History of Alland
This article deals with the history of the municipality of Alland in the Vienna Woods in Lower Austria . It is expanded to include the history of the Vienna Woods and the history of Lower Austria .
Early, ancient and medieval times
The wide basin of Allands was already in the Neolithic , in the 6th millennium BC. BC , populated. Excavations of the ceramic band culture , urn field culture and Bronze Age relics are exhibited in the parish hall today.
In the Alland stalactite cave an almost complete, 10,000 year old skeleton of a brown bear was found, which is exhibited there today.
Alland already had a wooden church in the 8th century.
Babenberger
In 1002 Alland was part of the large donation from King Heinrich II to the Babenberg Margrave Heinrich I , which comprised the area between the Dürren Liesing and the Triesting rivers. The three-aisled, late Gothic church of Alland, Adelath - Adelathe or adel achte (= aristocratic property) - with the double patronage of St. George and St. Margarethe - was first mentioned in 1123. The parish then comprised an area that is now divided into 11 parishes.
1133 founded Margrave Leopold III. the Cistercian monastery Heiligenkreuz in the parish of Alland .
The Babenbergers owned a permanent house and a dairy in Alland (the Babenbergerhäuser No. 32 and 33) - opposite the covered footbridge over the Schwechat (from 1745) - where Friedrich I of Austria was born in 1249. He was the son of Hermann VI. von Baden and Gertrud von Babenberg , the niece of Duke Frederick II the Warrior of Austria, the last ruler of the Babenberg family . Because of the happy birth of the heir to the throne, Gertrud gave the Alland farmers fields and forests that are still owned by the agricultural community of the Alland original homeowners and largely exempted them from taxes and duties. However, these perks have been lost over time. In 1253 Gertrud, the last woman from Babenberg , donated the parish and patronage rights to the Heiligenkreuz Abbey.
Friedrich I, Margrave of Verona and Baden, was also titular Duke of Austria until his death, and like his mother, did not waive his claim, but was never able to take control of his inheritance - Austria and Styria. In 1267 he joined his friend Konradin von Hohenstaufen , who led an Italian train to recapture the Hohenstaufen heritage. On this he was beheaded in 1268 by Karl von Anjou in Naples.
In Germany this was followed by the period without a king, the interregnum , and in the Babenberg hereditary lands Přemysl Ottokar II had already taken over the rule.
In 1347 the old ducal house came as a fief to Leutold the Allachter , whose family had named themselves after Alland since 1136 and provided the ducal forester in the late 13th century.
After strong opposition from the bishops of Passau, the parish was finally in 1386 by Pope Urban VI. incorporated into the Heiligenkreuz monastery; since then the abbot has appointed the pastor of Alland.
Modern times
In modern times, one of the twelve forest offices in the Vienna Woods was named after Alland. In 1507 the Alland rule fell to Gandolf von Kienberg zu Kottingbrunn , so a large part of the municipality belonged to Kottingbrunn Castle until 1848 .
In 1529, during the first Turkish siege of Vienna , Alland was largely exterminated by requisitioning, pillaging Turks; the natural monument Allander Türkenhasel is a reminder of the slaughter that, according to tradition, took place on this tree. At that time, besieged Vienna had 10,000-20,000 inhabitants.
Around 1600, in the course of the turmoil of the Reformation, Lutheran enclaves such as Schwarzensee and Neuhaus were formed in the otherwise Catholic Vienna Woods.
In the years from 1684 to 1694, after recent massacres by roaming Tatars and irregular soldiers, so-called Akindsi , in the course of the Second Turkish Siege of Vienna in 1683, there was a second wave of settlement by charcoal burners , lumberjacks and farmers from the Habsburg hereditary lands.
Around 1781, the government of Empress Maria Theresa and Joseph II entrusted the Alland forest authority master builder Philipp Schlucker with the construction of a 22 km long wall around the Lainzer Tiergarten . This order resulted in an economic debacle. The poor man lost all his fortune in the process. In the community park opposite the pharmacy, there is now the monument to the poor swallower . Around 1800 the steeple, which had leaned, was rebuilt by him.
Alland became world famous through the tragedy of Mayerling : An old aristocratic residence in the municipality of Alland, owned by the Heiligenkreuz Abbey from 1550, was bought by Crown Prince Rudolf in 1886 and expanded into the Mayerling Hunting Lodge . There Rudolf shot his lover Mary Vetsera on January 30, 1889 and then committed suicide . A transformation into a Carmelite monastery followed by Emperor Franz Joseph I , who founded a new church.
In 1928, the municipality of Alland considered changing its name to Groß-Mayerling , since the place has been avoided by summer visitors since the hospital for breast patients opened in 1898.
Second World War
In September 1940 the nuns of the Mayerling Carmel Monastery were expelled by a National Socialist commission and in the garden of the lower monastery in Mayerling 5 a labor camp of the Reich construction team of the Todt Organization under the direction of 33-year-old Gerd Orhs from St. Veit an der Triesting - responsible for the Construction of the "Outer Ring" Reichsautobahn planned from 1938 - erected. Other camps, mainly with prisoners of war from the French campaign , were set up in today's Alland industrial park with the name "Leo Lipardi" and on the Buchberg. These construction crews, which comprised a few hundred men, erected several bridge foundations in the Vienna Woods, entirely by hand, some of the ruins of which are still standing today or were only demolished in the course of the construction of the outer ring motorway in the early 1980s.
French prisoners of war and imprisoned gypsies were also housed in the remote district of Windhaag and used as garden and Farm workers deployed in the Alland lung sanatorium .
During the war, “ Volksdeutsche ” from Bessarabia were looked after by sisters of the Red Cross in Mayerling No. 3 .
On July 26, 1944, two American Boeing B-17s crashed in the Alland area after being attacked by German fighters in the air. Only three out of twenty crew members were able to save themselves. In the course of the air war for Wiener Neustadt and Vienna, the lung sanctuary was hit by bombs on February 13, 1945, 13 people died.
On March 29, 1945, the Red Army crossed the Austrian border near Klostermarienberg in the Oberpullendorf district in Burgenland . Baden was reached on April 3rd. There the troops split up, with one part advancing through the Helenental towards Heiligenkreuz and Alland and the other wedge continuing the attack on Vienna via Pfaffstätten. The battle for Alland raged until April 22nd, when the front moved to the Triestingtal valley to Altenmarkt and Hainfeld .
The destruction caused by artillery fire, machine gun fire and fire in Alland affected almost all buildings in the central area. Of most of the houses, only the chimneys and individual parts of the wall remained.
There were some drastic attacks during the Soviet occupation . For example, a Groisbacher was shot in the head by a Soviet soldier on May 5, 1945 for obstructing a rape, and a Groisbacher died as a result of being raped by 26 Russians on May 8th.
Post-war, present
In 1948 the church, which was badly damaged by bombardment, was consecrated again after extensive renovation.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the place was able to distinguish itself as the social center of the region. The farmers, spa guests of the rehabilitation center, Wienerwald hikers and summer visitors from Vienna all met in the prosperous inns . Even a cinema in what is now the Alland Volunteer Fire Brigade flourished until 1972.
The municipalities of Alland and Raisenmarkt merged in 1972 to form the large municipality of Alland . Governor Erwin Pröll raised this to a market town in 2002 .
The largest project that the municipality of Alland has ever tackled was - in addition to the construction of 70 kilometers of asphalt municipal roads - the construction of the canal and water supply network in all districts. The sewage treatment plant in Mayerling, which is barely visible embedded in nature, was put into operation in 1994. For the water supply, new sources were acquired by the community and corresponding pumping stations and drinking water tanks as well as a modern control system were built.
The flood disasters of 1997 and the flood of the century in 2002 also affected Schwechat , which destroyed the streets and cellars of the town center, the local history museum in the basement of the parish hall and the indoor swimming pool in the secondary school. Since then, flood protection has been one of the municipal council's most important concerns .
The still rural area experienced major social changes in the 1970s when the Allander Autobahn was built, and especially from 1980 when it was completed. The fast connection to Vienna (travel time about 20 minutes) made it attractive for newcomers from the city of Vienna and as a second home .
The volume of traffic on this important link between Western Europe and South-Eastern Europe has increased enormously , especially since the EU enlargement in 2004 , which has created serious problems for noise and environmental protection.
In 2004, around 200 out of 1,177 households in the municipality were provided with broadband Internet ( ADSL ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Correspondences. Alland. The same festival of the sanatorium for breast patients .. In: Badener Bezirks-Blatt , October 28, 1896, p. 4 (Online at ANNO ).
- ↑ Environment. Alland. (Name change.). In: Badener Zeitung , July 4, 1928, p. 4 (online at ANNO ).
- ↑ Crash of two B-17s in the Alland area on July 26, 1944 website regiowiki.at, accessed on December 16, 2014