Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville

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Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville (Portrait of Alexander Roslin , 1750)

Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d'Arconville , née d'Arlus, called Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville (born October 17, 1720 in Paris ; † December 23, 1805 ibid) was a French writer, translator and naturalist . As a researcher in the field of chemistry, she became known for her studies of putrefaction processes . Her work represented basic research on decomposition processes. She presented the results in 1766 in the Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction("Essay on the History of Putrefaction"). She also published numerous philosophical, literary and historical writings and translations, all anonymously. Further manuscripts, which she had put together in twelve volumes, were considered lost for a long time and were not rediscovered until 2007. Since then, an extensive literature on the author has emerged.

Life

Early years

Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte d'Arlus was born on October 17, 1720 as the daughter of Françoise Gaudicher and André Guillaume d'Arlus (also Darlus). She had a sister, Marie Angélique, who later married Denis-François Angran d'Alleray, the last Seigneur of Vaugirard . Her father was a wealthy tax farmer ( Fermier général ). The mother died when Geneviève d'Arlus was four and a half years old; She was then brought up by a governess, of whom she said in her unpublished autobiography: “une gouvernante incapable de m'élever” (Eng .: “a governess who was unable to raise me”). As her nephew Pierre Bodard de la Jacopière wrote, her upbringing was initially limited to the domestic duties of the woman, and according to her own account, she only learned to read when she was eight. At the age of fourteen she was married to Louis-Lazare Thiroux d'Arconville, a wealthy lawyer, councilor at the Paris Parliament and later chairman of an appeals chamber (Chambre des Enquêtes) . The couple's three sons were born in 1736, 1738 and 1739. The eldest son, Louis Thiroux de Crosne, was judge and director of Normandy and Lorraine , and later chief of police in Paris (Lieutenant Général de police) ; In 1794 he died under the guillotine . The other two sons, Louis Lazare Thiroux de Gervillier and Charles Thiroux de Mondésir, embarked on a military career.

According to her first biographer Hippolyte de La Porte , she is said to have been very fun-loving at first and led an active social life. He tells the story that they are not less than eleven times in succession performances of Mérope of Voltaire have visited, because they have so loved the "spectacle". However, this changed after she was seriously ill with smallpox at the age of 22 or 23 and left her with disfiguring scars. She has now dressed like a much older woman and avoided public appearances. Instead, she has turned largely to intellectual study and amusement. Élisabeth Bardez, a current biographer, has certain doubts about this description and refers to passages in De La Porte that give a different impression, such as: “The joys of youth were very important to her, and one is quite surprised learned that a woman devoted to science loved to throw little cheerful balls - very close to her bedroom, where a skeleton lay on her bed for the purpose of studying and demonstrating anatomy. "

Education and scientific activity

In any case, d'Arconville began to train himself academically. This included studying English, Latin, Italian and German. She reached a level of knowledge which, despite the poor education in her childhood, was far above the level of knowledge of women of her century. She established regular contacts with numerous leading writers, scholars and historians, including Voltaire , Diderot , Condorcet , Turgot , Malesherbes , Lavoisier , Jean-Baptiste Louis Gresset , Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye , François Poulletier de la Salle , Pierre -Joseph Macquer and Antoine François de Fourcroy . Bodard wrote admiringly that in spite of her limited upbringing, she concentrated all her intellectual powers on science and, since she had to do all of this of her own accord and from her own resources, could rightly say "that she herself was her own work". De La Porte extolled her spirit and character in conversations, noting that, like any person who possessed these qualities on a large scale, she tended to exert a certain degree of dominance, though never in excess and tempered by her kindness and generosity.

From the beginning of the 1740s she attended courses on physics, anatomy, botany, natural history and chemistry in the Jardin des Plantes , which, financed by the monarchy, were offered free of charge and mostly in French, not in Latin. There were no exams or diplomas for the courses. Since there was no formal education for women, these courses gave her the opportunity to study the natural sciences with prominent scientists. In particular, she studied chemistry with Guillaume-François Rouelle , who was popular with his students for his entertaining lectures. Other women who took advantage of the educational opportunities in the Jardin des Plantes were Madame Roland and Félicité de Genlis .

Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction , 1766

In addition to acquiring knowledge, Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville was able to establish contacts and friendships with other scientists, writers and philosophers in the Jardin des Plantes, who had an impact on her scientific writings. She had lively social and scientific contacts with Lavoisier and Fourcroy as well as with the doctor Pierre-Joseph Macquer, with whom she studied and with whom she corresponded. She corresponded with the discoverer of cholesterol , François Poulletier de la Salle, on aspects of putrefaction. Through these acquaintances she created a “private research team” that she supported in the translation and correction of Shaw's and Monro's works and the drafting of her own essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction .

According to her own admission, her interest in chemistry led her to the related fields of agriculture and especially botany. With the botanist of the Jardin des Plantes, Bernard de Jussieu , she studied plants and organic chemistry. His method of classifying plants was very helpful in their studies. Thanks to Jussieu's generosity, she was able to enrich her arboretum in her country house in Crosne , a suburb of Paris, with exotic plants, which she observed decay. In her arboretum, she discovered that certain substances were present in the roots of plants that prevented putrefaction. However, in her experiments she found that these effects were rather weak compared to metal salts and resins. An exception, as she wrote, was the myrtle , the sap of which in an experiment prevented the decomposition of meat for more than six months. Her studies of plant decomposition led her to more general studies in chemistry.

She conducted her medical studies together with Jean-Baptiste Sénac , the personal physician of King Louis XV, among others . , and their teacher Pierre-Joseph Macquer. Macquer, who wrote the Dictionnaire de Chimie , promoted her scientific work and introduced her to the scientific community of Paris, including important scholars of the 18th century. She dedicated her Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction to Macquer, whom she regarded as a mentor and trainer .

For her research, Thiroux d'Arconville set up laboratories in Paris and Meudon , where she carried out experiments to study putrefaction. Within ten years, between 1754 and 1764, she carried out a series of about three hundred experiments on human bile and meat preservation , testing 32 classes of preservatives, including mineral acids and bases . She carefully recorded every state of disintegration in her samples, taking time, temperature and weather into account. When she published her results, she enclosed ten large-format tables showing the effectiveness of the different preservatives in descending order. In contrast to Herman Boerhaave and John Pringle, she also stated that putrefactive processes play a role in both animal and plant life. When her book was published, she added the latest French translation of the work of David Macbride , who was also researching this topic.

The purpose of her research was to formulate a theory about the transformation of matter in nature in order to find ways that should help slow down the decomposition processes. To do this, she wanted to research whether different chemical substances could prevent the putrefaction process or not. This knowledge, she hoped, would help medicine and surgery heal wounds and diseases. Gangrene , scurvy, and smallpox did enormous damage at the time, especially in military camps. Since doctors at the time did not know the origins of infections, they looked for substances to cure them. The research of Thiroux d'Arconville represented basic research in this area, but it still lacked the references to medical microbiology that trigger these processes and which were later researched by Louis Pasteur .

Translations

Peter Shaw

Macquer advised Thiroux d'Arconville to focus on the links between chemistry and medicine. Therefore, she began researching wound infections and gangrene , in which tissue deterioration was associated with decomposition or putrefaction. However, there was a lack of knowledge about the development of infections in war wounds. Researchers tried to identify substances that could act as antidotes. Macquer asked her to translate the work of the physician and chemist Peter Shaw , which was published from 1759 under the title  Leçons de chymie . She preceded the work with her foreword Discours Préliminaire , which itself makes a remarkable contribution to applied chemistry. In this preface, Thiroux d'Arconville explains that the volume contains a history of chemistry, and explains its types and purposes. She commented on the relationship of chemistry to medicine and pharmacy, emphasizing that physicians must also have knowledge of pharmacy in order to practice medicine successfully. She referred to her own experiments, which she later published in her Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction .

John Pringle

Macquer also suggested that Thiroux d'Arconville look into the studies of John Pringle . Pringle's research on substances that acted septic or antiseptic had already been published by the Royal Society . Between 1750 and 1752 Pringle gave seven lectures to the Royal Society in which he presented a list of septic substances that favored decomposition and antiseptic substances that combated decomposition. Thiroux d'Arconville's comments on Pringle's experiments are profound and demonstrate her in-depth knowledge of chemicals. While studying the substances, she recognized the effects of cinchona . She never met Pringle, but in her writings she expressed the powerful influence his research had on hers. She praised his work and profound knowledge, and pointed out points where she believed Pringle had been wrong.

Alexander Monro

Sketches in the Treatise on Osteology

Also in 1759 Thiroux d'Arconville translated the treatise on osteology of Alexander Monro . To write her preface to this paper, Thiroux d'Arconville asked the famous anatomist Jean-Joseph Sue (1710–1792), professor of anatomy at the Collège Royal de Chirurgie and chief surgeon at the Hôpital de la Charité , for help. In the foreword, she acknowledged the limits of her knowledge on the subject and directed readers to other texts that provided more detailed information. She added illustrations to Monro's texts. These were missing in the original because Monro assumed that illustrations were imprecise and unnecessary. Thiroux d'Arconville, on the other hand, believed that illustration could help with learning. The sketches were probably made under the direction of Jean-Joseph Sue. One of these illustrations was the juxtaposition of a male and a female skeleton. In the female skeleton, the pelvis is wider, but the chest is narrower than in the male skeleton, which suggests long-term wear of a corset. However, part of the figure was inaccurate. The ratio of the female skull to the body was smaller than the ratio of the male skull to the body.

Later work

The death of the best friend that Thiroux d'Arconville had, according to her own words, namely François Thiroux d'Épersenne, a brother of her husband, left her unable to write in 1767, so she began to dictate her texts. Between 1767 and 1783 she no longer wrote scientific texts, but wrote novels and historical biographies, including one about Maria de 'Medici .

Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville feared the French Revolution . After her husband's death in 1789, she lived in Meudon, but had to leave this place in December 1793. She was first placed under house arrest, then sent to Saint-Lazare prison and finally to Picpus prison, where she was incarcerated with her relatives, including her sister, her brother-in-law Angran d'Alleray and her eldest son Louis Thiroux de Crosne. He had left France in 1789 and went into exile in England, but returned to Paris in 1793. Both men were guillotined in April 1794. Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville was only released from prison six months after the death of her son, as was her sister. From 1800, at the age of 80, she began to dictate her thoughts, reflections and anecdotes , as her poor eyesight made it impossible to write by hand. By her death in 1805 they filled twelve manuscript volumes, which however were no longer published.

Works

Thiroux d'Arconville published about 30 works, including both annotated translations and original works, all anonymously. Of course, it was a matter of “relative anonymity”, because there is evidence that her authorship was known at least in some literary and scientific circles. As early as 1770, the doctor, anatomist and medical historian Antoine Portal wrote in his History of Anatomy and Surgery that Monro's Anatomy of the Human Bones had been translated into French by “Madame la Présidente d'Arconville” and published at her expense. In 1787 she received an entry by name with a bibliography in the Dictionnaire portatif des femmes célèbres .

As a woman, she was restricted by social norms, so that publication under her name was not possible. She sharply criticized these restrictions. In a chapter on women (Sur les femmes) of her thoughts and moral reflections on various subjects (Pensées et réflexions morales sur divers sujets) she stated:

“Dans un état privé les femme ne jouent point de rôle impunément. Sont-elles galantes? On les méprise. Sont-elles scheming? On les redoute. Affichent-elles la science ou le bel esprit? Si leur ouvrages sont mauvais, on les siffle; s'ils sont bons, on les leur ôte, et il ne leur reste que le ridicule de s'en être dit les auteurs. »

“In private life [in the sense of: outside social norms] women do not play a role with impunity. Are you gallant? You are despised. Are you scheming? You are feared. Should they show knowledge or wit? If their works are bad they are booed; on the other hand, if they are good, they will be stolen from them and ridiculed if they claim the work as their own. "

- Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville : Sur les femmes

Often their works have been attributed to prominent men. A reprint of her works on friendship and passions and a German translation appeared in Frankfurt in 1770 under the name of Denis Diderot. The work on osteology she translated was fully attributed to Jean-Joseph Sue, although he was only responsible for the additions and possibly some of the illustrations.

The following lists are based on a compilation by Patrice Bret with the support of Emilie Joly. Only those works have been included for which the authorship or translation by d'Arconville has been secured or is unanimously accepted in the literature. The anonymity of the author not only led to incorrect attributions of her works to others, but also to dubious or incorrect ascriptions to d'Arconville himself.

Own writings

  • Pensées et réflexions morales sur divers sujets (German: thoughts and moral reflections on various topics). Avignon 1760. Accessible online via the Munich Digitization Center.
    • Second, revised and expanded edition with the author's indication “par l'auteur du traité 'de l'Amitié' et de celui 'des Passions'” (by the author of the treatises “On Friendship” and “On Passions”). La Haye and Paris 1766.
  • De l'Amitié (German: About friendship). Amsterdam and Paris 1761. Accessible online through Google Books.
    • Second, revised edition. Amsterdam and Paris 1764, reprinted 1775.
  • L'amour éprouvé par la mort, ou Lettres modern de deux amans de vieille roche . Amsterdam and Paris 1763. Accessible online through Gallica.
  • Des passions (German: About passions) with the author's indication “par l'auteur du traité de l'Amitié” (from the author of the treatise on friendship). London 1764, reprinted 1775. Accessible online via the Munich Digitization Center.
  • Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction (German for example: contribution to the history of putrefaction) with the author's indication "par le traducteur des 'Leçons de chymie' de M. Shaw" (from the translator of the "lessons of chemistry" by M. Shaw). Paris 1766. Accessible online through Google Books.
  • Mémoires de Mademoiselle de Valcourt . Amsterdam and Paris 1767. Accessible online through Google Books.
  • Vie du Cardinal d'Ossat, avec le discours de ce prélat sur la Ligue. Paris 1771.
  • Vie de Marie de Médicis, princesse de Toscane, pure de France et de Navarre. Paris 1774. Accessible online via the Munich Digitization Center: Volume I , Volume II , Volume III
  • Histoire de François II, roi de France; suivie d'un discours traduit de l'italien, de Michel Suriano, ambassadeur de Venise en France, sur l'état de ce royaume, à l'avènement de Charles IX au trône. Paris 1783. Accessible online via the Munich Digitization Center: Volume I , Volume II

Translations

  • Avis d'un père à sa fille . London 1756. Accessed online via Google Books. Translation by George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax : The lady's new-years gift, or Advice to a daughter . London 1688.
  • Leçons de chymie, propres à perfectionner la physique, le commerce et les arts . Paris 1759. Accessed online through Google Books. Translation by Peter Shaw : Chemical Lectures read in London in 1731 and 1732, and at Scarborough in 1733, for the Improvement of Arts, Trades, and Natural Philosophy . London 1734. With a 94-page Discours préliminaire du traducteur (preface by the translator).
  • Traité d'ostéologie . Paris 1759. Accessible online at babordnum.fr: Volume I , Volume II . Translation by Alexander Monro I .: The Anatomy of the Human Bones . Edinburgh 1726 and more often. On the title page, Jean-Joseph Sue is named as the author of the French edition.
  • Romans traduits de l'anglois . Amsterdam 1761. Accessible online through Gallica. Translation of excerpts from George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton : Letters from a Persian in England to his friend in Ispahan , 1735, and Aphra Behn : Agnes de Castro , 1688.
  • Mélanges de poésie angloise. Paris 1764. Translation by John Sheffield : Essay on Poetry , Alexander Pope : The Temple of Fame and Matthew Prior : Henry and Emma .
  • Histoire d'Amyntor et de Thérèse . Amsterdam 1770. Accessible online through Google Books. Translation by Anon .: The History of Amintor and Theresa . London 1769.
  • Méditations sur les tombeaux . Paris 1770. Accessible online through Google Books. Translation by James Hervey: Meditations among the tombs . London 1764.
  • Les Samiens, conte traduit de l'anglais. Le Phénix, apologue arabe. Calliste et Philetor, fragment d'and nouvelle greqe. Traduits l'un et l'autre de l'italien. Paris 1781. Translation from the English by Anon .: The Samians, a tale , London 1771, from the Italian by Melchiore Cesarotti : La Fenice, o la vita mistica, apologo arabico , Padua 1779, and the same: Calista e Filetore, ossia l 'amor chimico, fragments de una novela greca tradotta de l'Abbate Cesarotti.
  • Histoire de Saint Kilda. Paris 1782. Translation by Kenneth Macaulay: The History of Saint Kilda . London 1764.

Collections

  • Mélanges de litterature, de morale et de physique . 7 volumes. Paris 1775-1776. Contains numerous earlier works by the author, revised, corrected and considerably expanded according to the editor's foreword, as well as new original works and translations by d'Arconville, but also some texts by the editor Rossel in the last volume. Available online: Volume I , Volume II , Volume III , Volume IV , Volume V , Volume VI , Volume VII

Estate

  • Pensées, reflections and anecdotes from Mme d'Arconville . Around 1800 to 1805. Twelve volumes with posthumous unpublished manuscripts, now in Ottawa. Two texts from it have now been published in a critical edition, both in a volume published by Marc André Bernier and Marie-Laure Girou Swiderski in 2016: Madame d'Arconville, moraliste et chimiste au siècle des Lumières :
    • Histoire de mon enfance.
    • Sur moi.

reception

Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville's works were known in the scientific and literary world of their time and were often discussed or otherwise received.

Patrice Bret and Andrew Sparling give a few examples of the reception of the experimental work on putrefaction during d'Arconville's lifetime. Immediately after its publication in May 1766, the study was reviewed in an extensive essay in the journal Œconomique . The Irish doctor and scientist David Macbride added a footnote the following year to the second edition of his Experimental Essays on Medical and Philosophical Subjects (1767), in which he praised the experiments carried out in France with “astonishing patience and accuracy”, and in particular the investigation of the Emphasized the anti-decomposition effect of edible plants, such as horseradish , mustard , garlic , etc. Macbride gave no name and pointed out that an author's statement was missing. In the German-speaking area, too, the work was cited, for example, in Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben's widely used textbook Beginnings of Nature from the 2nd edition in 1777 as being relevant to the subject of putrefaction ("putredo"), alongside a work by John Pringle. This remained so in the subsequent editions of the manual published by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg . Unlike the aforementioned, the American physician Benjamin Rush knew and referred to the name and gender of the researcher in 1786. In a pamphlet on the use of an American mineral water, he drew on the work of the “witty female author of the 'History of Putrefaction'” who had shown through experiments that ferrous water accelerated the decomposition and putrefaction of food, and added a quotation "Madame Darconville's history of putrefaction" at. Fourcroy named the putrefaction of animal substances in the 2nd edition of his Éléments d'histoire naturelle et de chimie 1786 as one of the most important research topics and listed the most important researchers in this field who “carefully observed and described the facts of the changes caused by decomposition ", Including Johann Joachim Becher , Stephen Hales , Georg Ernst Stahl , John Pringle, David Macbride, Jean Baptiste Gaber , Antoine Baumé and" the honorable author of the experiments on putrefaction "; in the 5th edition of 1793 he also called the "esteemed author" by name: "madame Darconville".

But also their philosophical ones. literary and historical works found an echo in contemporary journals. The three-volume story of Maria de 'Medici (1774) was translated into German just six years after it was published; the translator Johann Andreas Engelbrecht praised in his preface, "with what care he [d'Arconville] worked - which is already evident from the multitude of sources he used -". In this way, everyone will be enabled "to check their own judgments ... and to see this important point in history more and more accurately and correctly".

Judy Chicago dedicated an inscription to Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d'Arconville on the triangular floor tiles of the Heritage Floor of her 1974 to 1979 installation The Dinner Party . The porcelain tiles labeled with the name Genevieve d'Arconville are assigned to the place with the place setting for Caroline Herschel .

Sources

The first known report on the person of Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville, which at the same time removed the author's anonymity, appeared in 1804, shortly before the death of Thiroux d'Arconville, in a handbook dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte by French women who dealt with science and literature Merit written by Fortunée Briquet . The brief outline does not give any vital dates, but recognizes d'Arconville for her contributions to physics, chemistry, moral philosophy, literature and language. Above all, however, it offers a first bibliography of their works. A more detailed description with biographical data and bibliography can be found in a long footnote to the Cours de botanique médicale comparée ("Course of comparative medicinal plant botany "), which her nephew, the botanist Pierre Bodard de la Jacopière , wrote in 1810. Hippolyte de La Porte received further appreciations that shed light on both the biography and the works of the author : first a two-page entry in the 45th volume of Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (1826), then a 25-page biographical sketch in his Notes and Observations Concerning Some Women in Eighteenth Century Society (1835).

A number of later articles in manuals, encyclopedias and other works drew from these contemporary sources. Only recently has it been possible to find some of the handwritten records that Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville had left behind, which were believed to be lost. An antiquarian from Mauritius bought twelve unpublished manuscript volumes belonging to this collection totaling over 5000 pages at an auction in London in 2007 and had them checked for authenticity. The Université du Québec (Marc André Bernier and Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski) purchased electronic copies of the manuscripts. In 2011 the volumes themselves were auctioned at Christie's and finally acquired in 2012 by the Morriset Library in Ottawa . They contain both scientific and autobiographical records and are entitled Pensées et réflexions morales . An extensive literature on Thiroux d'Arconville has emerged on its basis in recent years.

literature

  • Londa Schiebinger : The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1991, ISBN 978-0-674-57625-4 , pp. 247-250 (= Marie Thiroux d'Arconville: A “Sexist” Anatomist ).
  • Andrew Sparling: Putrefaction in the Laboratory. How an Eighteenth-Century Experimentalist Refashioned Herself as an Homme des Lettres . In: Gabriele Jahncke, Claudia Ulbrich: From the individual to the person: New concepts in the area of ​​tension between autobiography theory and self-testimony research (= Querelles . Yearbook for Women and Gender Studies , Issue 10). Wallstein, Berlin 2005, pp. 173-188.
  • Élisabeth Bardez: Au fil de ses ouvrages anonymes, Madame Thiroux d'Arconville, femme de lettres et chimiste éclairée. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie. Vol. 96 (2009), No. 363, pp. 255-266, online .
  • Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (ed.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières. Hermann, Paris 2011. Table of contents and foreword .
  • Marc André Bernier, Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski (ed.): Madame d'Arconville, moraliste et chimiste au siècle des Lumières. Études et textes inédits. Voltaire Foundation, Voltaire Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Histoire de mon enfance , in: Pensées et réflexions morales 3: 259–60, 1800–05, University of Ottawa Archives and Special Collections; quoted from Leigh Whaley: Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Darlus Thiroux d'Arconville and Community during the French Enlightenment .
  2. ↑ M. Bodard: Cours de botanique médicale comparée . Méquignon l'Ainé, Paris 1810, p. Xxvii. In the original: "l'éducation avoit restreinte aux devoirs d'une femme dans l'intérieur de son ménage".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Leigh Whaley: Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Darlus Thiroux d'Arconville and Community during the French Enlightenment. In: The Scholar and Feminist Online . Barnard Center for Research on Women , 2018, accessed March 22, 2020 (American English).
  4. ↑ THIROUX D'ARCONVILLE Louis Lazare. In: hyacinthe-rigaud.com. Retrieved March 8, 2020 (French).
  5. ↑ Hippolyte de La Porte: Mme. Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Notices et observations à l'occasion de quelques femmes de la société du XVIIIe siècle . Paris 1835, pp. 13–39, here: p. 14 f.
  6. ↑ Élisabeth Bardez: Au fil de ses ouvrages anonymes, Madame Thiroux d'Arconville, femme de lettres et chimiste éclairée . In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie . Vol. 96 (2009), No. 363, pp. 255–266, here: p. 257. The cited passage can be found in De La Porte: Notices et observations à l'occasion de quelques femmes de la société du XVIIIe siècle , P. 16. In the original: “Les plaisirs de la jeunesse l'intéressaient singulièrement, et on est tout étonné d'apprendre qu'une femme livrée à l'amour de la science, aimât à donner des petits bals bien gais, tout près de sa chambre à coucher et de son lit sous lequel se trouvait un squelette destiné à des études et à des demonstrations d'anatomie. "
  7. ↑ M. Bodard: Cours de botanique médicale comparée . Méquignon l'Ainé, Paris 1810, p. Xxvii. In the original: "qu'elle était elle-même son ouvrage".
  8. ↑ Hippolyte de La Porte: Mme. Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Notices et observations à l'occasion de quelques femmes de la société du XVIIIe siècle . Paris 1835, pp. 13–39, here: p. 16.
  9. ↑ Essai pour servir à l'histoire de la putréfaction , p. Xxvii.
  10. ↑ a b c Patrice Bret: Arconville, Marie Geneviève Charlotte Thiroux D '- Encyclopedia.com. In: encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Adeline Gargam: Between Scientific Investigation and Vanity Fair: Reflections on the Culture of Curiosity in Enlightenment . In: Line Cottegnies, John Thompson, Sandrine Parageau: Women and Curiosity in Early Modern England and France . Brill, Leiden 2016, pp. 197–215, here: pp. 206 f.
  12. ^ L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800 . Springer, 2011, ISBN 978-0-230-29517-9 , pp. 79 ( books.google.de ).
  13. ^ Élisabeth Bardez: Madame d'Arconville et les sciences. Reason ou résonance? In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 35–52, here: p. 37.
  14. ^ Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski: La présidente d'Arconville, une femme des Lumières? In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 21–33, here: p. 25.
  15. ^ Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski: La présidente d'Arconville, une femme des Lumières? In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 21–33, here: p. 30.
  16. ^ Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski: La présidente d'Arconville, une femme des Lumières? In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 21–33, here: p. 31.
  17. ↑ Élisabeth Bardez: Au fil de ses ouvrages anonymes, Madame Thiroux d'Arconville, femme de lettres et chimiste éclairée. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie. Vol. 96 (2009), No. 363, pp. 255–266 ( online ), here: p. 256.
  18. ↑ Brigitte van Tiggelen: Entre anonymat et traduction: la carrière d'une femme en sciences. In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières. Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 93–109, here: p. 94.
  19. ↑ Nina Rattner Gelbart: Splendeur et squelettes: la "traduction" anatomique de Madame Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 55–70, here: p. 62. Gelbart refers to Antoine Portal: Histoire de l'anatomie et de la chirurgie. Volume 4, Paris 1770, pp. 654 f., Online .
  20. ^ Jean-François de La Croix: Dictionnaire portatif des femmes célèbres . Volume 1, Supplément, Paris 1787, p. 746. Online at Gallica.
  21. ^ Marie Geneviève Charlotte Thiroux D'Arconville: Pensées et réflexions morales sur divers sujets . 1760, p. 72 ( books.google.de ).
  22. ↑ Les œuvres morales de Mr. Diderot, contenant son traité de l'amitié et celui des passions . Frankfurt 1770. Accessible online via the Munich Digitization Center; Herr Diderot's moral works. First part or its treatise on friendship. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1770, online via Google Books; Herr Diderot's moral works. Part Two or its Treatise on the Passions. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1770, online via Google Books.
  23. ↑ Nina Rattner Gelbart: Splendeur et squelettes: la "traduction" anatomique de Madame Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 55–70.
  24. ↑ Patrice Bret with a collaboration by Emilie Joly regarding the pensées, réflexions et anecdotes: Corpus des deuvres de Madame d'Arconville . In: Patrice Bret, Brigitte van Tiggelen (eds.): Madame d'Arconville. Une femme de lettres et de sciences au siècle des Lumières . Hermann, Paris 2011, pp. 151–168.
  25. ^ Andrew Sparling: Putrefaction in the Laboratory , p. 187.
  26. ↑ Essai pour servir l'Histoire de la putréfaction par le Traducteur des Leçons de Chymie de M. Schaw . In: Journal Œconomique ou Memoires, notes et avis sur l'Agriculture, les Arts, le Commerce et tout ce qui peut y avoir rapport, ainsi qu'à la conservation et à l'augmentation des Biens des Familles, etc. , 1766, May, pp. 224-228. Online .
  27. ^ David Macbride: On the respective Powers, and Manner of Acting, of the different Kinds of Antiseptics . In: Experimental Essays on Medical and Philosophical Subjects . London 1767, pp. 107-164, here: p. 116. Online on Google Books.
  28. ^ Johann Christoph Polykarp Erxleben: Beginnings of the theory of nature . Second, very improved and increased edition. Göttingen and Gotha 1777, § 242, p. 192 f., Online via the Munich digitization center. Sixth edition, with improvements and many additions by GC Lichtenberg. Göttingen 1794, § 242, p. 222, online via the Munich Digitization Center.
  29. ^ Benjamin Rush: Directions for the use of the mineral water and cold bath, at Harrogate, near Philadelphia . Melchior Steiner, Philadelphia 1786, p. 8. Online .
  30. ^ M. de Fourcroy: Éléments d'histoire naturelle et de chimie . Volume 4. 2nd edition, Paris 1786, p. 480 ( online at Google Books); 5th edition, Paris An II (= 1793), p. 489 ( online on Gallica).
  31. ↑ Cf. for example Mert Ertunga: Negotiating literary identity during the divide between the philosophes and the anti-philosophes (1745–1765). Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Pittsburgh 2016, online . On p. 235 ff. Ertunga compiles a series of reviews of these works by d'Arconville.
  32. ↑ Life of Maria de Medicis, Princess of Toscana, Queen of France and Navarre . Translated from the French by JA Engelbrecht. 3 volumes, Berlin 1780–1782. Quotation from the translator's preface, Vol. 1, unpaginated. Online via the Munich Digitization Center.
  33. ^ Brooklyn Museum: Genevieve D'Arconville. In: brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved March 8, 2020 .
  34. ↑ Fortunée Briquet: Dictionnaire historique, littéraire et bibliographique des Françaises et des étrangères naturalisées en France, connues par leurs écrits ou par la protection qu'elles ont accordée aux Gens de Lettres (“Historical, literary and bibliographical handbook of the French and those in France naturalized foreigners who are known through their own writings or the support they have given the scholars ”), Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, An XII (= 1804), therein the entry D'Arconville, Thiroux . A facsimile is not available online, but reproductions are available at siefar.org ( http://siefar.org/dictionnaire/fr/Marie-Genevi%C3%A8ve-Charlotte_Darlus/Fortun%C3%A9e_Briquet ) and books.openedition.org ( https://books.openedition.org/pus/6654#text ).
  35. ↑ M. Bodard: Cours de botanique médicale comparée, ou exposé des substances végétales exotiques comparées aux plantes indigènes . Méquignon l'Ainé, Paris 1810. The footnote can be found in the first volume in Discours préliminaire (preface), pp. Xxvi – xxx, online .
  36. ^ Hippolyte de La Porte: Thiroux - D'Arconville . In: Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne , Volume 45. Michaud, Paris 1826, pp. 428–430, online at archive.org.
  37. ↑ Hippolyte de La Porte: Mme. Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Notices et observations à l'occasion de quelques femmes de la société du XVIIIe siècle . Paris 1835, pp. (13) - (39), online .
  38. ↑ Élisabeth Bardez: Au fil de ses ouvrages anonymes, Madame Thiroux d'Arconville, femme de lettres et chimiste éclairée . In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie . Vol. 96 (2009), No. 363, pp. 255–266, here: pp. 256 and 258.
  39. ↑ Andréane Audy-Trottier: Éducation de la jeunesse et plaisirs de la fiction chez Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville . In: Claude Thérien, Suzanne Foisy (eds.): Les plaisirs et les jours . Presses de l'Université du Québec, Québec 2013, pp. 179–191, here: p. 179; Shanon Pomminville: D'un siècle à l'autre: les inflexions de la pensée morale chez Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville (1720–1805) . Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du program de maîtrise en lettres françaises. Ottawa 2015, p. 5. Online ; Émilie Joly: Entre analyze des coeurs et science des corps: La question de la corruption physique et morale chez Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville (1720–1805). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières comme exigence partial de la maîtrise en lettres. Québec 2013, p. 4. Online .

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personal data
SURNAME Thiroux d'Arconville, Geneviève
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Thiroux d'Arconville, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte (full name); d'Arlus, Marie Geneviève Charlotte (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French writer, translator and chemist
DATE OF BIRTH October 17, 1720
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH December 23, 1805
Place of death Paris