furthermore the horsetail cassuarine ( Casuarina equisetifolia ) etc.
See also
literature
- Syarif Hidayat, William T. Simpson: Use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity to group tropical woods for kiln drying. Research note FPL 263, USDA Forest Service, 1994, online at babel.hathitrust.org, accessed November 18, 2018.
- Voichita Bucur: Handbook of Materials for String Musical Instruments. Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-32078-6 , pp. 612-616.
- Jean-Marc Roda: Lexique des noms indigènes de bois et d'arbres, Inde du Sud, Tamil Nadu. In: Les filières du bois en Inde du Sud: le cas de Tiruchengodu, Tamil Nadu. Chapter: Annexe 2 (a), ENGREF, 1994, pp. 109-111.
- Gisel Reyes, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman, Ariel E. Lugo: Wood Densities of Tropical Tree Species. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report S0-88, 1992.
- Johan Kamminga: Australian Aboriginal Timber Quick Search. Third Edition, Document 0729 of the Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive (ASEDA), AIATSIS (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies), Canberra, 2002, online at Scribd, accessed November 18, 2018.
- Minh Nguyen, Robert Leicester, Laurie Cookson: Timber Durability: Technical Report, Timber Durability Classification. CSIRO Research Publications Repository, 2005, online (PDF), at CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research, accessed November 18, 2018.
- Patrick D. Miles, W. Brad Smith: Specific Gravity and other Properties of Wood and Bark for 156 Tree Species found in North America. Research Note NRS-38, USDA Forest Service, 2009.
- Katarina Cufar, N. Torelli: Mexican tropical hardwoods. Comparative study of ash and silica content. In: Wood as a raw material. 53 (1), 1995, pp. 61-62, doi: 10.1007 / BF02716389 , online at academia.edu, accessed on November 22, 2018.
- TJ Venn, K. Whittaker: Potential specialty timber markets for hardwoods of Western Queensland, Australia. In: Small-scale Forestry. 2 (3), 2003, 377–395, doi: 10.1007 / s11842-003-0026-2 , online (PDF), from University of Queensland's institutional repository, accessed November 22, 2018.
Web links
- Hardwoods at Palomar College, accessed November 17, 2018.
- Top Ten Heaviest Woods and other woods in the database on wood-database.com, accessed on November 17, 2018.
- Woods that sink on blog.mischel.com, accessed November 18, 2018.
- Build with timbers summary at QTimber, Queensland Gov., accessed November 18, 2018 (scroll left to right at the bottom of the page).
- JW Morlan's Unique Wood Gifts Wood / Lumber / Timber Species Janka Hardness Scale / Chart ( Memento from April 26, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon. Volume 5, Leipzig 1906, p. 558 .: Eisenholz at Zeno.org .
- ↑ Wood Technical Fact Sheet: Casuarina spp. at Forest Products Laboratory - USDA Forest Service, accessed November 19, 2018.