Driver assistance system

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Driver assistance systems ( FAS ; English Advanced Driver Assistance Systems , ADAS ) are additional electronic devices in motor vehicles to support the driver in certain driving situations. The focus here is often on safety aspects, but also on increasing driving comfort. Another aspect is the improvement in profitability.

The driving task is divided in the broadest sense into the 3 levels of planning, guidance and stabilization. For the management and stabilization levels, action periods of only (milli-) seconds are usually available, which can only be achieved with the help of vehicle dynamics systems, as these by far exceed the human ability to act.

Layout and function

Driver assistance systems intervene semi-autonomously or autonomously in the drive (e.g. accelerator, brake), control (e.g. park-steering assistant) or signaling devices of the vehicle or warn the driver shortly before or during critical situations using suitable human-machine interfaces Situations. Most driver assistance systems are currently designed in such a way that responsibility remains with the driver (that is, he can usually "override" autonomous interventions) and that the driver is not incapacitated. The main reasons for this are:

  • The legal situation according to which the driver is responsible for driving his vehicle at all times and must be able to control it at all times ( Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 1968, Art. 8, Paragraph 5): Every driver must constantly control his vehicle or drive his animals can.
  • The insufficient reliability of many systems. Particularly demanding tasks here are the recognition and classification of objects and the interpretation of the scenery around the vehicle. Currently available sensors and known signal processing approaches cannot yet offer reliable detection of the surroundings under all possible driving and weather conditions. Assistance systems therefore only offer limited support in certain, manageable situations (e.g. adaptive cruise control : work area often restricted to certain speed ranges, no consideration of stationary objects, etc.).
  • The lack of acceptance for "incapacitating" systems among buyers of such vehicles.

technology

The control intervention or the signaling functions of driver assistance systems require knowledge of the current driving situation. In the case of ESP (Electronic Stability Program) and ABS, this can be sensors that determine the wheel speed and / or the yaw rate (= rotational speed of the vehicle around the vertical axis), as well as the longitudinal and lateral acceleration. Advanced systems such as ACC or distance warning systems require additional information about the vehicle environment. Various types of environment sensors are used for this type of assistance system . Stand here

  • Ultrasound (parking aid)
  • Radar (lane change assistant, automatic distance warning)
  • Lidar (blind spot monitoring, automatic distance warning, distance control, pre-crash and pre-brake)
  • Camera (lane departure warning, traffic sign recognition, lane change assistant, blind spot monitoring, emergency braking system for pedestrian protection)

in the foreground. Combinations of several sensor systems ( sensor data fusion ) are sometimes necessary. Due to the high price of such sensor systems, there is usually a requirement for multifunctionality; that is, a sensor system has to cover various assistance functions. By combining it with exact data from navigation systems , a location-based warning can be issued e.g. B. be done at high speed in advance of a tight curve.

distribution

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In 2003, the average value for driver assistance systems were each sold car in Germany at about 900 euros (focus: anti-lock braking system (ABS) , ESP , brake assist , tire pressure monitoring system , adaptive cruise control (ACC) , Adaptive Highbeam Assist). According to studies, an average value of 3200 euros in 2010 and 4300 euros in 2015 is expected. This is also based on future systems such as object recognition / pedestrian protection, accident recognition, automatic emergency brake, infrared night vision and the like. Ä. from. The main driver for the growth of these systems is the demand from buyers, who, according to an ADAC survey, place vehicle safety in first place. Another influence is the demographic factor in Germany, according to which older drivers place more value on vehicle safety and - due to their relative increase in the next few years - stimulate demand accordingly. According to DVR , only a few car owners or dealers are aware of the available driver assistance systems.

The market volume of ADAS systems is estimated at approx. 67 billion USD with a growth rate of CAGR 10% for 2025 .

Take the example of a motorcycle: In 2003, around 4,000 motorcycle accidents with personal injury were caused by "overbraking and subsequent falls". About 90% of these could have been prevented by installing an ABS. The Federal Statistical Office has published a report on two-wheeler accidents with current data and facts for 2018.

After Europe was leading the way in the ESP, the USA decided in December 2007 to introduce it. Since 2009 55% of vehicles up to 4.5 t have to be equipped with ESP, from 2012 this will apply to 100% of vehicles. The UN is currently working on a regulation that will prescribe ESP technology as a worldwide standard. In 2004, 26% of new vehicles worldwide were equipped with ESP. In Germany this value was 64%. In 2014, 84 percent of all new vehicles in Germany were equipped with anti-skid protection, and 59 percent worldwide. Since November 1, 2014, all new cars and commercial vehicles up to 3.5 tons in the EU must be equipped with ESP.

Information about the available driver assistance systems in various vehicles can be called up in the database of the initiative "bester co-driver" of the DVR, German Road Safety Council .

According to EU Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of November 2019, all vehicles must be equipped with an intelligent speed assistant, a device for installing an alcohol-sensitive immobilizer, a warning system (if the driver is tired or the driver is less alert), reversing assistants and emergency brake lights. Passenger cars and light commercial vehicles with an additional emergency lane departure warning and an advanced emergency braking system (Automated Emergency Braking, shortly AEB). Lane departure warning and emergency braking assistance systems are already compulsory for buses and trucks, and a turning assistant is added here. This applies to new type approvals from July 2022, for all newly registered vehicles from July 2024.

potential

According to studies of the accident research of the insurers (UDV) on driver assistance systems, the serial equipping of cars, trucks and vans with ESP and motorcycles with ABS would significantly reduce the number of accidents. The UDV determined the following potential benefits:

  • ESP for cars: 25–35% (controllable accidents with serious personal injury)
  • ESP for trucks: 9% (controllable accidents with serious personal injury)
  • ESP for vans: 19% (controllable accidents with serious personal injury)
  • ABS for motorcycles: 10% (controllable accidents with personal injury)

With the standard installation of collision warning and emergency braking systems in cars, many serious rear-end collisions can also be avoided, says the accident research of the insurers. According to calculations, a reduction in serious car accidents by twelve percent would be possible with modern brake assistants. The technology alerts drivers to an impending collision or initiates emergency braking in the event of danger. According to accident researchers, braking too carefully and too late is responsible for many traffic accidents. According to the anti-skid ESP, which has been mandatory for all new vehicles across Europe since 2011, collision warning and emergency braking systems promise the highest potential for accident prevention. Experts are also in favor of using ADAS systems that are mandatory for trucks.

In a current study from 2019, scientists examined accident protection using three ADAS technologies ( blind spot assistant , lane departure warning system , collision warning and protection system) for the year 2015 in the USA and came to the conclusion that the three technologies were approx. 1.6 Million accidents, including 7200 fatal accidents.

future

Studies are already thinking about "automatic evasive maneuvers", whereby the safe and unambiguous recognition of the situation, the short-term takeover of the vehicle and the successful return to the driver is a difficult undertaking. In addition to the reliable detection of the surrounding situations, various strategies for suitable evasive maneuvers must also be developed and evaluated in the shortest possible time. Also, especially with autonomous interventions (see also self-driving motor vehicle ), the question of product liability should not be underestimated. When it comes to product liability, safety standards such as B. ISO 26262 , ISO / PAS 21448 or standards and guidelines recently published by OEMs or other organizations play an important role. With all assistance systems, the cooperation of engineers , psychologists , ergonomists and lawyers is necessary. Classic ADAS systems also come up against technical limits. The optimization (e.g. through machine learning and related technologies such as cloud computing , image pattern recognition, etc.), and fusion of the systems as well as expansion with environment and communication technologies (see e.g. V2X or WLAN 802.11p ) is currently the task of technical development and research.

standardization

The ADASIS forum (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Interface Specifications) was founded under the leadership of ERTICO to standardize the increasingly extensive driver assistance systems. The previous proprietary formats and interfaces of the individual manufacturers and suppliers are to be replaced by a common standard in the future. Until version 2.0, which was released in December 2013, the standard specifications were publicly available. From version 2.0 these are only available for companies with a fee-based membership in the ADASIS forum.

Standardization in autonomous vehicles is currently the subject of broad discussion and work. Some other initiatives are:

  • The OpenADx Working Group is a cooperation between the automotive industry that was initiated in June this year and is supposed to take care of things like better compatibility, interfaces and broader interoperability in the development of software that supports autonomous driving.
  • Automotive Grade Linux is an open source collaborative project bringing automakers, suppliers and technology companies together to accelerate the development and adoption of a fully open software stack for the connected car. With Linux as its core, AGL is building an open platform from the ground up that can serve as the de facto industry standard to enable the rapid development of new functions and technologies.
  • BSI Publicly Available Specifications (PAS): PAS 1880 and PAS 1881 with regard to the safety of automated vehicle development and testing. These should be published in early 2020.
  • Draft of the UL 4600 standard, which describes a safety approach to ensure autonomous product safety in general and self-driving cars in particular.
  • C2X communication according to the European ITS-G5 standard, especially 5G Automotive Association .
  • The RAND Corporation has created a concept (framework) for the measurement and development of safety for autonomous vehicles.
  • Safety First for Automated Driving (SaFAD) - 11 companies from the entire spectrum of automotive and automated drive technology have developed and published an industry-wide definition of safety for SAE J3016 Level 3/4 autonomous vehicles.

List of the various driver assistance systems

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
German name abbreviation English-language name abbreviation
Traffic light assistant (under development as part of Vehicle-2-X communication) Green Light Optimal Speed ​​Advisory GLOSA
Trailer stability program Trailer stability assist TSA
Anti-lock braking system SECTION Anti-lock braking system SECTION
Traction control
(also: traction control, automatic stability control (ASC)) 		ASR Traction Control System TCS
Attention assistant (driver status detection, drowsiness detection) DAW Driver Drowsiness Detection
(also: Driver Alert, Driver Monitoring System, Attention Assist, Anti Sleep Pilot)
Hill descent aid Hill Descent Control HDC
Hill start assist Hill Hold Control
also: Hill-start Assist Control (HAC) 		HHC
Acceleration Assistant Launch Control
also: Race Start (RS) 		LC
(Electronic) brake assist EBA, BAS Emergency Brake Assist, Active Brake Assist EBA, ABA
Car2Car Communication (under development) C2C Vehicle to Vehicle V2V
Vehicle-environment communication (in development) Vehicle to Infrastructure V2I
Electronic damper control Electronic Damping Control
(also: Interactive Vehicle Dynamic Control (IVDC), Continuous Damping Control (CDC), Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM)) 		EDC
Parking aid
(parking sensors, acoustic warning, visual also with reversing system ) 		Parking sensors APS
Intelligent parking assistance Intelligent Parking Assist System
(also: Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) (Lexus only)) 		IPAS
Electromechanical powered power steering,
see also: Active steering (BMW), dynamic steering (Audi) 		Electric Power Steering / Electric Power Assisted Steering
(also: Active steering (only BMW), Variable Gear Ratio Steering (VGRS) (only Toyota, Lexus)) 		EPS / EPAS
Electro-hydraulically driven power steering Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering EHPS
Electronic differential lock EDS Limited-slip differential LSD
Electronic stability control, vehicle dynamics control
( electronic stability program (ESP)) 		(ESP) Electronic Stability Control
(also: Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Vehicle Stability Assist (VST), Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)),
Vehicle Stability Management (VSM), Porsche Stability Management (PSM), Controllo Stabilità e Trazione (CST), Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) etc. 		ESC
Adaptive high beam assistant Adaptive high-beam system, high-beam assist, high-beam assistant
Cruise control (cruise control) GRA Cruise control / speed control
Adaptive cruise control system (also: adaptive cruise control , automatic distance control (ADR), especially traffic jam assistant (STA))
 EGR Adaptive Cruise Control
(Distance Regulation System, Intelligent Cruise Control) 		ACC
Intelligent speed assistance (speed warning system) Intelligent speed adaptation ISA
Collision warning and protection system Collision Mitigation Brake System (Honda only) CMBS
(Adaptive) cornering light (also: adaptive front lighting system, cornering light) Adaptive Front-lighting System, Adaptive Forward Lighting AFS, AFL
Light automatic light sensor Light sensor
Engine drag torque control MSR Engine braking control EBC
Night vision assistant Night View Assist (also: Automotive Night Vision)
Emergency braking assistant
(automatic emergency braking, distance warning ) 		ANB Active Brake Assist ABA
Emergency brake signaling
(brake light / hazard warning signal when braking fully) 		Emergency stop signal ESS
Autonomous emergency braking system
(also: predictive emergency braking assistant) 		FCA Autonomous Emergency Braking
(also: Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS)) 		AEB
Emergency stop system
(autonomous stop in the event of health problems of the driver) 		Emergency stop system
Tire pressure monitoring system RDK Tire Pressure Monitoring (System) TPM, TPMS
Reversing system (in combination as a parking aid for parking distance control) Rear assist, backup camera
Automatic windscreen wiper (rain sensor) Rain sensor for windscreen wipers
Lane detection system Lane detection system
Lane
departure warning system (lane departure warning system, lane departure warning system) 		Lane Departure Prevention, Lane Departure Warning LDP, LDW, LDWS
Active lane departure warning LKA Lane Keep Assist LKA, LKAS
Lane change assistant (blind spot monitoring) Lane change assistance
(also: Blind spot monitor and Blind Spot Information System (BLIS), Blind Spot Assist (BSA)
Rear Vehicle Monitoring System (RVM) (Mazda only), Audi Side Assist)
Lane change support Lane Change Support
Traffic sign recognition VZE, VZA, ISLW Traffic Sign Recognition, Traffic Sign Detection
Roll tendency control
(electronic rollover prevention) 		Roll Stability Control
(also: Active Rollover Protection (ARP), Electronic Roll Mitigation (ERM)

Note: In addition to the technical names in the ADAS system (list), vehicle manufacturers often have their own brand names, e.g. B. Mercedes-Benz designates the cruise control system with DISTRONIC or DISTRONIC PLUS

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Handbook Driver Assistance Systems: Basics, components and systems for active safety and comfort . Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-658-05733-6 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-05734-3 ( springer.com [accessed on September 5, 2019]).
  2. ↑ Advanced driver-assistance systems: Challenges and opportunities ahead | McKinsey. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Assistance systems in the test. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Peter Ilg: Driver assistance systems: There is a lack of knowledge about the driver assistance . In: The time . July 25, 2017, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  5. ↑ ADAS Market Size Worth $ 67.43 Billion By 2025 | CAGR: 19.0%. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Motorbike and bicycle accidents in road traffic 2018. Accessed September 5, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Handelsblatt - ESP should no longer be missing in any car Handelsblatt, October 22, 2007 - ESP should no longer be missing in any car, accessed on December 15, 2015
  8. ↑ Trade magazine Automobil Industrie - ESP compulsory from November 1, 2014 ESP compulsory from November 1, 2014
  9. ↑ Car newspaper, ESP obligation in the EU Car newspaper - ESP obligation in the EU
  10. ↑ How smart is your car? | best co-driver - driver assistance systems . In: best co-driver . ( bester-beifahrer.de [accessed on April 4, 2020]).
  11. ↑ The EU relies on assistance systems. In: bg-verkehr.de. BG Verkehr , November 27, 2019, accessed on April 4, 2020 .
  12. ↑ http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2144/oj
  13. ↑ Accident research by insurers: Driver assistance systems ( Memento of the original from November 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.udv.de
  14. ↑ Automobilwoche: Technology against the blind spot: Experts call for mandatory assistance systems for trucks. Accessed on September 5, 2019 .
  15. ^ Abdullah Khan, Corey D. Harper, Chris T. Hendrickson, Constantine Samaras: Net-societal and net-private benefits of some existing vehicle crash avoidance technologies . In: Accident Analysis & Prevention . tape 125 , April 1, 2019, ISSN  0001-4575 , p. 207–216 , doi : 10.1016 / j.aap.2019.02.003 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  16. ^ Daimler: “Safety First for Automated Driving” (SaFAD). July 2, 2019, accessed September 5, 2019 .
  17. ↑ Laura Fraade-Blanar, Marjory S. Blumenthal, James M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra: Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety. 2018, accessed on September 5, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Automated driving on the way. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Owen Bowcott Legal affairs correspondent: Laws for safe use of driverless cars to be ready by 2021 . In: The Guardian . December 14, 2017, ISSN  0261-3077 ( theguardian.com [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  20. ↑ Ko-HAF. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Autonomous Vehicles | Self-Driving Vehicles Enacted Legislation. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  22. ↑ Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects . Springer Vieweg, 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-45853-2 ( springer.com [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  23. ^ Wiel H. Janssen, Dick de Waard, Karel A. Brookhuis: Behavioral impacts of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems - an overview . In: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research . tape 1 , no. 3 , March 4, 2019, ISSN  1567-7141 ( tudelft.nl [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  24. ^ Automotive Ergonomics: Driver-Vehicle Interaction. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  25. ↑ Electronic helpers: where assistance systems reach their limits. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Westdeutsche Zeitung: Where driver assistance systems in cars reach their limits. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Assistance systems: What ESP, ACC and Co. can and cannot do. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  28. ↑ Artificial intelligence in autonomous driving. In: All-Electronics.de. June 2, 2016, accessed on September 6, 2019 (German).
  29. ↑ Technology Review: Autonomous Cars: Trial and Error. Retrieved September 6, 2019 .
  30. ↑ CMORE Automotive Uses Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Retrieved September 6, 2019 (American English).
  31. ↑ Vipin Kumar Kukkala, Jordan Tunnell, Sudeep Pasricha, Thomas Bradley: Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems: A Path Toward Autonomous Vehicles . In: IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine . tape 7 , no. 5 , 2018, ISSN  2162-2248 , p. 18-25 , doi : 10.1109 / MCE.2018.2828440 ( ieee.org [accessed September 5, 2019]).
  32. ^ Continental Automotive. Retrieved September 5, 2019 .
  33. ↑ ERTICO ADASIS
  34. ^ John R. Quain: Self-Driving Cars Might Need Standards, but Whose? In: The New York Times . February 23, 2017, ISSN  0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed September 6, 2019]).
  35. ↑ heise online: Eclipse OpenADx for more interoperability of software for autonomous driving. Retrieved September 6, 2019 .
  36. ↑ Automotive Grade Linux will be the backbone of your connected car. Retrieved September 6, 2019 .
  37. ↑ Home. Retrieved September 6, 2019 (American English).
  38. ↑ BSI launches standards program for development of autonomous vehicles in the UK. In: Autonomous Vehicle International. July 18, 2019, Retrieved September 6, 2019 (UK English).
  39. ↑ Automotive Functional Safety Services. Retrieved September 13, 2019 .
  40. ^ Edge Case Research: An Overview of Draft UL 4600: “Standard for Safety for the Evaluation of Autonomous Products”. June 20, 2019, accessed September 6, 2019 .
  41. ^ Status quo of autonomous driving. Retrieved September 6, 2019 .
  42. ↑ Laura Fraade-Blanar, Marjory S. Blumenthal, James M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra: Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety. 2018, accessed on September 6, 2019 .
  43. ↑ Torsten Seibt: Safety First Initiative Autonomous Driving: Leading manufacturers work together. July 2, 2019, accessed September 6, 2019 .
  44. ^ Daimler: “Safety First for Automated Driving” (SaFAD). July 2, 2019, accessed September 6, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Best by far: assistance systems from Mercedes-Benz. Retrieved September 11, 2019 .

literature

  • AAET - automation, assistance systems and embedded systems for means of transport, conference contributions 7th Braunschweig Symposium from February 21-23, 2006, publisher: Gesamtzentrum für Verkehr Braunschweig eV (GZVB) 327 pages, ISBN 3-937655-07-7
  • C. Stiller (Ed.) Et al .: Driver assistance systems. Focus issue of the magazine it - Information Technology , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich. 49 (2007) 1
  • AKHLAQ, Muhammad [et al.]: Designing an integrated driver assistance system using image sensors . In: Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing . tape 23 , no. 6 . Springer, 2012, p. 2109-2132 , doi : 10.1007 / s10845-011-0618-1 .

Web links

Commons : Driver assistance systems  - collection of images, videos and audio files