Franz Kade

Franz Kade (born September 14, 1893 in Eldagsen ; † March 12, 1987 in Hameln ) was a German reform pedagogue , NS pedagogue , elementary school teacher , lecturer at the college for teacher training in Gdansk and long-time director of today's Wörsbach school in Idstein (Taunus).

Life

education and profession

Franz Kade was born in Eldagsen and attended elementary school there. From 1910 to 1913 he attended the Catholic teachers' college in Hildesheim . The first teacher examination took place at Easter 1913. In the following three years Franz Kade worked at schools in Emsland-Moor, in the Teutoburg Forest and in Hameln . After the 2nd state examination for teaching in Osnabrück (Easter 1916), Kade volunteered for the First World War . From 1919 Kade studied philosophy, pedagogy, psychology and economics in Münster and Cologne until his doctorate on July 21, 1923 with a dissertation on the subject of "Schleiermacher's contribution to the development of Prussian education from 1808-1819". Places in the Teutoburg Forest followed. He was involved in the Prussian teachers' association . In 1929 Franz Kade founded the working group for rural school reform . At that time he was a member of the DDP . On the recommendation of Eduard Spranger , Kade was appointed lecturer at the Pedagogical Academy in Frankfurt am Main in 1927 and appointed professor there in 1930. It was there that Kade met Ernst Krieck .

Career in the Nazi education system

From September 1, 1932 to 1945, Kade was the founder and scientific director of the Taunus School, which opened in Idstein on September 1, 1932 . On September 1, 1932, Franz Kade also joined the NSDAP . At first he was the speaker of the NSDAP in the Gau Hessen-Nassau and of the NS teachers' association .

During the Nazi era he published, partly as editor, writings on rural school reform in the spirit of education under National Socialism , for example in the magazine Die Dorfgemeinschaft . In April 1933, Kade was called back to Frankfurt am Main to the institution now renamed the College for Teacher Education . On May 23, 1933, he became professor for rural school education and director of the new borderland university for teacher training in Lauenburg (Pomerania) , which he headed until February 1934. Then almost the entire staff was recalled, but Kade was only briefly transferred to the University for Teacher Education in Bonn before he went to the new University for Teacher Education in Danzig as director and professor for theoretical and practical pedagogy in May 1934 . In the winter semester of 1933/34 he already gave a guest lecture at the TH Danzig on the subject of "The National Socialist Reform of German Education and Schools". From May 1934 he was also head of the “Education and Teaching” department in the Gauverwaltung of the Nazi teachers' association in Gau Danzig . On October 1, 1936, he returned to the HfL Bonn, where he became the deputy leader of the teaching staff and the National Socialist Lecturer Association . When it was shut down in November 1939, he was seconded to the HfL Dortmund and then to the Koblenz teacher training college . From 1942 to 1945 he was given a teaching position for psychology and education at the University of Bonn .

The Wörsdorfer School as a "NS model school"

In 1932, Franz Kade published a publication entitled Voices on Country School Reform. The ideology defined there was put into practice in the newly founded Wörsdorf School, which was pedagogically rooted in the ethnic - racist , but also in the spirit of neo-paganism .

A contribution that appeared in Hausfreund for the Goldener Grund in 1935 highlights those features of the school which - in the spirit of National Socialism - set it apart from the rest of the region's school landscape:

“As in cultural life, one was also lost in school at school. ... alien things were hammered into the child. Purely intellectual education prevailed. National Socialism had to feel called to create change here too. A pioneer in the field of education is Dr. Krieck has become ... The practical evaluation and implementation of Krieck's ideas was carried out by Professor Dr. Kade in the sample school founded here 2 years ago. ... In place of the earlier religious instruction there is the religious morning celebration, the aim of which is religious deed. ... Military-racial education occupies a large area. ... The leader principle is largely taken into account. ... The attempt is not yet finished. So much is already becoming clear that the starting points are absolutely correct and that the Wörsdorf attempt at an organic-folk school education will point the way for all of the rural schools. The school is no longer a foreign body in the village. It is rooted in him. "

Participants from all over the Reich came to the advanced training events for Nazi educators held in Wörsdorf. Franz Kade's friend and colleague, Ernst Krieck , who was a staunch supporter of National Socialism, racist and anti-Semite as early as the 1920s , also gave a lecture there.

Writing the turning point in the education of girls (1937)

In 1937, Kade's educational book The Turn in Girls' Education was published to reorient the education of girls in the Nazi state. As a reference facility for his theory, Kade referred to the Wörsdorfer experimental school in pictures and text.

The basis of the upbringing of girls is the task assigned to women by Adolf Hitler to be the “coming mother” of the people. The working woman dropped out as an option, according to Kade. National Socialism had "made people aware that the future of the people rests in the womb of women, that the death of the people ... is inevitable fate when women deny the people the fertility of their wombs." ... National Socialism ... taught that women, as guardians of the purity of German blood, bear a great responsibility ”. Accordingly, the orientation of the curricula for girls should be based on practical parameters relevant to housekeeping and raising children. Kade rejected academic education for women because “the essence and strength of the female sex are not in the intellectual, but in the physical and emotional”. It was National Socialism that laid the foundations for the growth of the “new female gender”. These foundations are to be further expanded through an “essentially female upbringing and education” in accordance with the guidelines of the “Führer” in order to set the “German type of woman” as the benchmark, “who embodies a sacred fertility and the will to live of the German people in proud physical and mental beauty ".

In his work Schule im Werden (1956) he took over several passages from the publication of 1937 and all of the image material originally used for propaganda purposes from the practice of the Wörsdorf School, omitting the text parts related to National Socialism.

Franz Kade and the Nazi educator Ernst Krieck

For many years Franz Kade was in close contact with the Nazi educator Ernst Krieck , both privately and in his educational activities and publications. In his first publication Die Neue Dorfschule (1930), Franz Kade referred several times to the pedagogy of Ernst Krieck, who appeared as an ardent National Socialist and anti-Semite at the end of the 1920s and whose pedagogy is characterized by ethnic, racist and anti-enlightenment elements. Franz Kade published in the journal Volk im Werden, edited by Ernst Krieck, and was also appointed professor at the Pedagogical Academy in Frankfurt / Main through its operation. Krieck was also invited as a lecturer to the advanced training events for young teachers taking place in Wörsdorf.

Kade Ernst Krieck dedicated the educational theory book The Turn in Girls' Education (1937) to his “55. Birthdays ”(July 6, 1937). Franz Kade fitted his pedagogy seamlessly into Ernst Krieck's Nazi pedagogy. He introduced the chapter “The Family” in the pamphlet on the education of girls with a quote from Hitler's Mein Kampf and referred to Krieck's family theory: “The restoration of the family is an essential part of the national and historical overall task facing us. The reorganization of the family is also a prerequisite for the population movement, the rearing of the race as the backbone of the nation and its development through education. Meanwhile, has the family not as a monopoly on education and education law. "Franz Kade pointed in 1956, long after the death Kriecks, published in Bonn publication school in Are (1956) to him after 1945 still admired Ernst Krieck. The title is to be classified as an obvious reference to the sponsor and teacher as well as his Nazi propaganda magazine Volk im Werden .

Activity after 1945

After losing his offices at school and college, Franz Kade worked from 1945 to 1949, initially as an agricultural worker, then in various elementary and secondary schools. before he returned to college at the Pedagogical Academy in Oberhausen in 1952 . Once again he experienced a closure and in 1953 was transferred to the Pedagogical Academy in Cologne as professor for general didactics and school pedagogy . He worked there until he retired in 1958. As an author he published after 1945 mainly on topics of primary school education . In old age he moved to his native Eldagsen.

Franz Kade School in Idstein

In 1978 the elementary school in the Idstein district of Wörsdorf was named "Franz Kade School" in the presence of its founder under the then headmaster Reinhard Battenfeld. In the regional literature there is no evidence of the close involvement of the Taunus School at the time in Nazi education. The function of the school as a Nazi showpiece is also not mentioned. The regional historiography is silent about the various functions of the school founder in the NSDAP, the NS education system, the NSDLB as well as his ethnic-racist statements, accessible through lectures and printed educational writings. The biographical data on Franz Kade, compiled by retired teacher Alfred Kleber in the commemorative publication for the 50th year of foundation, leave out the functions under National Socialism. I.

After various attempts by politics, but also by committed citizens, failed to initiate a critical public discussion about the naming of the Franz Kade School, in September 2013 the Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen parliamentary group and the Die Linke parliamentary group submitted an application to rename the Franz Kade School. Kade School posed. According to the decision of the school committee, the naming of the school should be examined by a commission appointed by the district council of the Rheingau-Taunus district, which had to present a work result at the end of 2013. The study by historian Martina Hartmann-Menz on Franz Kade's Nazi burden should serve as the basis for the discussion . In November 2013, the Hessische Lehrerzeitung published an article dealing with the debate about the renaming of the Franz Kade School. The author comes to the conclusion that Franz Kade as the namesake of a school can be excluded against the background of his Nazi burden. The education historian Franzjörg Baumgart from Bochum described Franz Kade as an "unconditional follower of the Nazi regime". The naming of a school after Kade can only be commented on with “astonishment, if not bewilderment”. In February 2014, a joint information event on the Vita Franz Kades took place in Idstein-Wörsdorf, initiated by the municipality, political bodies and the school conference. The Frankfurt education historian Benjamin Ortmeyer gave a lecture on Franz Kade and his political orientation in the time of National Socialism and before. In view of the fact that Kade was one of the leading Nazi educators and a member of the NSDAP as early as 1932, Benjamin Ortmeyer pleaded for the school to be renamed. Further advice on naming the school was referred to the responsible committees.

In April 2014, it was announced in the press that both the school conference and the working group set up by the district council support Ortmeyer's proposal to change the name of the school. For organizational reasons, this took place at the end of the 2013/14 school year in July 2014, and the school was renamed “Wörsbachschule”.

Further regional honors for the educator

The former "Franz-Kade-Weg" was assigned to the street "Feldbergblick" in 2014.

Fonts

• Schleiermacher's share in the development of the Prussian education system from 1808-1818 (Leipzig 1925)
• The New Village School (Frankfurt am Main 1930)
• Experimental work in German rural schools (Frankfurt am Main 1932)
• (as editor): Danzig Contributions to the Renewal of the German Education System (Danzig 1935)
• From the Danzig teacher training , in: Deutsches Bildungswesen 4/1936, pp. 476–484.
• The turning point in the education of girls. A contribution from the practice of the village school (Breslau 1937)
• School in the making , (Bonn 1956)

literature

• Franzjörg Baumgart (Ed.): Education and training theories , Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8252-2957-3 .
• Reinhard Battenfeld: 50 years of the Franz Kade School , 1982.
• Reinhard Battenfeld: Wörsdorf through the ages . Edited by Idstein City Administration, Idstein 2009, ISBN 3-8248-0002-0 .
• Robert Döpp: Jenaplan pedagogy in National Socialism. A contribution to the end of uniqueness , Lit-Verlag Münster, 2003, ISBN 978-3-8258-6496-5 .
• Bernd Dühlmeyer: And the school was still moving , 2004.
• Alexander Hesse: The professors and lecturers of the Prussian educational academies (1926-1933) and colleges for teacher training (1933-1941) . Deutscher Studien-Verlag, Weinheim 1995, ISBN 3-89271-588-2 , p. 403–404 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
• Gerhard Müller: Ernst Krieck and the National Socialist Science Reform , Beltz-Verlag, Weinheim / Basel 1979, ISBN 3-407-65605-X .
• Elisabeth Krohmann: On the 75th birthday of Franz Kade , in: Pädagogische Rundschau , Volume 22, 1968.
• Dieter Langewiesche , Heinz-Elmar Tenorth : Handbook of the German history of education ; Vol. 5: The Weimar Republic and the Nazi dictatorship , Beck 1989, ISBN 3-406-32466-5 .
• Ernst Hojer: National Socialism and Education. Environment and development of the pedagogy of Ernst Krieck , Verlag Königshausen & Neumann 1996, ISBN 3-8260-1283-6 .
• Andreas Kraas: Teachers' Camp 1932–1945. Political function and educational design , Klinkhard, Bad Heilbrunn 2004, ISBN 3-7815-1347-5 .
• Fernande Walder: The school garden in its meaning for teaching and education , Klinkhard, Bad Heilbrunn 2002, ISBN 3-7815-1242-8 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Alexander Hesse. The professors and lecturers of the Prussian Pedagogical Academies (1926–1933) and Universities for Teacher Training (1933–1941) Weinheim 1995, p. 403.
2. ↑ Alexander Hesse, p. 403 f.
3. ↑ In: Camberg. National Socialism in a small town . Hessian Institute for Teacher Training. Limburg branch. Bad Camberg 1989. p. 49.
4. ↑ Dühlmeier, Bernd. And the school was still moving. Unknown reform pedagogues and their projects in the post-war period (2004) p. 152 ff.
5. ↑ Kade, Franz. The turning point in the education of girls. A contribution from the practice of the village school (1937)
6. ↑ Kade (1937) p. 7.
7. ↑ Kade (1937) p. 9.
8. ↑ Kade (1937) p. 8.
9. ↑ Kade, Franz. School in the making (1956).
10. ^ Kade, Franz. The New Village School (1930).
11. ↑ Battenfeld, Reinhard. 50 years of the Franz Kade School in Idstein (1982) p. 13. The author refers to the “pedagogical weeks”. He does not mention the name of Ernst Krieck, nor does he mention the co-organizer, the NS-Lehrebund and the embedding of these advanced training events in the NS ideology.
12. ↑ Kade (1937) p. 9.
13. ↑ Ernst Krieck, quoted in after Kade (1937) p. 9.
14. ↑ Kade, Franz. School in Becoming. Bonn (1956).
15. ^ Idsteiner Zeitung October 16, 1978.
16. ↑ Reinhard Battenfeld (Ed.): 50 years of the Franz Kade School in Idstein . Troisdorf 1982.
17. ↑ see: M. Hartmann-Menz: About street names and historical interpretation , on www.gruene-limburg-weilburg.de, accessed on July 19, 2013.
18. ↑ Reinhard Battenfeld: 50 years of the Franz Kade School . Troisdorf 1982; Wörsdorf through the ages . Schulz-Kirchner-Verlag, Idstein 1982, p. 165 ff.
19. ↑ 50 years of the Franz Kade School, p. 9.
20. ↑ See: Minutes of the Idstein-Wörsdorf Local Advisory Board from April 15, 2013. Reinhard Battenfeld, Idstein-Wörsdorf, received a letter from Werner Imhoff, Bad Camberg, regarding the name “Franz Kade School”. As the former headmaster, Mr. Battenfeld explained to him when and why this name came about. The topic was also addressed in 2012 in the committees of the district, but also in committees of the Franz-Kade School itself.
21. ↑ Application to rename the Franz-Kade-Schule in Idstein-Wörsdorf
22. ↑ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 12, 2013, No. 212, p. 48.
23. ↑ Martina Hartmann-Menz: Franz Kade (1893–1987) Nazi educator, founder of the Wörsdorfer School - a reassessment ( memento from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ).
24. ^ Hessische Lehrerzeitung (member magazine of the GEW Hessen) . Edition 11/2013, p. 28 ( digitized version ).
25. ^ FAZ Rhein / Main November 21, 2013.
26. ↑ FAZ (Rhein-Main) April 3, 2014 "Franz Kade School sheds name".
27. ↑ Press reports Homepage Wörsbachschule ; Kade school is being renamed ( memento of the original from January 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , in Wiesbadener Kurier on June 18, 2014, accessed on January 28, 2015; Wörsdorfer Elementary School is now called Wörsbachschule ( Memento of the original from January 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: Wiesbadener Tagblatt of July 22, 2014, accessed on January 28, 2015. 
28. ↑ Change of address Franz-Kade-Weg meeting of local advisory board Wörsdorf 14 July 2014 Item 6: Amendment Alliance 90 The Greens to draft resolution 101/2014.