Frederick Taylor Gates

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Frederick Taylor Gates about 1890

Frederick Taylor Gates (born July 22, 1853 in Maine , Broome County , New York , † February 6, 1929 in Phoenix , Arizona ) was an American Baptist pastor . He was executive director of the American Baptist Education Society (ABES) from 1888 , from 1907 to 1917 chairman of the General Education Board (GEB), advisor and asset manager to John D. Rockefeller .

Youth and education

As the son of Pastor Granville Gates (1829-1906) and Sarah Jane Bowers Gates (1830-1906), he grew up in poor rural communities. The family moved to Forest City , Kansas , where they bought a farm. Frederick had to drop out of high school to work and pay off the family debt. Eventually he was able to finish his school and go to the University of Rochester , where he studied theology and also political economy under Dr. Anderson occupied. Here he graduated in 1877 and then taught at Rochester Theological Seminary , where he was ordained in 1880.

Pastor and fundraiser in Minneapolis

From 1880 to 1888 he was pastor of the Central Baptist Church in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Here Charles Alfred Pillsbury asked his advice, the founder of the mill empire for the production of wheat flour. He wanted to leave $ 200,000 for a school in his will. However, Gates was able to convince him to donate $ 50,000 to a school immediately on condition that the Minnesota parishes raise the same amount again. In the will, the remaining $ 150,000 should go to the school. Baptist church leaders also liked the solution, and hired Gates to do the collection. In 1888 he gave up his pastor and was able to collect $ 60,000 from church members for the establishment of the Pillsbury Academy in Minnesota. That was his first experience as a successful fundraiser and he had found his calling.

Executive Director of the American Baptist Education Society 1888

Because the American Baptist Home Mission Society's (ABHMS) mission was limited to educating African-Americans and Indians , Reverend Henry Lyman Morehouse began campaigning for a national Baptist organization to set up academies and colleges across the country. He found support for his idea from the Baptist leaders in the west and south, while the leaders in the east were not so fond of it. Finally, in May 1888, Moorhouse succeeded in founding the American Baptist Education Society (ABES), which set itself the goal of promoting "Christian education in North America under Baptist auspices". Since Gates had connections to each of the divided camps, he was the logical choice to mediate in the differences and bring about a reconciliation. Moorhouse nominated him as the only candidate for the post of managing director.

Gates named the founding of ABES in his memoirs: a popular victory for the poor and educationally needy West and South over the rich and educationally well-endowed East and New England states.

Gates left Minneapolis and became a managing director in 1888 with an annual salary of $ 2,500. He immediately set to his task and prepared a report in which he first compared the educational institutions of the various faiths demographically:

  • - The 373,000 Baptists in the western United States ran 11 schools with 1,257 students, approximately ¼ of whom attended college courses. The estate was valued at $ 881,670.
  • The 145,000 Congregationalists owned 8 colleges of 1,639 students with $ 1,743,000 estates.
  • The 119,000 Presbyterians also had 11 schools with 1,874 students with estates in excess of $ 2,437,000.
  • - The Methodists had 21 schools with 5,651 students and real estate worth $ 5.3 million.

It turned out for the West that most schools were located in insignificant locations and were therefore unattractive for a larger catchment area, so that they were only attended by a fifth of Baptists and thus their influence within the state was small. Gate's research became more detailed, including colleges, academies and theological seminaries across America. When the West with the Chicago location had crystallized for Gates , he accepted an invitation from the Baptists of Chicago and presented his ideas to them on October 15, 1888. A location in the middle of the city and not somewhere on the outskirts was important to him.

The solution that Gates presented to his board of directors on December 3, 1888, was “to establish a great college that could ultimately be a university in Chicago, a well-equipped, exemplary university that rivals universities on the continent. Chicago is the heart of the West, the source of Western life, and the city would raise a Baptist college as an intellectual and religious luminary so high that its light penetrates every state and home from Lake Erie to the Rocky Mountains . ”Surprisingly his proposal found the approval of the board.

By 1888, Mr. Rockefeller's interest in a university had noticeably diminished; he listened but gave evasive answers. Gates later found the explanation for this in Rockefeller's correspondence. This was stormed from three sides for different locations: Dr. Goodspeed and Dr. Harper for Chicago, Dr. Welling and his friends for Washington or Philadelphia and Dr. Augustus Strong for New York. In addition, there were countless calls for help from schools and academies of Baptists around the country.

With Rockefeller to found the University of Chicago

Gates handed his drafts over to John D. Rockefeller in November and suggested a meeting with those in charge from Chicago. In mid-January 1889, Rockefeller asked Moorehouse for a company expense report and bring Gates to lunch. He then invited Gates to accompany him on his train journey to Cleveland . During that trip they discussed the goals, roles, and personnel of the American Baptist Education Society, and Gates did not press Rockefeller to comment on Chicago. Gates got the impression that for the practitioner Rockefeller the plans for the university were not yet fully developed and showed him a prepared letter of invitation to the Baptist leaders and wealthy lay people with influence in Chicago for further details such as location and questions that arose discuss. Rockefeller took up the suggestion and Gates invited the group from Chicago with Goodspeed and Harper from Yale to New York in early April 1889. Here a plan was worked out and sent to Rockefeller. Rockefeller had gotten a good impression of Gates. A short time later, ABES received $ 500 for its running costs. At the same time, Rockefeller informed everyone in writing that everything he would do about a university in Chicago should be handled through ABES. A month later, ABES received a commitment of $ 100,000 for its educational work, payable in monthly installments of $ 10,000.

On his trip to Boston for the annual meeting, Gates met again in May 1889 with Rockefeller at his house No. 4, West Forty-fourth Street in New York together. It was clear between the two that a million dollars was needed for the university. At the first attempt, Rockefeller was ready to donate $ 400,000. They met again the next day and resumed the discussion while walking on the sidewalk outside Rockefeller's house. Gates told him that it would be impossible for Chicago and the Baptists to raise the 600,000 or even 500,000 difference. The highest feasible amount Gates could imagine would be 400,000, leaving Rockefeller 600,000. Eventually, Rockefeller agreed, and Gates "felt a great excitement" at the promise after months of uncertainty. After that, everything necessary was laid down in writing in the New York office. Rockefeller demanded absolute secrecy from Gates until all of his demands were accepted. The resolutions related to the type of institution: it was to be a college first, which could later grow into a university. An academy could be associated with it. The facility should be located within the city and not in a suburb. The terrain should not be less than 10 acres. The president and 2/3 of the board of directors should be Baptists. Both sexes should be given equal opportunities. It was the duty of the secretary (Gates) to ensure that the agreements were followed and that the additional sum of $ 400,000 was raised.

Ultimately, the ABES Annual General Meeting in Boston also voted in favor of the Chicago location and also accepted all requirements, so that Gates was now able to inform Goodspeed in Chicago that the sum of $ 400,000 had to be raised within one year. Gates drove enthusiastically to Chicago and began the year-long campaign to raise funds with Reverend Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed , who had asked Gates for Rockefeller advocacy. This was the beginning of a long relationship between Gates and Goodspeed, on the one hand, and William Rainey Harper and John D. Rockefeller, on the other, in building the University of Chicago. It opened in 1892, and over the next ten years Rockefeller contributed through Gates' funding to the development with construction and land purchases and running costs totaling $ 36 million.

In the 1890s, Gates gave Rockefeller a total of $ 539,069.24 to 34 different schools and institutions through ABES.

A letter from Gates has been preserved in the Rockefeller archives in which he gives tips on how to raise funds for an unknown “Brother Sunderland”.

Rockefeller's finance manager

Over time, John D. Rockefeller began to appreciate Gates' ability as a businessman and in September 1891 assigned him important roles within his corporate empire. As a finance manager, Gates began carefully evaluating holdings outside the Standard Oil Trust. Rockefeller gave him a free hand to reorganize investments and companies, and he received assistants, confidential information and, most importantly, trust. Gates bought shares to gain control of companies and replaced senior management. Other companies were completely sold. In the end, Gates was president of 13 companies that Rockefeller now controlled majority. Looking back, he said, "No man with real business responsibility has had a happier life than me."

His business with the Mesabi iron ore mines caused a sensation , which is intended to serve as an exemplary example. The Merritt family opened their first iron ore mine, the Mountain Iron Mine, in 1890 and owned significant claims in the Mesabi Range in northern Minnesota. In 1891 construction of the Duluth, Missabe, and Northern Railway had begun under their supervision , but could not be completed due to the effects of the stock market panic. When their creditors demanded repayment of the loans, they ran out of money and turned to Gates / Rockefeller. He was willing to help, provided they gave him a significant stake in their company, and the Merritts inevitably accepted that. Rockefeller was forced to borrow personal securities in order to raise a large sum of cash on the turbulent money market so that the workers on the railroad could be paid. When the market slowly calmed down, they analyzed the situation. They had invested many millions and nobody else wanted to join in and buy stocks - on the contrary, it seemed that everyone wanted to sell. An alarming number of shares were offered to them and they bought them (including from Ida Tarbell's father) for cash. Unfortunately, shares fell in 1894 and the Merritts had to sell their remaining shares to Rockefeller. With the one million they achieved, they were just able to satisfy their creditors. The family then sued Rockefeller for fraud in 1895. Only one of the family, Hulett C. Merritt Sr., was able to keep his shares in Rockefeller, which later became US Steel and made him rich. Gates felt compelled to publish a book about it, "The truth about Mr. Rockefeller and the Merritts".

That gave them a large area of ​​iron ore, some of which could be dug up with a steam shovel for a few cents a ton, but they still had an inadequate method of transport to get the ore to market. Here Rockefeller turned to a competitor and old friend from Cleveland: Samuel Mather . This owned ships with which he brought his ore from Marquette on Lake Superior to Cleveland. Because Rockefeller wanted to ship from Duluth and thus didn't get in his way, Mather agreed to negotiate with the shipyards and commission six bulk carriers for $ 3 million. He found shipyards that only built one ship and another two - in the end there were twelve ships from barges to steamers - all made of steel. Mather didn't want to do more for reasons of competition. Gates remembered an old friend from Broome County, NY, who didn't (yet) understand ships, but was extremely reliable and trustworthy. That man was Lamont M. Bowers ; He did the construction supervision and accompanied the ships until they could go into operation. He even invented an anchor that he used for the Rockefeller and that was later adopted by other ships. After the docks in Duluth had also been built for the ships, the loading of the 600,000 t of ore could begin in 1894 from the “Lake Superior Consolidated Iron Mines”.

From November 1892 to 1901 the company Oglebay, Norton & Co. managed the ships - at the end of 26 - from Rockefeller. See also → whale back (ship type)

In 1901 Rockefeller sold his Lake Superior Consolidated Iron Mines to John Pierpont Morgan , who founded the United States Steel Corporation with his and Andrew Carnegie's steel empires . It is said that Rockefeller received $ 80 million for this - probably also in US Steel stocks - for an estimated profit of $ 50 million.

Gates' additional responsibilities resulted in additional incomes paid by the companies he was now running. After ten years his income was $ 30,000 a year. He invested approximately $ 60,000 in the companies he reorganized and ran for Rockefeller. When he sold his shares in 1902, they made him more than $ 500,000. He had a house built and his family moved to Montclair , New Jersey .

Now that Gates had an in-depth look at Rockefeller's personal fortune, he warned Rockefeller: “Your fortune is piling up, piling up like an avalanche. You have to keep up with it! You have to distribute it faster than it grows! If you don't, it will crush you and your children and grandchildren. "

Collaboration with Rockefeller Junior

John D. Rockefeller Jr. 1899

When John D. Rockefeller Jr. Leaving Brown University in 1897 , he carefully tried to find a place in his father's empire. The financial and business world left him no room for this, because his father was already proficient in them and he wasn't particularly interested in them. One area in which he could perhaps make a name for himself and also let his family name shine was philanthropy. So he entered Gates' office. Rockefeller Jr. was 23 years old, inexperienced and shy - Gates 20 years older, experienced and confident. Junior learned from Gates, and Gates gave him his own experience of success and failure.

In 1901, at the invitation of Robert C. Ogden , Rockefeller Jr. traveled with another 50 wealthy men and women to the southern states to show them the state of education there. They toured the Hampton Institute Model School in Virginia, a teacher training facility and an Agricultural Institute of which Reverend Wallace Buttrick was president and Ogden was a board member. At the Tuskegee Institute , now Tuskegee University Alabama , they also met Booker T. Washington , who was headmaster there. The tour ended with attending the Southern Education Board (SEB) conference in Winston-Salem , North Carolina. For Rockefeller Jr., this trip was "one of the most outstanding events of my life". Upon his return they formed a working group to draw up plans to support work in the southern states.

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. later played a central role in Gates' relationship with Rockefeller Sr., describing it as follows:

“Gates was the brilliant dreamer and creator. I was the salesman - the go-between with father at the opportune moment. Gates and I were father's lieutenants, each of us with a different task, but acting in perfect harmony. Gates did the heavy thinking, and my part was to sell his ideas to father. Of course, I was in a unique position. I could talk with father at the strategic moment. It might be in a relaxed mood after dinner, or while we were driving together. Consequently I could often get his approval of ideas which others couldn't have secured because the moment wasn't right. ”

“Gates was the brilliant dreamer and maker. I was the seller, the mediator between my father and a favorable moment. Gates and I were father's lieutenants, each with a different role but working in perfect harmony. Gates did the heavy thinking, and my part was selling his ideas to my father. Of course, I was in a unique position. I was able to speak to father at a strategically favorable moment. This could be in a relaxed mood after dinner or while driving. Accordingly, I was often able to get his approval for ideas that others could not secure because the timing was not right. "

- John D. Rockefeller Jr .: The Leipzig Connection: Sabotage of the US Educational System

Founding of the General Education Board

On January 15, 1902, junior presented his plans to an invited group of educators from the south and received enthusiastic approval. He also announced his father's $ 1 million commitment to spend over the next 10 years. A month later, they presented the same group with the charter of the new organization called the General Education Board (GEB) for "the promotion of education within the United States regardless of race, gender or creed" States without distinction of race, sex, or creed ") and informed the press about their plans.

In January 1903 the establishment of the GEB was confirmed by the US Senate and thus had its seat in Washington.

Rockefeller Sr. gave an additional $ 32 million to the foundation a year and a half later after starting work.

By 1921, Rockefeller's donations to the GEB totaled more than $ 129 million. With smart investments, that sum brought the GEB $ 324.6 million to spend on education until it was discontinued in 1964.

Gates as the chief donor

John D. Rockefeller 1909

In his position as “chief donor” and advocate of the progress movement, Gates helped Rockefeller develop a system of “scientific giving”. The best-known leader of this movement was Frederick Winslow Taylor , who proclaimed that there was always only one “ one best way ” to solve a problem.

Under his leadership, the Rockefeller charities adopted many of the characteristic features of modern philanthropy: incorporation into an overall strategic concept that could also be divided into sub-areas and for which time-bound funds could also be made available. Based on research by experts using science, engineering, technology and the new social sciences, ways should be found to eliminate waste and inefficiency and promote the modernization of society.

In 1901, according to his plans, the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University ) was inaugurated in New York, of which he was a long member.

In 1904 Gates took on the Montclair lawyer Starr J. Murphy to the General Education Board, who then also belonged to the closest advisory group to Rockefeller.

In 1905, Gates again submitted his ideas for establishing foundations to Rockefeller. He suggested that they should provide the main directions for working on "human progress" and who should manage the funds. Then a donation would have to be made from which "long-term funds are provided under competent management and own provision". He suggested various areas of work, such as B. A large fund for the improvement of higher education in the United States, a fund for medical research throughout the world, and a fund for the fine arts, etc. These foundations should be large enough to accommodate anyone who is in one of them Board of Directors gets a seat, immediately becomes known to the public. These companies should hire the best talent in all of humanity.

Ida Tarbell published her first report on Standard Oil in McClure's Magazine in November 1902, which lasted 19 episodes until October 1904 and brought the background of some of the deals to light. This "Mudraker" campaign damaged Rockefeller's public image and it hit him very hard. His health also appeared to be suffering from it, as a photo from this time shows. In addition, the United States government in Missouri sued in 1906 to break up the Standard Oil Trust under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Rockefeller's Standard Oil was fined $ 29 million in August 1907 for violating the anti- trust -Trust Act and in 1911 his empire was finally broken up by a court ruling in 34 companies. Thus, during this time, Rockefeller did not have the nerve to concern himself with establishing foundations.

Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease

In 1902, Charles Wardell Stiles , an employee of the US Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, pointed out that the occurrence of hookworms in the southern states and the diseases associated with them were a threat to the local population. The soils contaminated with faeces, the warm and humid climate of the southern states and the scarcely existing latrines in many areas had promoted the rapid expansion. Walking barefoot was common, and the hookworm larvae usually nest between the toes and travel through the bloodstream to the heart and lungs. It is catapulted out of the lungs by coughing and swallowed so that it attaches itself to the intestine with its hooks and the cycle can begin again with the laying of eggs. Since the hookworm feeds on blood, this led to anemia and iron deficiency, which impaired people's performance. The "New York Sun" wrote on December 5, 1902 that the "pathogen for laziness" had now been found.

On October 26, 1909, the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was established with a grant of $ 1 million in association with the US Public Health and Marine Hospital Service. The Sanitary Commission, headed by Wicliffe Rose, established an office in Washington in 1910 and served as an information agency for the states. She also paid the salaries for the local staff. Each state appointed a director of health, which the commission had to approve. He was responsible for the campaign in the respective state. He appointed inspectors to work with microscopists on site, i.e. H. they determined the infected areas and the extent of the infection. Recruiting local staff, educating the press, working with doctors and treating sick people, inspecting schools and teaching them about preventive measures to prevent new infections and soil pollution were also part of the tasks. The treatment was uncomfortable, requiring you to drink chenopodium or thymol to kill the worms and then take a dose of Epsom salts to flush out the dead worms. While some were cured with a single treatment, others had to repeat the treatments up to five times because some people simply had no experience of taking medication.

This major offensive was scheduled to run for five years and in 1914 the commission presented its annual reports, which were summarized in one volume. The actual report of the commission is preceded by preventive hygiene measures against the spread as well as an education for doctors. The mission was a great success, even if the "extermination" had not (yet) succeeded everywhere.

Rockefeller Foundation

Frederick Taylor Gates around 1920

In 1910 the time had finally come. Gates and Starr J. Murphy presented the proposed foundation to the press. It is more broadly laid out than the General Education Board in that it provides for charity to all of humanity. The funds can be used flexibly for any purpose that appears necessary and anywhere in the world. Senator Jacob Harold Gallinger from New Hampshire introduced the founding treaty to the House of Representatives in Washington for a government bill on March 2, 1910 . The extent of the foundation aroused opposition from the House of Representatives in Washington, who feared excessive power and possible self-interest, and which brought in some amendments which were accepted by Jerome D. Greene, representing the foundation. It had passed the House of Representatives on January 20, 1911 and had already been discussed twice in the Senate. Jerome D. Greene then set a deadline for a decision on March 4, 1912. After that, the foundation would be incorporated in a state and not become US government law. The founding agreement of the foundation fell through in the Senate. It has now been submitted to New York State and signed by Governor William Sulzer on May 14, 1913.

The first meeting was held on May 22nd and John D. Rockefeller Jr., 39 years old, was elected president and made the foundation his life's work. Gates now faded into the background.

On December 5, 1913, the board made its first donation of $ 100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase land for its Washington headquarters and to erect a memorial to the women of the United States who cared for the sick and wounded in the Civil War had.

China Medical Board (CMB)

Gates complained that missionaries in China did not care for illnesses, instead they sold Western medicine as "miracles" and persuaded the dying to convert . He focused on education and preventive medicine and founded the China Medical Board (CMB) in New York in 1914, which was his last major project. In 1915, the foundation bought the Union Medical College in Beijing , which was established in 1906 by Protestant missionaries. After the First World War , further expansion took place, which finally led to the formal inauguration of the new Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) in 1921 and which was the main interest of the China Medical Board.

In 1923, however, Gates had gone too far when he asked the Rockefeller Foundation board to invest $ 265 billion in the China Medical Board. The fantastic sum would make Chinese medical care the best in the world and remove ecclesiastical influence from the practice of medicine and charitable work in China. The board refused, and Gates fell victim to his own progressive focus on the "rule of the experts,"; - The experts on China and medicine disagreed with him, he was marginalized and as a result he retired.

Gates died of pneumonia on February 6, 1929 in Phoenix, Arizona. He was buried in the Mount Hebron Cemetery in Montclair. He left his wife Emma and four sons.

Like no one before him, he set up the philanthropic foundations and set standards for how donations could be used effectively. Rockefeller Sr. wrote about Gates as early as 1909 in his memoirs:

“Mr. Gates has been closely associated with my personal affairs for many years. He has been through strict times with me, and has taken cares of many kinds off my shoulders, leaving me more time to play golf, plan roads, move trees, and follow other congenial occupations. His efforts in the investigations in connection with our educational contributions, our medical research, and other kindred works have been very successful. "

“For many years, Mr. Gates has been closely involved with my personal affairs. He's had tough times with me and has relieved me of a lot of things, so that I had more time to play golf, plan roads, replant trees and pursue other pleasant pursuits. His efforts in investigations related to our educational contributions, our medical research and other related works have been very successful. "

- John D. Rockefeller Sr .: Random Reminiscences of Men and Events

It is thanks to Gates that his innovative ideas gave philanthropy a new direction that changed Rockefeller's reputation forever.

He once said of his life: "I was actually a businessman in the habit of a clergyman".

Publications

literature

(Fosdick was President of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1936-1948).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pillsbury Baptist Bible College, Owatonna
  2. ^ Description by Rev. Moorhouse in: Thomas W. Goodspeed: History of University of Chicago . P. 40.
  3. ↑ Frederick T. Gates: Chapters in My Life . New edition. The Free Press, New York 1977, p. 91.
  4. ↑ Kenneth Rose: Why a University For Chicago And Not Cleveland? (PDF; 66 kB) Religion And John D. Rockefeller's Early Philanthropy, 1855–1900
  5. ^ Foreword by Frederick T. Gates in: Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed: A History of the University of Chicago. The first quarter century . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1916. New edition. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-0-217-77109-2 , Text Archive - Internet Archive
  6. ^ Foreword by Frederick T. Gates in: Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed: A History of the University of Chicago. The first quarter century . The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1916. New edition: Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2009, ISBN 978-0-217-77109-2 , Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  7. ↑ Appendix with documents about the establishment of the University of Chicago in: Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed: A History of the University of Chicago. The first quarter century. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1916
  8. ↑ Kenneth W. Rose: John D. Rockefeller, The American Baptist Education Society, and the Growth of Baptist Higher Education in the Midwest.
  9. ^ Letter from Rockefeller, Dec. 13, 1910, about his last donation of $ 10 million in 10 installments beginning January 1, 1911. In: Goodspeed: The Story of the University of Chicago 1890-1925 . University of Chicago Press 1925, pp. 179 ff., Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  10. ^ Letter from Gates to Brother Sunderland April 20, 1891 (PDF; 733 kB) with advice on how to collect donations.
  11. ↑ John D. Rockefeller: Random Reminiscences of Men and Events . Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909, p. 46
  12. ^ Merritt's Hear with a Smile .; Mr. Gates's Statement, They Say, Is a Wide Detour from Truth . (PDF) In: The New York Times . November 26, 1911
  13. ↑ Pictures steam shovel
  14. ↑ John D. Rockefeller: Random Reminiscences of Men and Events . Doubleday, Page & Company 1909, p. 48
  15. ^ State University of New York at Binghamton. Special Collections and Archives. ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The papers of Lamont Montgomery Bowers (1847-1941) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / library.binghamton.edu
  16. ^ Walter van Brunt: Duluth and St. Louis County, Minnesota. Their Story, Their People . Vol. II, The American Historical Society 1921, pp. 727-728, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  17. ↑ Oglebay, Norton & Co.
  18. ^ Keith Poole: People & Events: John D. Rockefeller Senior, 1839-1937
  19. ↑ Frederick Taylor Gates House in Montclair built in 1902 by architect George W. Maher
  20. ^ Paolo Lionni: The Leipzig Connection: Sabotage of the US Educational System . Heron Books 1993, ISBN 978-0-89739-001-9 , Chapter 5
  21. ^ Hampton University History
  22. ^ Paolo Lionni: The Leipzig Connection: Sabotage of the US Educational System . Heron Books, 1993, ISBN 978-0-89739-001-9 , Chapter 6 - Molding Hands
  23. ^ The General Education Board: an account of its activities, 1902-1914 . Appendix - foundation, etc.
  24. ↑ Starr J. Murphy Dies in Florida . In: The New York Times , April 5, 1921
  25. ^ Mary Boccaccio: Ground Itch and Dew Poison The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission 1909-14
  26. ↑ The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rockarch.org
  27. ↑ Ch. Wardell Stiles: Soil Pollution as cause of Ground itch, Hookworm Disease and Dirt Eating. Ed. Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease. Washington 1910-14.
  28. ↑ Rockefeller To Make Huge Gift To All Mankind . (PDF) Special to The New York Times , March 3, 1910.
  29. ↑ Amendments in: Information furnished by the Rockefeller Foundation.
  30. ^ Report 1913-14 (PDF; 11.11 MB) - Foundation and organization page
  31. ↑ China Medical Board ( Memento of the original from March 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.chinamedicalboard.org
  32. ↑ CHINA MEDICAL BOARD OF NEW YORK, INC. ARCHIVES, 1914 (1918-1951) -1973
  33. ^ Find a grave
  34. ↑ John D. Rockefeller: Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. Doubleday, Page & Company. Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909, Chapter V - Nursing The Commercially ILL, p. 45
personal data
SURNAME Gates, Frederick Taylor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gates, Fred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American Baptist pastor, asset manager, and advisor to John D. Rockefeller
DATE OF BIRTH July 22, 1853
PLACE OF BIRTH Maine , New York
DATE OF DEATH February 6, 1929
Place of death Phoenix , Arizona