Comb (noble family)
Kamm is the name of a Bavarian noble family during the High Middle Ages. Over the centuries it rose from the title of Noble Free von Kamm to Count von Hals . In 1375 they died out in the male line . The original ancestral seat of the family was the now defunct Kamm Castle near Ortenburg in Lower Bavaria , later today's castle ruin Hals near Passau .
Name variations
Over the centuries, the spelling of the name changed. Well-known variations are: Kamm, Cham, Camb, Chamb, Chamba, Chambe, as well as the additions to the name Rothenberg or -Rothenburg (after ownership of Rothenburg around 1200) and Hals (after taking control of Hals near Passau around 1160). After losing their ancestral castle Kamm, they only named themselves after their seat in Hals. In addition, a side branch of the family was named after Uttendorf in the 12th and 13th centuries .
history
The origin of the family Kamm can be found in the Upper Palatinate near Cham , from which the name of the headquarters is probably derived. There a representative of the aristocratic family appears for the first time, Mazili I. At their heyday they had an extensive complex of goods between the Danube and Inn , just north of the city of Passau and west of the Ilz, as well as considerable free float between Ilz and Ranna . Also noteworthy was the massed property in the area of the monastery property of the Passau monastery .
It is believed that Mazili I came to Passau in the wake of Count Ulrich von Vohburg . Ulrich took over the rich and affluent office of the Passau burgrave. Since Mazili was a follower of Ulrichs, it is now assumed that he thus obtained the goods on the Wolfach um Kamm, a suburb of Ortenburg today. What is remarkable here, however, is the proximity of the possessions of the noble free von Kamm to those of the Counts of Ortenburg , which were right next to each other. At that time the noble free von Griesbach-Waxenberg and von Polsenz-Hals appeared together with the chambers . With the death of the burgrave Ulrich the “Much Rich”, a large part of the property south of the Danube changed to the Spanheim family . The estates that were to form the basis for what would later become the County of Ortenburg emerged from inheritance divisions. It seems that at that time the chamber also changed to the entourage of the new neighboring counts.
In addition to the ties to the Passau burgrave, the chamber found itself in close relationships with the Bamberg bishop. As early as 1073 Mazili I appeared as Vogt of the Bamberg monastery in Osterhofen , which is remarkable for a small, noble family. In the period that followed, the noble free acquired important bailiwick rights, including over Aldersbach , Asbach and Aigen am Inn , which they held for generations.
The exact lines and possessions of the chamber at the beginning of its history have not been fully proven to this day, but it is certain that there were lines and properties in Mühlham, Uttendorf and Bleichenbach and that these branches were named after them.
After 1160 Albert von Kamm married Liukarde von Hals, Baldmar's second wife, the last Halser lord from the Polsenz (Palsence) house, who died around 1160 , and inherited the Hals dominion, including all fiefs from the empire north of Passau and on the Ilz. The mansion was then moved to Hals. The ancestral seat, Kamm Castle, is described in some sources as abandoned after the death of Walchun II von Kamm in 1222, more details are not known about it.
Due to the efforts of the Passau bishops to gain possession between the Inn and Mühel and to strengthen their power, the two parties soon came to a conflict. For this reason, the chamber supported the Counts of Ortenburg, whose followers they were then, in their feuds against the Counts of Bogen and the Bishops of Passau. The outcome of the feuds, however, was very fatal for the noble free, as they were always on the losing side. Albert von Hals was forced to pledge Hals Castle to the Passau Cathedral Monastery. Albert used the absence of Passau bishop Ulrich II at the imperial coronation of Frederick II in Rome in 1220 and the subsequent crusade to reoccupy the castle. Albert was forced to hand over the castle to Duke Ludwig I of Bavaria . This commissioned the powerful Count von Bogen with the safekeeping of the festivals until the return of the Passau bishop. Two years later the successor to the fallen in the crusade Bishop, Bishop procured Gebhard I of Pleyen , of King Henry VII. The imperial ban on Albert neck and his helpers. In the following years, Bishop Gebhard forced the Halser to hand over all his allodial possessions and fiefs to the bishopric and to give up. Albert received the property back as an ecclesiastical fief, but was now dependent on the Passau bishopric. In 1224 Duke Ludwig withdrew the Bamberg fiefs of the Kamm-Halser. Likewise, Bishop Gebhard withdrew the Halser Vogteirechte to Aigen am Inn in 1226 and justified this with the judgment from the year 1222. Two years later, the Bamberg Bishop Ekbert von Meran awarded the fiefs of the Halser to the Bavarian dukes Ludwig and Otto . The Kamm-Halsern lost rich possessions and the lowest point for the sex was reached.
In 1244, Alram handed over bailiff's rights in the Rottal to replace the damage done to the court of Ottmaring and the rest of the imperial fiefs to the Passau bishop in order to receive them again as church fiefs.
With the end of the 13th century, however, the position of the noble free von Kamm-Hals changed. First of all, the Bavarian dukes succeeded in winning over the successor to Alram von Hals, who died in 1246, Albert VI. Furthermore, Albert von Hals was raised to the rank of count by King Rudolf I in 1280 . The counts now quickly pushed ahead with the expansion of their domain, which soon stretched from Osterhofen and Aidenbach to the Bohemian border . Furthermore, the counts secured the important “ Goldener Steig ” trade route to Bohemia, which was an important source of income for their county.
In 1291 the old goods around Kamm came to Count Rapoto IV of Ortenburg as a dowry . However, it is unclear whether the former family castle Kamm also came to the Ortenburg family or whether this happened earlier.
The Counts Alram and Albrecht von Hals are named as leaders of the Lower Bavarian nobles in the Battle of Gammelsdorf , 1313. With the death of Heinrich von Leonberg, the county of Leonberg went to Count Alram von Hals.
Since the middle of the 14th century, the Halsern was given the stronghold of the neck and surrounding goods as an imperial loan, which meant that the dependency on the Passau Church was broken away.
In 1375 the last Count of Hals, Leopold, died. After his death, the heirs, the Counts of Leuchtenberg and the Counts of Ortenburg, fought a bitter inheritance dispute for years. Heinrich IV. Von Ortenburg laid claim to the full inheritance, as he was married to the daughter of the last count and was closely related. Landgrave Johann von Leuchtenberg, however, obtained the enfeoffment for himself through his relationships with the Bavarian dukes and with Emperor Charles IV . The dispute with the Ortenburgers still continued. In 1379 there was finally a contractual settlement. The Counts of Ortenburg got the dominions of Leonberg , area north of the Inn , in today's communities Marktl , Zeilarn and Tann , Baumgarten, Haarbach bei Geisenhausen , Ganghofen and Hof as well as Zehent zu Mamming . The Leuchtenbergers received the county of Hals, Osterhofen, Haidenburg with Aidenbach, Göttersdorf and the goods belonging to Vils and Wolfach.
coat of arms
Blazon : The coat of arms of those of Kamm or Counts of Hals shows a silver bar in blue ; on the helmet with blue-silver ceiling , an open, like the sign designated flight .
Personalities
The best-known representatives of the family are, besides the founder Mazili, his descendants as Count von Hals. The most famous representative of the sex is the Blessed Alruna von Kamm (usually referred to as Alruna von Cham ).
literature
- Michael Hintermayer-Wellenberg: The beginnings of the Bailiffs von Kamm. In: Passauer Jahrbuch, Volume 48, Passau 2006 (pp. 29–36).
- Michael Hintermayer-Wellenberg: The nobles from Polsenz zu Hals and Griesbach at the time of the investiture dispute. In: Passauer Jahrbuch, Volume 43, Passau 2001 (pp. 13-25).
- Richard Loibl : The rulership of the Counts of Vornbach and their successors ( Historical Atlas of Bavaria , Altbayern Series II, Issue 5 ). Commission for Bavarian State History (Ed.), Munich 1997, ISBN 9783769696950 .
- Richard Loibl: Between Noble Freedom and Counts: The Lords of Kamm-Neck. In Ferdinand Kramer & Wilhelm Störmer (eds.), High Middle Ages Noble Families in Old Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia (= Studies on Bavarian Constitutional and Social History, Volume XX), pp. 379–408. Commission for Bavarian State History at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich 2005. ISBN 376966874X .
- Ina-Ulrike Paul: Hals, Count of. In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 300 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Franziska Jungmann-Stadler: Vilshofen district. The historical area of the district courts of Vilshofen and Osterhofen (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria. Old Bavaria. Series I, Issue 29). Commission for Bavarian State History (Ed.), Munich 1972, ISBN 3-7696-9875-4 (At the same time: Munich, University, Dissertation, 1965/1966: Ways and forms of rulership formation on the Lower Bavarian Danube. ) ( Online ).
- Ludwig Veit : Passau. The Hochstift (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria. Old Bavaria. Series I, Issue 35). Commission for Bavarian State History (Ed.), Laßleben, Kallmünz 1978, ISBN 3-7696-9896-7 ( online ).
- Gertrud Diepolder : Upper and Lower Bavarian aristocratic rule in the Wittelsbach territorial state of the 13th - 15th century. In: Journal for Bavarian State History , Volume 25, Munich 1962, pp. 33–70 ( digitized version ).