Harpullia
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Harpullia is a genus within the family of the soap tree plants (Sapindaceae). The approximately 27 species are distributed from the Indian subcontinent via China , Indochina and Southeast Asia to Malesia as well as Australia and on Pacific islands.
description
Appearance and leaves
Harpullia species grow as shrubs or medium-sized trees . Young parts of plants and flowers have simple hairs and star or sometimes glandular hairs ( trichomes , indument ), they can stand alone or in groups.
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into petioles and imparipinnate leaf blades. In some species, the leaf stalk and leaf rhachis are winged (for example Harpullia frutescens ). The one to nine pairs of pinnate leaves , usually arranged alternately or almost opposite to one another on the leaf hachis, are often entire, sometimes toothed. In harpullia mabberleyana just a Leaflet is available. There are no stipules .
Inflorescences and flowers
Harpullia species are dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). Terminal, pseudo-terminal or lateral are single or cluster- like inflorescences grouped together in thyrsenic overall inflorescences . In some species cauliflora is present, with them the flowers stand singly or in groups of several directly on the branch or trunk. There are relatively small bracts and bracts .
The functionally unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five free sepals cover each other like roof tiles and are durable or fall off early. The sepals are all the same or the outer two are slightly smaller. The five free petals are either somewhat fleshy, almost wedge-shaped with a narrow to broad base and a curved upper end, without scales and slightly larger than the sepals, or they are almost subpulum, clearly nailed, inside with two auricle-like thin scales and about twice as long as the sepals Sepals. The relatively small discus has entire margins or, more rarely, five-lobed. There are five to eight stamens in the male flowers ; they are almost as long as the petals and folded lengthways in the flower buds. The stamens are bare. The anthers are ellipsoid. In the female flowers, the at most short-stalked, uppermost, mostly two-, three- or rarely four-chambered ovaries are spherical or egg-shaped as well as flattened and hairy on the sides. Each fruit chamber contains only one or two hanging ovules . The short or long, slender, curved stylus , twisted in the upper area, is hairy in the lower area and has scar tissue almost to its base.
Fruits and seeds
The loculicidal capsule fruits , which are mostly flattened, mostly two or three, rarely up to fourfold, are notched between the fruit compartments, while the rounded fruit lobes are upright or spread out depending on the species. The pericarp , the pericarp , is parchment-like or woody and hard. When ripe, the capsule fruits open and contain one or two seeds per fruit compartment.
The almost spherical, ellipsoidal or egg-shaped seeds have a shiny, black, thin, hard seed coat (testa). The hilum covers less than 1/6 of the seed. The seeds often have a white or orange, fleshy aril . The aril is limited to a narrow ring around the hilum or consists of a basal sarcotesta-like part and an upper free part that extends almost to the top of the seed. The aril has no appendages. The curved embryo has two fleshy germ layers ( cotyledons ).
Sets of chromosomes
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 30.
ecology
The seeds are mainly dispersed by birds , perhaps also by mammals and lizards .
Occurrence
The approximately 27 species of Harpullia occur in Sri Lanka , India , southeast China , Malesia , Australia (eight species in Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales), New Caledonia and Tonga . The genus Harpullia originated on the New Guinea-Australian plate and spread from there to New Caledonia and the Southeast Asian mainland. With 15 species, New Guinea is the center of biodiversity.
The Harpullia species thrive mainly in the undergrowth of primary or sometimes secondary rainforests, sometimes they grow in low or open forests, occasionally in savannahs or in the bushes of coastal dunes. They thrive at altitudes from 0 to 2000 meters.
Systematics
The genus Harpullia was introduced in 1824 by William Roxburgh in Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants , Volume 2, pp. 441-442. The type species is Harpullia cupanioides Roxb. The genus name Harpullia is derived from the Indian common name from Harpulli of the species Harpullia cupanioides .
The genus Harpullia belongs to the subfamily Dodonaeoideae within the family Sapindaceae .
There have been around 27 Harpullia species since 2011 :
- Harpullia alata F. Muell. : It occurs in Australia from the Nerang River in southeastern Queensland to Stroud in northeastern New South Wales and thrives in the rainforest .
- Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. (Syn .: Harpullia pedicellaris Radlk. , Harpullia divaricata Radlk. ): It comes from Sri Lanka , India , Assam , Thailand , southern Vietnam via Malesia including New Guinea to northeastern Australia (only in Queensland) and on the Pacific islands ( Fiji , Vanuatu , Samoa , Tonga ).
- Harpullia austro-caledonica Baill. : It occurs only in New Caledonia .
- Harpullia camptoneura Radlk. : It occurs only in northeastern New Guinea .
- Harpullia carrii Leenh. : It occurs only in Papua New Guinea .
- Harpullia cauliflora K.Schum. & According to. : It only occurs in New Guinea.
- Harpullia crustacea Radlk. : It occurs only in eastern New Guinea.
- Harpullia cupanioides Roxb. (Syn .: Harpullia thanatophora flower ): It iswidespreadin southern China (Guangdong, Hainan, southern Yunnan), Assam, on the Andamans , in Bangladesh , Burma , Thailand , Indochina , Malesia including New Guinea and in the Australian Northern Territory .
- Harpullia frutescens F.M.Bailey (Syn. Harpullia holoptera Radlk. , Harpullia marginata Radlk. Nom. Inval.): It occurs only in north-eastern Queensland from Weary Bay south of Cooktown to Cowley Beach and thrives in the rainforest.
- Harpullia giganteacapsula Vente : It occurs only in eastern New Guinea.
- Harpullia hillii F.Muell. : It occurs in Australia from the Burdekin River in eastern central Queensland to near Wauchope in northeastern New South Wales and mostly thrives in dry rainforests on mountain slopes, mostly over basalt.
- Harpullia hirsuta Radlk. : It occurs only in southwestern New Guinea.
- Harpullia largifolia Radlk. : It only occurs in New Guinea.
- Harpullia leichhardtii Benth. : It occurs only in the coastal area of the northern Australian Northern Territory.
- Harpullia leptococca Radlk. : It occurs only in southeastern New Guinea.
- Harpullia longipetala Leenh. : It occurs only in eastern New Guinea.
- Harpullia mabberleyana W.N.Takeuchi : It was first described in 2011 and occurs only in the southern mountain ranges in Papua New Guinea.
- Harpullia myrmecophila Merr. & LMPerry : It only occurs in northwestern New Guinea.
- Harpullia oococca Radlk. : It only occurs in New Guinea.
- Harpullia peekeliana Melch. : This endemic occurs only in New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago .
- Harpullia pendula planch. ex F.Muell. : It occurs from Cooktown in northeastern Queensland via eastern Queensland to the Bellinger River in northeastern New South Wales and mostly thrives in dry rainforest over basalt.
- Harpullia petiolaris Radlk. : It occurs in Borneo , New Guinea and the Moluccas .
- Harpullia ramiflora Radlk. (Syn .: Harpullia aeruginosa Radlk. ): It occurs in the Philippines , Moluccas, New Guinea and the Australian Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland.
- Harpullia rhachiptera Radlk. : It only occurs in New Guinea.
- Harpullia rhyticarpa C.T.White & WDFrancis (Syn .: Harpullia angustialata C.T.White & WDFrancis ): It occurs only in northeast Queensland from Cooktown to Tully, most often on the Atherton Tableland and thrives in the mountain rainforest over granite.
- Harpullia solomonensis Vente : It occurs only on the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago .
- Harpullia vaga Merr. & LMPerry : It occurs in the Solomon Islands and in Malesia including New Guinea.
use
Harpullia cupanioides is used as firewood and for the production of charcoal and the bark is used as fish poison.
Harpullia arborea and Harpullia pendula (common name Australian Tulipwood) are used as ornamental plants in the tropics .
swell
- Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek: Sapindaceae : Harpullia , p. 7 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 (Sections Description, Occurrence and Systematics)
- JKA Müller: Pollen morphology and evolution of the genus Harpullia (Sapindaceae-Harpullieae) , In: Blumea , Volume 31, Issue 1, 1985, pp 161-218.
- JRM Buijsen, Peter C. van Welzen & RWJM van der Ham: A phylogenetic analysis of Harpullia (Sapindaceae) with notes on historical biogeography , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 28, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 106-17: doi : 10.1043 /0363-6445-28.1.10628.1.106 JSTOR 3093941 (Sections Occurrences and Systematics)
- BH Wadhwa & Willem Meijer: Sapindaceae . In: MD Dassanayake (Ed.): A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon . Volume 12. CRC Press, 1998, ISBN 978-90-5410-270-0 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ST Reynolds: Flora of Australia , Volume 25, 1985: Harpullia at Flora of Australia online . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Pieter W. Leenhouts & M. Vente: Harpullia , pp. 598-614 - full text online , In: F. Adema, PW Leenhouts & PC van Welzen: Flora Malesiana , Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering Plants. Volume 11, 3: Sapindaceae. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium. Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, 1994. ISBN 90-71236-21-8 (sections Description, Occurrence and Systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Pieter W. Leenhouts & M. Vente: Harpullia , pp. 598–614 - full text online , In: F. Adema, PW Leenhouts & PC van Welzen: Flora Malesiana , Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering Plants. Volume 11, 3: Sapindaceae. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium. Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, 1994. ISBN 90-71236-21-8
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Nianhe Xia & Paul A. Gadek: Sapindaceae : Harpullia , p. 7 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds .): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1
- ↑ a b c d e f GJ Harden: Entry in the Flora of New South Wales online .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p ST Reynolds: Flora of Australia , Volume 25, 1985: Harpullia at Flora of Australia online .
- ↑ a b c W. Takeuchi: Notes on Papuasian Sapindaceae: Harpullia mabberleyana sp. nov., Harpullia rhachiptera and Lepisanthes mixta , In: Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 68, 2011, pp. 1-9. doi : 10.1017 / S0960428610000247
- ↑ JRM Buijsen, Peter C. van Welzen & RWJM van der Ham: A phylogenetic analysis of Harpullia (Sapindaceae) with notes on historical biogeography , In: Systematic Botany , Volume 28, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 106-17. JSTOR 3093941
- ^ William Roxburgh: Flora Indica; or descriptions of Indian Plants , Volume 2, 1824, pp. 441-442 - first publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Harpullia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 2, 2014.
- ↑ a b data sheet at Australian Plant Name Index = APNI.
- ↑ a b c Harpullia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
- ↑ Barry J. Conn, 2008: Harpullia at the Census of Vascular Plants of Papua New Guinea .
- ↑ Harpullia cupanioides at asianplant.net .
