Frank Marshall (chess player)
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| Frank Marshall |
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| Surname | Frank James Marshall |
| Association |
 United States
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| Born | August 10, 1877 New York City , United States |
| Died | New York City November 9, 1944 |
| Best Elo rating | 2762 (December 1917) ( Historic Elo rating ) |
Frank James Marshall (born August 10, 1877 in New York City , † November 9, 1944 ) was an American chess player .
Life
Marshall grew up in Montréal , where he also learned to play chess. The family later moved to New York.
Marshall's international breakthrough came in 1900 when he defeated Emanuel Lasker in the Paris championship and shared third place with Géza Maróczy .
Between 1909 and 1936 he was considered the best player in the USA, but with changeable performances. Probably his greatest success in international tournaments was his victory in Cambridge Springs in 1904 before world champion Emanuel Lasker, which he clearly demonstrated in a competition for the world chess championship in 1907, with 3.5: 11.5 (8 defeats, 7 draws , 0 Victories) had to give up. In 1906 he won the championship tournament in Nuremberg (15th Congress of the German Chess Federation ), in 1908 the tournament in Düsseldorf (16th Congress of the DSB). In 1936 he voluntarily returned the title of National Champion of the USA, and was succeeded by Samuel Reshevsky .
Marshall had a reputation for making extremely shrewd sacrifices in his games , and people spoke of Marshall swindles with respect . He often played simultaneous tournaments against amateur players. Marshall was involved in all four victories of the USA at the Chess Olympiad in the 1930s ( 1931 in Prague , 1933 in Folkestone , 1935 in Warsaw and 1937 in Stockholm ), as well as at the 1930 Chess Olympiad in Hamburg .
He founded the renowned Marshall Chess Club in New York , which still exists today and was headed by his wife Carrie († 1971) after his death.
A variant of the Spanish game - the Marshall attack , a sharp gambit opening - is named after him, as is the Marshall defense in the Queen's Gambit . He also tried out Gambit ideas in the French Defense (1. e2 – e4 e7 – e6 2. d2 – d4 d7 – d5 3. Nb1 – c3 c7 – c5) and the Sicilian Defense (1. e2 – e4 c7 – c5 2. Ng1 -F3 e7-e6 3. d2-d4 d7-d5).
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Black to move
In his game against Stepan Levizki in Breslau in 1912, Marshall played one of the most spectacular moves in chess history:
Marshall had played 22.… Rh6xh3 on the last move and won a piece , because the rook is indirectly covered by the threatening knight fork . White's last move was now 23. Re5 – c5 . Marshall as Black currently has one more piece, but if his queen withdraws, the attack secures 24. Rc5 – c7 Rf8 – f7 25. Rc7 – c8 + Rf7 – f8 26. Rc8 – c7 repetition of positions . However, it followed the spectacular train 23 ... Dc3 g3 - this threatens Matt by Dg3xh2. White can now capture the queen in three different ways, but loses in all variants: On 24. h2xg3 Nd4 – e2 immediately mates, 24. f2xg3 is also out of the question because of mate in two moves (Nd4 – e2 + 25. Kg1 – h1 Rf8xf1 # ). After 24. Qg5xg3 there followed Nd4 – e2 + 25. Kg1 – h1 Ne2xg3 + 26. Kh1 – g1 Ng3xf1 with an easily won position. So White gave up.
According to his autobiography My fifty years of chess (1942), the audience was so enthusiastic about the end of the party that they threw gold coins on the chessboard.
The work My fifty years of chess , however, was written by the ghostwriter Fred Reinfeld . In retrospect it was noted that the move 23.… Qe3 would also have won. 23.… Qb4 or 23.… Qa3 would also secure Black's advantage.
Marshall had a son, Frank Rice .
His best historical rating was 2762. This he reached in December 1917. For a time he was number 2 in the world rankings.
Quote
“I have been playing chess for over fifty years. I started when I was ten years old, and I am still going strong. In all that time I don't believe a day has gone by that I have not played at least one game of chess - and I still enjoy it as much as ever. ”
“I've been playing chess for over 50 years. I started at the age of ten and I still play well. In all that time, I don't think a day has passed that I didn't play at least one game - and I still enjoy it as I did in the beginning. "
See also
- Chess Fever Marshall as an extra in a film humor
literature
- Tim Hagemann: Frank James Marshall. Beyer, Hollfeld 1987 (Small Chess Library Volume 23), ISBN 3-88805-073-1 .
- Andrew Soltis: Frank Marshall, United States Chess Champion. McFarland, Jefferson 1994, ISBN 0-89950-887-1 .
- John S. Hilbert: Young Marshall. Moravian Chess, Olomouc 2002, ISBN 80-7189-438-9 .
- Marshall's Chess “swindles”, comprising over one hundred and twenty-five of his best tournament and match games at chess, together with the annotation of the same; Also an analysis of the queen's side openings, with several king's gambit novelties and a discussion of the principles of over-the-board chess . New York, American chess bulletin [1914].
Web links
- Replayable chess games by Frank Marshall on chessgames.com (English)
Individual evidence
- ^ The international tournament Nuremberg 1906 (15th DSB Congress) on TeleSchach (cross table and all games)
- ^ The international tournament Düsseldorf 1908 (16th DSB Congress) on TeleSchach (cross table and all games)
- ↑ Frank James Marshall's results at the Chess Olympiads on olimpbase.org (English)
- ↑ Frank James Marshall's historical Elo ratings on chessmetrics.com (English)
- ↑ Chess Notes No. 3741
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Marshall, Frank |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Marshall, Frank James |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | American chess player |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 10, 1877 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | New York City |
| DATE OF DEATH | November 9, 1944 |
| Place of death | New York City |