Heveller

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The Heveller (own name: Stodorjane ) were an Elbe Slavic tribe that settled on the central Havel from the end of the 9th to the 12th century . The principality of the Heveller formed the Slavic part of the origin of the later Margraviate of Brandenburg .

Surname

Heveller Hehfeldi
are mentioned for the first time in the list of peoples of the Bavarian geographer in the 9th century. In the 890s they are mentioned as Hæfeldan in the geographical addition to the Anglo-Saxon translation of Orosius . Up to the 12th century, the name was documented about 30 times in different variants. For example, Widukind von Corvey reports on the events of the winter of 928/929 from Hevelli , in royal documents Otto I decreed Heveldun in a Gau and a Land. The New High German name "Heveller" goes back to the form of the name Hevelli .

Stodoranen
The Slavic name Stodoranen or Stoderanen , however, was only rarely used in surviving texts and documents. The Arab scholar al-Masudi mentioned Uṣṭutrāna around 943/46 . In the 11th century Thietmar von Merseburg equated the Stodorans with the Hevellers. After that, this name was only used five times, for example by Helmold von Bosau in his Chronica Slavorum . and by Cosmas of Prague in the Chronica Boemorum .

The meaning of the designation is unclear.

Settlement area

Slavic territories around 1150

The settlement area of ​​the Heveller extended from Spandau along the river and lake banks of the Havel arc over Brandenburg an der Havel to behind Rathenow . According to archaeological findings , Slavic groups immigrated to this settlement area, which has been developed by historical science , at the beginning of the 8th century. The oldest Slavic dendrodata date back to 736. The main castle and seat of the ruler had been Brandenburg since the 10th century . This is dendrochronologically dated to the year 906. The other castles of the Heveller - the Bavarian geographer reports a total of 8 castles (" civitates ") - were built as early as 870. These included Rathenow, Potsdam and Spandau.

In the case of rural settlements, the archaeological findings point to single-storey buildings in block construction. Grain cultivation and cattle breeding were less developed than in the other areas of the Elbe Slavs. The meat requirement was largely met by hunting wild animals. Fishing was also important.

history

Tribal formation

Due to their relatively late mention in the Franconian and Saxon sources as well as the archaeological findings, research today assumes that the Heveller tribe was formed in the second half of the 9th century.

It is possible that ethnogenesis took place around an older aristocratic core of tradition. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Hevellian principality had already achieved such importance that the Přemyslids ruling in Bohemia considered a connection between the two royal houses to be worthwhile. At the beginning of the 12th century, Cosmas of Prague reported in his Chronica Boemorum about a Dragomíra from the Land of Stodor who married the Bohemian prince Vratislav I in 906 .

Brandenburg castle wall around 1100, attempted reconstruction

Heveller and Liudolfinger

The first news about the Heveller can be found in the Saxon history of Widukind von Corvey . From a Saxon point of view, this reports on the conflicts between the Liudolfingers and the Hevellers for the 10th century . After that, the East Franconian King Heinrich I invaded the Heveller area with a Saxon army in the winter of 928/929 and besieged the Brandenburg, whose strategic advantage as a moated castle was canceled by the frozen water. Weakened in this way, the surprised crew of the castle surrendered after a brief siege. Henry I left the subjugated Heveller prince Baçqlābič in office as a tributary vassal and took his son Tugumir and a daughter, unknown by name, hostage. With this, Heinrich I's son Otto I fathered a son Wilhelm , who later became Archbishop of Mainz . After Otto I married the Anglo-Saxon Princess Edgitha , his Slavic lover lived under a Saxon name in Möllenbeck Monastery . Tugumir, now a Christian, was persuaded by a lot of money and even bigger promises to enter Otto I's service. On the pretext of having escaped from captivity in Saxony, he returned to Brandenburg after the death of his father in 940, where he assumed the traditional office of prince. He then killed his nephew, the last male relative, and returned the entire tribal area to the tributary rule of the East Frankish king. Whether the Dobromir mentioned by Thietmar von Merseburg in the second half of the 10th century is a descendant of Tugumir has not yet been satisfactorily clarified.

King Otto I established a missionary diocese in the Heveller area in 948 - according to the more recent opinion 965 - with the diocese of Brandenburg . In this context, the first Christian church was built on the Brandenburg. Only one generation later, the Hevellers took part in the Slav uprising of 983 , which was primarily directed against the tribute rule of Margrave Dietrich von Haldensleben , who resided on the Brandenburg . The diocese of Brandenburg went under and the Brandenburg castle with the Heveller territory was lost to Saxon rule. In 991 a Saxon army of Otto III succeeded. briefly retake the Brandenburg and in this way once again gain suzerainty over the Heveller. Four years later, however, the Brandenburg fell back to the Heveller, who signed a peace treaty the following year.

Heveller and Askanier

At the beginning of the 12th century, the Hevellers belonged to the territory of the Abodritic velvet ruler Heinrich von Alt-Lübeck . Heinrich ended their levying against his demands for tribute with military means. The abodritic tributary rule only ended with the death of Heinrich von Alt-Lübeck. Subsequently, the Christian Heveller prince Meinfried ruled the Brandenburg . After he had his older brother Meinfried murdered, rule over the land of the Hevellers came in 1127 to the also Christian Pribislaw-Heinrich . According to Heinrich von Antwerp's treatise, he concluded a contract of inheritance with Albrecht the Bear , according to which the Ascanians should succeed him in rule over the land of the Hevellers. Pribislaw-Heinrich is said to have transferred the part of the Heveller area bordering the Saxon free float as a christening gift to his godchild Otto I , the son of Albrecht the Bear, with the Zauche . After Pribislaw-Heinrich's death in 1150, his widow gave Brandenburg to Albrecht the bear; His loyalists were taken by surprise and lost the castle in 1157 to Pribislaw-Heinrich's brother-in-law, Jacza von Köpenick .

Personalities

Princes

More people

See also

literature

  • Hans-Dietrich Kahl : Slavs and Germans in the Brandenburg history of the twelfth century. The last decades of the country of Stodor. 2 volumes, Central German Research. Vol 30 / I + II. Böhlau Verlag , Cologne / Graz 1964.
  • Herbert Ludat : On the Elbe and Oder around the year 1000. Sketches on the politics of the Ottonian Empire and the Slavic powers in Central Europe . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne, Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0 .
  • Klaus Grebe: On the early Slavic settlement of the Havel area . In: Publications of the Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam 10. Potsdam 1976, pp. 167-204.
  • Lothar Dralle: Slaves on the Havel and Spree. Studies on the origin of the Hevellian-Wilzian principality. (9th – 11th century.) (= Giessen treatises on agricultural and economic research in the European East. , Vol. 108). Duncker & Humblot Publishing House , Berlin 1981, ISBN 978-3-428-04723-9 .
  • Barbara Sasse: The late Slavic and early German times. The archaeological evidence. In: The Havelland in the Middle Ages. Investigations into the structural history of an East Elbe landscape in Slavic and German times. (Berlin Historical Studies, Volume 13, Germania Slavica V). Ed. Wolfgang Ribbe , Duncker & Humblot Publishing House, Berlin 1987.
  • Lutz Partenheimer : The emergence of the Mark Brandenburg. With a Latin-German source attachment. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2007 ISBN 3-412-17106-9 . ( Review by Matthias Hardt )
  • Sebastian Brather :  Heveller. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 14, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1999, ISBN 3-11-016423-X , pp. 543-545. ( online ).
  • Donat Wehner: The Land of Stodor. A study on the structure and change of the Slavic settlement areas in the Havelland and the northern Zauche. Kiel 2011 PDF Restricted access

Web links

Wiktionary: Heveller  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Remarks

  1. ^ Sébastien Rossignol: Considerations on the dating of the treatise of the so-called Bavarian geographer. in: Felix Biermann, Thomas Kersting and Anne Klammt (eds.): Der Wandel um 1000. Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2011, ISBN 978-3-941171-45-9 , pp. 305-316, here pp. 309 f.
  2. ↑ Widukind I, 35
  3. ↑ Approximately MGH D OI 105, 948.
  4. ^ Charles Pellat (Ed.): Masʿūdī: Les Prairies dʾOr . Publications de l'Université Libanaise, Beirut 1979. § 905-909
  5. ↑ Thietmar IV, 29: Stoderaniam, que Hevellun dicitur
  6. ↑ Helmold I, 35: Cum igitur vice quadam Brizanorum et Stoderanorum populi, hii videlicet qui Havelberg et Brandenburg habitant.
  7. ^ All mentions of the Stodoranen in Gustav Adolf Beckmann: Onomastik des Rolandsliedes. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2017. pp. 153f.
  8. ↑ Felix Biermann, Stefan Dalitz, Karl-Uwe Heussner: The fountain of painke, city of Brandenburg ad Havel, and the absolute chronology of the early Slavic settlement in north-east Germany. in: Praehistorische Zeitschrift. Volume 74 (1999), Issue 2, ISSN  0079-4848 pp. 219-244 passim .; Following them expressly Thomas Kersting: Slavs in Brandenburg: an archaeological snapshot. in: Joachim Müller, Klaus Neitmann, Franz Schopper (eds.): How the Mark came about. 850 years of the Mark Brandenburg. BLDAM, Wünsdorf 2009. ISBN 978-3-910011-56-4 , pp. 15–31, here p. 23.
  9. ↑ Felix Biermann , Katrin Frey: Ringwall and power. About the castles of the 9./10. Century on the Teltow and in the Berlin area. In: Przeglad archeologiczny, 49th year (2001) pp. 59–83, here pp. 66 f.
  10. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 97.
  11. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 97 f. with an overview of the state of opinion up to 2007; Christian Hanewinkel: The political significance of the Elbe Slavs with regard to the changes in rule in the East Franconian Empire and in Saxony from 887–936. Political sketches of the eastern neighbors in the 9th and 10th centuries. Münster 2004, p. 73; Following him Sébastien Rossignol: Considerations on the dating of the treatise of the so-called Bavarian geographer. in: Felix Biermann, Thomas Kersting and Anne Klammt (eds.): Der Wandel um 1000. Beier & Beran, Langenweissbach 2011, ISBN 978-3-941171-45-9 , pp. 305-316, here pp. 309 f.
  12. ↑ At a hevellisch-wilzischen princely house thoroughly Herbert Ludat : On the Elbe and Oder around the year 1000. sketches to the policy of Ottonenreiches and Slavic forces in Central Europe. Böhlau. Cologne Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0 , p. 15 f.
  13. ↑ Cosmae Pragensis, Chronica Boemurum I, 15th
  14. ↑ Herbert Ludat: An Elbe and Oder around the year 1000. Sketches on the politics of the Ottonian Empire and the Slavic powers in Central Europe. "Böhlau. Cologne Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0 , p. 12 f.
  15. ↑ Thietmar I, 37; fundamentally Herbert Ludat: An Elbe and Oder around the year 1000. Sketches on the politics of the Ottonian Empire and the Slavic powers in Central Europe. "Böhlau. Cologne Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-412-07271-0 , pp. 21-25.
  16. ↑ Overview of the dispute with Lutz Partenheimer : From the Heveller Principality to the Mark Brandenburg. In: Joachim Müller, Klaus Neitmann , Franz Schopper (eds.): How the Mark came about. 850 years of the Mark Brandenburg. Symposium from June 20 to 22, 2007 in Brandenburg an der Havel (= research on archeology in the state of Brandenburg. 11 = individual publication by the Brandenburg State Main Archives. 9). Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation and State Archaeological Museum, Wünsdorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-910011-56-4 , pp. 298–323, here p. 306, note 61.
  17. ^ Sebastian children, Haik Thomas Porada (ed.): Brandenburg an der Havel and surroundings. A regional study in the Brandenburg an der Havel, Pritzerbe, Reckahn and Wusterwitz area. Böhlau, Cologne 2006, ISBN 3-412-09103-0 , p. 39.