County neck
The castle neck , near the former diocese of Passau , was the seat of direct imperial county neck . Today it is eponymous for the Neck district of Passau . At this time, the county of Hals was on the one hand in the so-called Nordwald, an as yet undeveloped area north of the Danube, which stretched from Niederalteich to the Waldviertel on the still blurred border with Bohemia , on the other hand in the county of Windberg , which is a branch line of the Count of Formbach was under. The festival itself is located on a narrow loop of the Ilz near the mouth of the river in the Danube near Passau.
History of the county
The gentlemen of Polsenz
Polsenz is now a district of St. Marienkirchen an der Polsenz . Hals is first mentioned in 1112 in a traditional note from the Passau cathedral chapter with the noble ( nobilis ) Rotbert, who also named himself after Polsenz. A document from the Niedernburg monastery in Passau, in which Rotbert is named with his brother Hugo and his sons Baldmar and Diether, is not dated; it falls during the sedentary period of Bishop Ulrich I of Passau (1092–1121). As a witness for Count Ulrich von Passau , Rotbert is mentioned in 1096 without a name of origin. He is responsible for the construction of the Hals Castle, which is therefore to be set in the period 1096 to 1112.
How the nobles of Polsenz were able to establish themselves in the area of the Formbach counts has not yet been finally clarified. According to Michael Hintermayer-Wellenberg, there is the following explanation for the sudden and almost simultaneous appearance of several noble families in Lower Bavaria such as the noble von Kamm , the counts of Ortenburg , the noble von Griesbach and the noble von Polsenz: The Griesbachers were just like the Polsenz -Halser side relatives of the Lords of Perg . In the course of the investiture dispute between Emperor Heinrich IV and Pope Gregory VII , they were transferred to Lower Bavaria as a counterweight and spearhead against the Bishop of Passau , who was loyal to the Pope and the Counts of Formbach , and given extensive rights, including counts. This thesis is substantiated by the fact that Griesbacher and Halser in particular only appear in documents from institutions loyal to the emperor, such as the Niedernburg monastery or the cathedral chapter in Passau, but not in documents from the bishop or the Formbach monastery, which is also loyal to the Pope .
The possessions of the Polsenz-Halser extended mainly on both sides of the Ilz , in addition there were several fiefs of the Niedernburg monastery and the Passau cathedral chapter, which at that time was able to dispose of its properties independently.
The Lords of Kamm
As the first verifiable likely representative of this sex, a Mazili appears around 1073, but without a name addition, as the (sub) bailiff of the Osterhofen monastery, over which the ominous Ulrich von Passau still held the main bailiwick at that time . After his death in 1099, a Mazili “de Muleheim” appears again as the owner of that bailiwick; Soon it appears in various documents as "de Pergheim" and "de Chambe". The latter name indicates their ancestral castle Kamm in Wolfachtal. It is unclear where this mazili comes from; However, there are documents from what is today Upper Austria, in which "Adelram, Mazili de Ascha (ch) et filius eius Adelram" can be found several times in the series of witnesses. Since A (de) lram, together with A (da) lbert, are the leading names of the Lords of Kamm and later Counts of Hals, at least one plausible explanation has been found here. In the further course the Lords of Kamm acquired the bailiwick of almost all possessions of the bishopric of Bamberg in Lower Bavaria and Mattiggau, the latter bailiwick being administered by a side branch, the nobles of Uttendorf. Other lines are Mühlheim / Donau, Baumgarten, "Rotawe", and a connection to the nobles of Horbach / Haarbach could also have existed. Around 1160 Albert von Kamm married Liukarde von Hals. She was with some certainty the second wife of Baldmar, the last Polsenz-Halser, who died around 1160, and not his sister (her name was Helena). Miles de Halse, allegedly fallen in the 3rd Crusade in 1189, is not related to the noble Baldmar or his brother Diether (who died in the 2nd Crusade), but to a Halser service man (if he is not at all fiction). As a result, Albert von Kamm inherited the Hals rule, including all fiefs from the empire, soon after 1160.
At that time the bishops of Passau began to build their power base. Having already the lords of Griesbach under their dominion had brought, they tried this now, with the help of the Bavarian Duke and the Count of sheets in the other Edelfreien in the Passau area.
The reason for this was the purchase of the "Grafschaft" Windberg by the Passau bishop in 1207, which allegedly stretched from the Danube not far from Hilgartsberg in a wide strip to the Bohemian border. In the run-up to the event, there were disputes between Passau, Bogen and Bavaria on the one hand and Ortenburg and Hals on the other, from which Passau emerged as the “winner”.
However, Albrecht von Bogen took advantage of the situation to secure the northern part of the former County of Windberg, whereby Passau was bypassed here.
As a result, the Passau bishop's seat felt compelled to enfeoff the Lords von Hals, now Albrecht II and Alram, with large parts of the rest of the county in order to create a buffer to Bogen and ultimately to Bavaria with the help of their ministerials and vassals. At the same time, in addition to the development of new settlement areas, a bulwark against the expanding Kingdom of Bohemia was to be created.
In 1280 Albert von Hals was enfeoffed with the dignity of the imperial count by the Roman-German King Rudolf I of Habsburg . The counts now quickly pushed ahead with the expansion of their domain, which soon stretched from Osterhofen and Aidenbach to the Bohemian border. In addition, the counts secured the important trade route " Goldener Steig " to Bohemia, which was an important source of income for the county. When the Counts of Leonberg am Inn died out in what is now the municipality of Marktl , their county went to Alram von Hals. These included the Marktl-Stammham, Zeilarn , Tann and Gangkofen properties . In 1338 they also inherited Baumgarten in what is now Dietersburg .
End of the county
In 1375 the family of the chamber died out. Thereupon an inheritance dispute broke out between Landgrave Johann von Leuchtenberg and Count Heinrich IV. Von Ortenburg about the county . Although Heinrich IV. Was closely related to the daughter of the last Count of Hals due to his marriage, Johann obtained the fief for himself because of his relationships with the Bavarian dukes and with Emperor Karl IV . In 1376, Hals was elevated to the status of town , and a year later it was granted the right to mint . However, the town charter was never actually exercised.
After the death of Charles IV, Johann von Leuchtenberg supported his son, King Wenzel of Bohemia. Due to Wenceslas armed conflicts, however, Johann got so much in debt that he was forced to mortgage large parts of the county. The rest of the county fell to the nobles of Aichperg in 1485. After their extinction in 1511 there was again an inheritance dispute over the county between Johann von Degenberg and Ulrich II. Von Ortenburg. The dispute dragged on for several years. Most of the possessions in the Duchy of Bavaria were divided among the heirs. Since one could not agree on the one hand who should receive the imperial county, and on the other hand the Aichperger family also bequeathed large debts to the heirs, both parties to the dispute decided in 1517, after mediation by the duke, to sell the county to the Wittelsbach family .
literature
- Richard Loibl : The domain of the Counts of Vornbach and their successors. Studies on the history of the rulership of Eastern Bavaria in the High Middle Ages (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria. Old Bavaria. Series II, Issue 5). Laßleben, Kallmünz 1997, ISBN 3-7696-9695-6 (also: Munich, University, dissertation, 1994).
- Michael Hintermayer-Wellenberg: The beginnings of the Bailiffs von Kamm. In: Passauer Jahrbuch 48 (2006), pp. 29–36.
- Michael Hintermayer-Wellenberg: The nobles from Polsenz zu Hals and Griesbach at the time of the investiture dispute. In: Ostbairische Grenzmarken 43 (2001), pp. 13-25.
- Ludwig Veit : Passau. The Hochstift (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria. Old Bavaria. Series I, Issue 35). Laßleben, Kallmünz 1978, ISBN 3-7696-9896-7 .
- Gertrud Diepolder: Upper and Lower Bavarian aristocratic rule in the Wittelsbach territorial state of the 13th - 15th century. Approaches to the comparison of the historical structure of Upper and Lower Bavaria. In: Journal for Bavarian State History. Vol. 25, 1962, ISSN 0044-2364 , pp. 33-70.
- Eberhard Graf zu Ortenburg-Tambach: History of the imperial, ducal and counts' entire house of Ortenburg. Volume 2: The Count's House in Bavaria. Rückert, Vilshofen 1932.
- Luitpold Brunner: The Counts of Hals. A contribution to the history of Bavaria. Occasional letter for the solemn end of the school year at the Catholic University of St. Stephan in Augsburg. Kremer, Augsburg 1857, digitized version ( Flash ; 85 kB).