Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León

Zedillo during the WEF 2008

Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (born December 27, 1951 in Mexico City ; ∞ Nilda Patricia Velasco Núñez ) is a Mexican economist and politician . From 1994 to 2000 he was President of Mexico .

Life

When he was a child he moved to Mexicali , BC with his family . He completed his education and studies in Mexican public schools, where he was head boy and journalist . At the age of 14 he returned to Mexico City and studied there at the business school of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional . In order to be able to pay for this and later studies at universities, he worked on the side for the Bank of America Military Bank and in the Department of Economics. After receiving his bachelor's degree in economics, he began teaching. He later married Nilda Patricia Velasco Núñez, one of his students. Then he went abroad to study in Bradford . He received his Masters and PhD in Philosophy in Economics from Yale University . He took his exams in international and development economics. He worked closely with Professors Carlos Díaz-Alejandro , Gustav Ranis , Richard Brecher and Albert Fishlow and was Richard N. Cooper's last teaching assistant at Yale University.

Zedillo was hired as an economist at the Banco de México (Mexican Central Bank) in 1978 . His career there went to the assistant manager for economic research and then to the general manager of a trust fund, which was invested to purchase the external debts of private companies that arose in 1980. Soon after, he became Deputy Bank Director. During this time he published several articles in various books and magazines. He also taught macro and international economics at the Colegio de México and Instituto Polytécnico Nacional. Zedillo also took part in expert panels to discuss works on international economics.

From the end of 1987 Zedillo served as undersecretary for the budget of the Mexican federal government . In this position he worked with other Mexican economists such as E.g. with Jaime José Serra Puche , on the design and implementation of an economic regulation program to stabilize the Mexican economy for the first time in a few years. A year later, Zedillo took over the post of State Secretary for Economic Planning and Budget until 1992 . He successfully contributed to the implementation of the economic reforms of the Mexican federal government in the early 1990s. At the beginning of 1992 he became State Secretary for Education under Federal President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , whereupon he immediately completely reformed the national school system within nine months. This entailed revisions of the curricula and teaching materials, the establishment of a special compensation program for the education of poorer students ( called Progresa ) and, in particular, the decentralization of the entire education system to the state governments .

After the presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta (1948-1994), Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), was murdered, Zedillo was chosen as his successor. He had been a member of this party since 1971 and was elected President of Mexico on August 21, 1994, with 50.18% of the vote. More than 78% of voters took part in the elections, which national and international observers considered illegal and even fake. The election was recognized as valid anyway, and Zedillo immediately called for profound political reforms to democratize Mexico , and successfully. Very soon after accepting the mandate , Zedillo was faced with a major financial crisis and economic recession that resulted from the devaluation of the Mexican peso , rising inflation, and rising interest rates . He continued the free market economy that his predecessor, President Salinas de Gortari, introduced. During his five-year term of office, the result was the highest growth in gross domestic product in Mexican history, from 1996 to 2000. However, he did not continue the reforms of social law as far as the economy was concerned. Social programs steadily increased the state budget each year until it hit its all-time high in 2000. As president, he was considered hardworking and sincere (despite corruption , which was announced in 1996). Zedillo promoted reforms to divide state power into Congress , the judiciary, and states , but, as is tradition, under the absolute control of the Federal President. He also worked out a closer cooperation with the USA . The 1996 treaty to slightly lower the political rule of the PRI led to new elections in 1997, which took the PRI first control of the lower house of Congress and then the presidency on November 30, 2000. Zedillo was unable to significantly reduce crime and his government has been overshadowed by several scandals.

After his presidency remained Zedillo advisor to globalization , especially in diplomatic relations between industrialized and developing countries , and took over several offices. In 2001 he was chairman of the staff committee for the development budget under UN Secretary-General Dr. Kofi Atta Annan . The former US Treasury Secretary Robert Edward Rubin and the former President of the European Commission in Brussels , Jacques Delors, were also on this body . Zedillo now resides in New Haven, CT. He is in charge of coordinating the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Multilateral Trade and Financing and is Deputy Chairman of the International Task Force on Global Supplies and the UN Commission on Public and Development. He also became a member of the Trilateral Commission , Councilor for Foreign Policy and the Institute for International Economics and Director of the Institute for International Development. In July 2001, also because of his opportunism towards global trade, he was appointed councilor of the World Trade Organization (WTO) expert panel in Geneva . He is also a council member of DaimlerChrysler International. Zedillo was a research advisor at the Center for Global Governance at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is on the boards of Procter & Gamble , Union Pacific Railroad and Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh , PA , and is a regular column writer for Forbes Magazine . In 2001 Zedillo lectured at Yale University , the London School of Economics and Political Science, the University of Miami , Kansas State University , the Central European University in Budapest, and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University . Since July 2002, Zedillo has been Director of the Center for the Study of Globalization and Professor of International Economics and Political Science at Yale University. He is a founding member of the World Economic Forum in Geneva and the World Commission on Drug Policy .

As the former President of Mexico, he has received awards from 32 state governments, including the UK , Germany , France , Spain , Japan , Brazil and Argentina . He has also received awards from several professional organizations and municipal offices, including the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Freedom from Fear Award, the Golden Badge of the Council of the Americas , the Tribuna Americana Award from the Casa de América in Madrid and the Berkeley Medal, bestowed as the highest distinction from the University of California at Berkeley. In May 2001, he was awarded the Wilbur Cross Medal by Yale University and received an honorary doctorate in law . He received awards for democracy and peace from the Institute of Americas at the University of California at San Diego . During the 2004 World Economic Forum, ex-US President Bill Clinton described Zedillo's political reforms as one of the great acts of statemanship in the history of modern democracy ( one of the most important acts of government in the history of modern democracy ). The journalist for foreign policy of the New York Times , Thomas Friedman , called Zedillo one of the most impressive people I've ever met on the world stage ( one of the most impressive people in the world whom I have ever met ). He has been a member of the American Philosophical Society since 2011 .

Crimes against humanity charges

Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León was charged with crimes against humanity by the Human Rights Center Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas (CDHFBC) in San Cristóbal de las Casas , Chiapas , at the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights (Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, CIDH) in 2005 displayed. He and the generals Enrique Cervantes Aguirre , ex- defense minister and founder of the insurgency in Chiapas, and Mario Renán Castillo Fernandez , commander of the 7th Military Region and executive of plan Chiapas in 1994, are accused of crimes such as rape , abductions, expulsions and executions of to be responsible for a total of around 12,000 people in Chiapas through paramilitary groups. Culmination of the violence against the civilian population of Chiapas was 22 December 1997 of the praying civilians Catholic - pacifist organization Las Abejas were attacked by paramilitaries, while 200 meters away, police forces not intervened. In the Acteal massacre 45 people were killed, mostly women and children. The accused are said to have given financial and logistical support to the establishment of these paramilitary groups in three regions of the southern Mexican state .

The lawsuit filed by the human rights center Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas against Zedillo for crimes against humanity at the Inter-American Court of Justice was still pending in 2014 (as of August 2014). The Inter-American Court of Justice had not yet decided whether to accept the lawsuit.

Another lawsuit for $ 50 million in damages related to the Acteal massacre was filed in a US court in 2012. According to court documents, the ten anonymous plaintiffs were residents of Acteal, which was doubted by the mayor , among others . The lawsuit was dismissed in 2013 because of Zedillo's immunity as a former head of state.

Works

• Trade for development. Earthscan, London, Sterling 2005. ISBN 1-84407-229-0
• Chiapas. Mexico City 1998. ISBN 968-820-711-X
• Belice, un aliado estrategico. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-876-0
• Conclusion del rezago agrario una nueva etapa en la Reforma Agraria. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-688-1
• La austeridad y la disciplina deben practicarse en todo momento, no sólo en situaciones de emergencia. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-694-6
• La defensa de los derechos humanos seguirá teniendo un papel de primerísima importancia. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-692-X
• México está cambiando para contar con una vigorosa economía de mercado con claro sendido de responsabilidad social. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-698-9
• México, para los inversionistas alemanes como para los de muchos países del mundo, es tierra de oportunidades. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-697-0
• México seguirá trabajando al lado de la unesco para que siga procurando sus nobles y altos fines. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-695-4
• Primer informe de labores de la Comisión Nacional de Arbitraje Médico. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-690-3
• Trabajemos por una política de estado para un crecimiento económico que se traduzca en el bienestar de todos los Mexicanos. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-691-1
• Un nuevo pacto social en Chiapas requiere la voluntad de todos para lograr la reconciliación definitiva. Mexico City 1997.
• XXXIX Semana Nacional de la Radio y de la Televisión. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-675-X
• LX aniversario de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad. Mexico City 1997. ISBN 968-820-689-X
• Convenio Unico de Desarrollo. Mexico City 1995.
• Día del Trabajo. Mexico City 1995. ISBN 968-820-854-X
• Hacia un federalismo renovado. Mexico City 1995. ISBN 968-820-860-4
• Mensaje al H. Congreso de la Unión del c. Presidente de la República, Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, con motivo de la presentación de su primer informe de gobierno. Mexico City 1995. ISBN 968-820-894-9
• Primer informe de gobierno. Mexico City 1995.
• Cambio sin rupturas, economía en expansion, pacto nacional contra la pobreza. Mexico City 1994.
• Electoral reform. Mexico City 1994.
• Propuestas y compromisos. Noriega, Mexico City 1994. ISBN 968-18-5099-8
• Algunos aspectos del endeudamiento public external de México. 1979.
• Desequilibrio externo y extracción óptima de petróleo. 1979.

literature

• Rafael Barajas: El Sexenio me da pena. Grijalbo, Mexico City 2000, ISBN 970-05-1206-1
• Manú Dornbierer: La neta. Grijalbo, Mexico City 1995, ISBN 970-05-0629-0
• Pablo Espinosa Vera: ¿Nueva imagen presidencial, o "guerrilla semiótica"? Mexico City 1996
• Alejandro Favela: El combate a la pobreza en el sexenio de Zedillo. Plaza y Valdés, Mexico City 2003, ISBN 970-31-0208-5 , ISBN 970-722-217-4
• Rita Gánem, Juan Arvizu Arrioja: Desde los pinos. Mexico City 2000, ISBN 970-92732-0-5
• Roberto González Villarreal: Ingobernabilidad. Plaza y Valdés, Mexico City 1996, ISBN 968-856-474-5
• Kaufman Purcell, Susan & Luis Rubio Freidberg: México en el umbral del nuevo siglo. Porrúa, Mexico City 1999, ISBN 968-842-860-4
• Kaufman Purcell, Susan & Luis Rubio Freidberg: Mexico under Zedillo. Rienner, Boulder 1998, ISBN 1-55587-315-4
• Alfredo Ling Altamirano: Zedillo, mil días tetrando de gobernar. Grijalbo, Mexico City 1997, ISBN 970-05-0852-8
• Rafael Loret de Mola: El gran simulador. Grijalbo, Mexico City 1998, ISBN 970-05-0865-X
• Núñez Estrada, Héctor & Octavio García Rocha: Cien dias de gobierno zedillista. PAC, Mexico City 1995, ISBN 968-7534-27-3
• Luis Pazos: Lo que le falta a Zedillo. Diana, Mexico City 1994, ISBN 968-13-2723-3
• Laura Delia Quintero, Gonzalo Martré: El desafío. Planeta Mexicana, Mexico City 1995, ISBN 968-406-576-0
• Laura Delia Quintero, Ignacio Rodríguez Zárate: Colosio - Zedillo. Planeta Mexicana, Mexico City 1994, ISBN 968-406-440-3
• Carlos Ramírez: El asesor incómodo. Océano, Mexico City 1997, ISBN 970-651-080-X , ISBN 970-91617-2-5
• Ramírez Garrido, Jaime & Aimée Campos: El gabinete del doctor Zedillo. Planeta Mexicana, Mexico City 1995, ISBN 968-406-507-8
• Ricardo Romero Aceves: Visión de México con Ernesto Zedillo. Mexico City 1994
• Samuel Schmidt: México encadenado. Colibrí, Mexico City 2001, ISBN 968-5062-30-7
• Mauricio-José Schwarz: Crónica del desconcierto. Planeta Mexicana, Mexico City 1995, ISBN 968-406-575-2
• Trueba Lara, José Luis: El primer año de Ernesto Zedillo. Planeta Mexicana, Mexico City 1995. ISBN 968-21-1088-2
• Enrique Valencia Lomelí: A dos años. Mexico City 1997, ISBN 968-6101-66-7
• Jenaro Villamil, Alejandro Ramos Esquivel: Sucesión pactada. Plaza y Valdés, Mexico City 1993, ISBN 968-856-329-3
• Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León: Discursos del Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Dr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León. Mexico City 2001 (autobiography)
• Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León: Ernesto Zedillo. Mexico City 1995 (autobiography)
• Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León: PRI. Mexico City 1994 (including autobiography)

Web links

Commons : Ernesto Zedillo  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Member History: Ernesto Zedillo. American Philosophical Society, accessed February 11, 2019 . 
2. ↑ Johannes Plotzki: Ex-President of Mexico and candidate as future World Bank head for "crimes against humanity" reported. IMI-Standpunkt 17. Tübingen 2005  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , seen Oct 7, 2009  
3. ^ The trials of Ernesto Zedillo . Mexico and justice. In: The Economist . 2012 ( economist.com [accessed August 2, 2014] in English, available online).
4. ↑ Dave Collins: Conn. lawsuit is dismissed against ex-President Zedillo of Mexico over Acteal massacre . In: Star Tribune . 2013 ( startribune.com [accessed August 2, 2014] in English, available online).