Large power plant in Mannheim
| Großkraftwerk Mannheim AG
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| legal form | Corporation |
| founding | 1921 |
| Seat | Mannheim |
| management | Holger Becker Gerard Uytdewilligen |
| Number of employees | 573 (2018) |
| sales | 754 million euros (2018) |
| Branch | Electricity generation |
| Website | www.gkm.de |
The large power plant in Mannheim AG ( GKM ) operates in Mannheim the largest energy center in Baden-Wuerttemberg. The coal-fired power plant generates electricity for around 2.5 million people, businesses and industry as well as district heating for around 120,000 households through combined heat and power (CHP). GKM is also an important supplier of single-phase rail power for DB Energie GmbH .
The factory output is 2146 MW gross or 1958 MW net, the installed district heating capacity (heating water) around 1500 MW th . Of the net output, 310 MW are available for the production of single-phase rail power for DB Energie GmbH.
The GKM is a joint power plant of RWE Generation , EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg and MVV RHE GmbH , Mannheim, which take over three-phase current and district heating (MVV RHE GmbH) on a cost basis.
history
The large Mannheim power plant was founded in 1921 by the Pfalzwerke , the city of Mannheim, the Baden state electricity supply (later Badenwerk , now EnBW) and Neckar AG. The first boilers went into operation in 1923. Fritz Marguerre was the founding director and chairman until 1952 . With boilers 1 and 2 in plant 1 (later called the Marguerre plant), he built for the first time a high-pressure hot steam power plant that worked with live steam at around 100 bar and 420 degrees Celsius.
The live steam was first fed to an upstream turbine, then reheated again (at around 20 bar) and fed to one of the existing low-pressure turbines from the old 20-bar factory. With this measure, Marguerre was able to significantly increase the efficiency of the power plant. He wanted to achieve further improvements in efficiency through the introduction of double reheating and extensive use of the various steam pressures and temperatures through multiple taps on the turbines (e.g. to drive pumps or evaporators). He was already able to implement many of these measures in Plant 1: As early as the 1930s, neighboring industrial companies were supplied with district steam based on the principle of combined heat and power. Due to the lack of electricity after the Second World War, he was forced to build the so-called "Replacement Plant 49" in Plant 1 using tried and tested, but old technology. For this purpose, the old 20-bar boilers from the founding period were torn down and four identical boilers (boilers 7-10) were built in their place, which fed two new high-pressure machines (A and B). The reheated steam was returned to the existing 20-bar busbar in Plant 1. Due to the low temperature (410 ° C), its efficiency was too low for Marguerre's ideas. However, it was not until 1952 that it was able to implement double reheating with Unit 1 (boilers 11 and 12) in the new Plant II and, with 38.2% efficiency, achieved a record value among condensing power plants at the time. Therefore, the boilers 7-10 were operated as little as possible quite early on after the first blocks in Plant II were available.
In the Third Reich , the Fritz bunker works, a complete power station with a boiler and turbo generator, was built under a pile of coal to protect it from air raids. This bunker can still be seen from the Rhine between Block 8 and Plant II. After the war, the French occupying forces dismantled the plant. The reassembly in France failed, so that the Fritz plant never went back into operation. The bunker system was later repeatedly used for pressure and burst tests for research purposes.
In 1953, more than a billion kilowatt hours of electricity were delivered for the first time. From 1955, traction power was also generated. For this purpose, a Voith-Marguerre coupling with gear was attached to the three-phase generator of the two 20-bar condensation machines M11 and M12 (3000 revolutions per minute) in the new Plant II . A single-phase orbit generator was then driven above it at 1000 revolutions per minute. The power share of the turbine, which should be delivered as single-phase current, could be adjusted via the clutch. In 1959, Mannheim began to be supplied with hot water district heating using waste heat.
After constant expansion of the plant, flue gas desulphurisation systems were used for the first time in the 1980s . In block 7, the so-called Walther process for desulphurization was used for the first time on an industrial scale, in which ammonia is used instead of milk of lime. Instead of gypsum, ammonium sulfate, which can be used as a fertilizer, is formed. Due to various procedural difficulties that were not resolved by the manufacturer in time, the Walther system was replaced by a conventional milk of lime desulphurization.
The liberalization of the electricity market in Germany in the 1990s forced drastic cost savings and a considerable reduction in the former 1,600 jobs to less than half today. This was achieved, among other things, by significantly reducing the number of workshop staff.
Electricity and district heating generation
electricity
The Mannheim large power station generates 50 Hertz three-phase alternating current (three-phase current) for households, trade and industry as well as 16.7 Hertz single-phase alternating current ( traction current ). It feeds into the power grids of the transmission system operator Transnet BW, the distribution system operator Pfalzwerke Netzgesellschaft and MVV Netze and the traction system operator DB Energie at the 220 kV high voltage, the 110 kV high voltage and the 20 kV medium voltage level. The power plant provides around 15% of German traction electricity.
District heating
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A large part of the waste heat from the large power plant is supplied to MVV Energie AG by means of combined heat and power (CHP) and is used to supply Mannheim and the surrounding communities (up to Heidelberg and Speyer) with district heating. In addition to electricity, GKM has been producing heating water for the district heating network of the Rhine-Neckar metropolitan region and process steam for neighboring industrial companies since 1959. In the case of heat production by means of environmentally and climate-friendly combined heat and power, part of the power plant steam is not used entirely for electricity production, but for heating water. Although this lowers the electricity yield slightly, it increases fuel efficiency significantly.
With a length of over 800 kilometers, the district heating network in the Rhine-Neckar metropolitan region is now one of the largest in Europe. Over 60% of Mannheim households are already heated with district heating from the GKM. Thanks to the generation of heat by means of CHP, the new Block 9 achieves fuel efficiency levels of up to 70%.
Power plant units
| Large power plant in Mannheim | |||
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| location | |||
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| Coordinates | 49 ° 26 '44 " N , 8 ° 29' 26" E | ||
| country |
 Germany
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| Waters | Rhine | ||
| Data | |||
| Type | Steam power plant | ||
| Primary energy | Fossil energy | ||
| fuel | Hard coal | ||
| power | 2,146 MW (of which traction power 310 MW) |
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| owner | RWE (40%) EnBW (32%) MVV Energie (28%) |
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| operator | Large power plant in Mannheim | ||
| Project start | 1921 (GKM founded) | ||
| Start of operations | 1923 | ||
| Chimney height | up to 200 m | ||
Current power plant (units 1 to 8)
GKM seen from the left bank of the Rhine, blocks 6 to 3
Blocks 8 and 7
The GKM consists of Plant II with Units 1–6, the two Units 7 and 8 and the new Unit 9, which went into operation in 2015.
New block 9
Construction site of block 9, which is under construction
Construction site in March 2012 with the boiler house still open
Large power plant, block 9 in test operation
In 2007 the supervisory board approved the construction of a new block 9. The planned output is to be around 900 megawatts. The boiler house of Block 9 is 120 meters high and the chimney is 180 meters high. The new building was planned with 1.2 billion euros and should go online in 2013. Commissioning took place in 2015 after a slightly increased expenditure of 1.3 billion euros. Boilers 14 and 15 of Units 3 and 4 (220 megawatts each), which were still in operation at that time, were switched off in spring 2015, as were the associated upstream machines H and I, and Unit 7 (475 MW) is no longer in operation, but goes into operation Cold reserve. The boilers were disconnected from all media supplies. The dismantling of the two steel chimneys began in spring 2016. From blocks 3 and 4, only the three-phase turbo sets machines 14, 15 and 16 and the traction machine EB4, which were suspended on the 20-bar superheated steam busbar, remained in operation. Despite the increase in efficiency to 46.6% in pure condensation operation (i.e. pure electricity generation without district heating extraction) and 70% in combined heat and power operation compared to the units to be shut down, environmentalists criticize the project, since additional emissions of carbon dioxide are to be expected. The attempt to stop construction by means of a referendum failed because by the end of the deadline on August 6, 2008, only around 16,500 of the 20,000 required signatures had been obtained.
The commissioning, originally planned for the end of 2012 / beginning of 2013, was delayed until May 2015 because the manufacturer of the boiler ( Alstom ) had unexpected problems with the processing of the new high-temperature steel. Most of the high-pressure welds had to be discarded. Similar problems also occurred with other coal-fired power plants. As live steam temperatures of over 600 ° C are used with these new boiler types, the boiler steels that had been used in power plant construction for decades (max. Operating temperatures approx. 530 ° C – 550 ° C) could no longer be used. In addition to the construction of the boiler, the delays also affected its ancillary equipment and the flue gas cleaning systems. The machine house and the associated ancillary buildings, including electrical and control rooms, were completed in 2011, so that these parts of the plant could continue to be built in them.
The construction and assembly work was completed “around the clock” after five years of work. From August 2014 ignition attempts of the boiler were carried out. Starting with the oil firing of the steam generator, the individual system components were gradually tested and prepared for trial operation. In November 2014, the generator was synchronized for the first time on a 220 kV busbar, which - separated from the normal power grid - was fed by another machine from Plant II and thus provided an island grid for testing. The first real grid synchronization and load feed followed in mid-November 2014. Trial operation was successfully completed at the end of April 2015. The system was therefore available from mid-May 2015 in scheduled power operation for the provision of electricity and district heating. The block was officially put into operation in September 2015. Environment Minister Franz Untersteller (Greens) described the new block as important for security of supply. He contributes to the success of the energy transition.
In addition, the power plant was equipped with a district heating storage system with a thermal storage capacity of 1500 MWh, which allows the power plant to operate more flexibly. The investment costs for this amounted to 27 million euros.
Technical feature
A special feature of the GKM is the so-called steam busbar, which connects the downstream machines in blocks 6–8 as well as the traction current and district heating systems (see diagram). With the so-called busbar concept, which connects the individual systems with one another via a 20 bar steam line, safe delivery to the various customers of GKM was guaranteed from the start. The possibility of mutual reserve provision of boilers and turbines minimizes bottlenecks, especially for heat supply. This means that if a boiler fails or comes to a standstill, the turbines can be operated with steam from another block. GKM has been using this solution to this day in order to be able to reliably generate three-phase current, traction current and district heating at the same time.
Block overview
| block | Gross (net) power in MW | Installation | status | Voltage level (1) in kV | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 220 | shut down in 1993 | |||
| 2 | 220 | shut down in 1993 | |||
| 3 | 220 | shut down in 2005 | |||
| 4th | 220 | shut down in 2005 | |||
| 5 | 220 | shut down in 2000 | |||
| 6th | 280 | 1975/2000 | |||
| 7th | 475 | 1983 | |||
| 8th | 480 | 1993 | |||
| 9 | 911 | 2015 | 220 kV | has a district heating storage | |
| total | 2.146 |
Key figures
| identification number | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Profit | |||||||
| sales | 502.3 | 492.8 | 603.1 | 524.7 | 509.6 | 754.1 | 585.4 |
| - of which electricity | 453.9 | 452.5 | 550.5 | 473.0 | 456.0 | 683.9 | 517.9 |
| - of which district heating | 45.8 | 39.9 | 50.5 | 46.4 | 47.8 | 64.1 | 60.3 |
| - of which services | 2.6 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 7.2 |
| Investments | 200 | 176 | 81.2 | 21st | 11 | 9 | 7th |
| Annual surplus | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
| Balance sheet | |||||||
| Total assets | 1652 | 1820 | 1853 | 1752 | 1743 | 1778 | 1655 |
| - of which fixed assets | 1485 | 1638 | 1648 | 1593 | 1518 | 1442 | 1358 |
| - of which current assets | 167 | 182 | 205 | 159 | 166 | 274 | 228 |
| - of which equity | 114 | 114 | 114 | 114 | 121 | 127 | 134 |
| - of which outside capital | 1538 | 1706 | 1739 | 1638 | 1622 | 1651 | 1521 |
Emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases
Critics point to high emissions of the power plant Mannheim nitrogen oxides , sulfur oxides , mercury and particulate matter on which cancer producing substances ( lead , cadmium , nickel , PAHs , dioxins and furans ) can adhere. A study commissioned by Greenpeace at the University of Stuttgart in 2013 came to the result that the fine dusts emitted in 2010 by the power plant without Unit 9 and the secondary fine dusts formed from sulfur dioxide , nitrogen oxide and NMVOC emissions statistically resulted in 759 lost years of life and 15,996 lost Working days per year lead (11th place among German coal-fired power plants); the maximum permitted emission of the new unit 9 is estimated at 512 years of life lost and 10,817 working days lost.
In addition, in view of climate change, the CO 2 emissions of the power plant are criticized by environmental groups. On in 2007 by the WWF published list of klimaschädlichsten power plants in Germany, the large power plant in Mannheim ranked with 840 g CO 2 per kilowatt hour is ranked 28th in 2010, it was loud European pollutant register PRTR with about 6.5 million tons of CO 2 , the coal power plant with the second highest carbon dioxide emissions in Germany .
The large power plant in Mannheim reported the following emissions in the European pollutant register " PRTR ":
| Air pollutant | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) | 7,744,000,000 kg | 7,100,000,000 kg | 6,640,000,000 kg | 6,510,000,000 kg | 5,940,000,000 kg | 6,070,000,000 kg | 6,750,000,000 kg | 7,880,000,000 kg | 6,860,000,000 kg |
| Nitrogen oxides ( NO x / NO 2 ) | 4,060,000 kg | 3,550,000 kg | 3,670,000 kg | 3,550,000 kg | 3,270,000 kg | 3,190,000 kg | 3,650,000 kg | 3,500,000 kg | 2,890,000 kg |
| Sulfur dioxide (as SO x / SO 2 ) | 1,570,000 kg | 1,440,000 kg | 1,440,000 kg | 1,940,000 kg | 1,820,000 kg | 1,960,000 kg | 1,940,000 kg | 1,980,000 kg | 2,430,000 kg |
| Particulate matter ( PM10 ) | 208,000 kg | 185,000 kg | 143,000 kg | 148,000 kg | 123,000 kg | 96,100 kg | 142,000 kg | 124,000 kg | 90,600 kg |
| Inorganic Chlorine Compounds (as HCl ) | 34,500 kg | 34,100 kg | 29,700 kg | 29,600 kg | 19,600 kg | 19,500 kg | 24,000 kg | 23,900 kg | 18,500 kg |
| Inorganic fluorine compounds (as HF ) | 7,560 kg | 24,300 kg | 22,100 kg | 19,300 kg | k. A. (<5000 kg) | k. A. (<5000 kg) | k. A. (<5000 kg) | 7,960 kg | k. A. (<5000 kg) |
| Mercury and compounds (as Hg ) | 167 kg | 158 kg | 148 kg | 146 kg | 134 kg | 137 kg | 154 kg | 136 kg | 122 kg |
| Arsenic and Compounds (as As ) | 79 kg | 76 kg | 69 kg | 68 kg | 61 kg | 67 kg | 73 kg | 106 kg | 86 kg |
No other typical pollutant emissions were reported, as they are only required to be reported in the PRTR from an annual minimum amount, e.g. B. Dioxins and furans from 0.0001 kg, cadmium from 10 kg, arsenic from 20 kg, nickel from 50 kg, chromium and copper from 100 kg, lead and zinc from 200 kg, ammonia and hydrogen chloride from 10,000 kg, methane and volatile organic compounds except methane (NMVOC) from 100,000 kg and carbon monoxide from 500,000 kg.
The European Environment Agency has estimated the cost of damage to the environment and health of the 28,000 largest industrial plants in Europe on the basis of the emission data reported in the PRTR using the scientific methods of the European Commission. According to this, the large power station in Mannheim ranks 53rd among the damage costs of all European industrial plants.
| cause | Damage costs | unit | proportion of |
|---|---|---|---|
| Large power station Mannheim | 281-383 | Million Euros | 0.3-0.4% |
| A total of 28,000 systems | 102,000 - 169,000 | Million Euros | 100% |
See also
- List of power plants in Germany
- List of fossil fuel power plants in the European Union with the highest carbon dioxide emissions
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Important for security of supply. Morgenweb.de, September 23, 2015, accessed October 5, 2016 .
- ↑ Wolf H. Goldschmitt: Mannheim coal-fired power station: Block 9 goes online. Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung, September 15, 2015, accessed on January 7, 2018 : “It is probably the last hard coal-fired power plant of this size to go online in Germany. The so-called Block 9 opens up new dimensions not only in terms of appearance. The machine house stretches 120 meters into the sky, its chimney measures 180 meters. It makes Mannheim the largest power plant location in Baden-Württemberg. And the very latest technology works in the heart of the brand new system. Großkraftwerk Mannheim AG (GKM) spent 1.3 billion euros on the project. "
- ↑ Whether we will suffer a loss is purely speculative. Morgenweb.de, May 10, 2012, accessed December 8, 2012 .
- ↑ BUND: Why not a coal-fired power plant in Mannheim? (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 30, 2015 ; Retrieved October 20, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.gkm.de/unternehmen/unternehmensgeschichte/
- ↑ News: Block 9 has successfully completed trial operation . . GKM website, accessed on May 11, 2015.
- ↑ Coal-fired power station stores heat. Südwest Presse , November 27, 2012, accessed December 8, 2012 .
- ↑ Data and facts. Fiscal year 2013. (PDF) Grosskraftwerk Mannheim Aktiengesellschaft, 2014, archived from the original on April 29, 2015 ; Retrieved October 5, 2016 .
- ↑ Business development in 2014 - GKM suffers from low electricity market prices. Electricity and district heating sales decline. (PDF) Grosskraftwerk Mannheim Aktiengesellschaft, May 12, 2015, accessed on October 5, 2016 .
- ↑ Annual Report 2015. (PDF) Grosskraftwerk Mannheim Aktiengesellschaft, 2016, accessed on October 5, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Annual Report 2017. Grosskraftwerk Mannheim Aktiengesellschaft, accessed on July 7, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Annual Report 2019. Grosskraftwerk Mannheim Aktiengesellschaft, accessed on July 7, 2020 .
- ↑ Fine dust sources and damage caused , Federal Environment Agency (Dessau)
- ↑ Assessment of Health Impacts of Coal Fired Power Stations in Germany - by Applying EcoSenseWeb (English, PDF 1.2 MB) Philipp Preis / Joachim Roos / Prof. Rainer Friedrich, Institute for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart , March 28, 2013
- ↑ Death from the chimney - How coal-fired power plants ruin our health (PDF 3.3 MB) ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Greenpeace , Hamburg, 2013
- ↑ Coal electricity has no future - climate protection now! Internet information on electricity generation from coal-fired power plants, Federation for the Environment and Nature Conservation Germany , accessed on April 21, 2014
- ↑ Energy Policy - Time is of the essence Internet information on the energy transition in Germany, WWF , Berlin, accessed on April 21, 2014
- ↑ Infographic on the CO2 emissions of the 30 most climate-damaging coal-fired power plants in Germany WWF , Berlin, 2007
- ↑ PRTR - European Emissions Register
- ↑ PRTR - European Emissions Register
- ↑ PRTR regulation 166/2006 / EC on the creation of a European pollutant release and transfer register and on the amendment of the Council Directives 91/689 / EEC and 96/61 / EC
- ↑ Cost-benefit analysis of air quality policy , Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) program, European Commission
- ↑ a b Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe , European Environment Agency , Copenhagen, 2011
Web links
- www.gkm.de
- Detailed information from BUND on the planned new building project
- Technical data of the block under construction 9
- Thru.de , web portal of the German Federal Environment Agency for querying emission data from the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register in accordance with E-PRTR Regulation (EC) No. 166/2006 of the European Parliament and the European Council of January 18, 2006. By search After the company name “Großkraftwerk Mannheim”, the associated emission data can be found in the web portal.