Sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna (Mainz)
The sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna originated in the Roman Mogontiacum in the 1st century and existed until the 3rd century. During construction work on the “Römerpassage” shopping gallery in downtown Mainz , its structural remains were discovered and uncovered at the end of 1999. Consecration inscriptions prove the connection between the Flavian imperial family and the construction of the sanctuary and suggest a possible connection between the foundation of the sanctuary and a politically explosive occasion for the consecration. The structural remains, selected finds and a multimedia framework presentation can be viewed in the form of a small museum in the basement of the Römerpassage.
Historical background
In the year 13/12 BC The almost 500-year Roman history of Mainz began with the construction of a legionary camp on the Mainzer Kästrich , an elevation above the Rhine Valley . The rapidly developing canabae , the civil vicus towards the Rhine and the public buildings of the later provincial capital, such as thermal baths , theaters , administrative buildings and temples , followed quickly, especially under the Flavian imperial family. During this time the temple complex for Isis and Magna Mater was built.
In the sanctuary in Mogontiacum, according to the inscriptions found, both Isis - here with the additions Panthea ('all goddess') and Regina ('queen') - and the mother goddess Magna Mater were venerated. Both goddesses were most likely introduced into Mainz by the Roman troops who brought their religion with them as part of the expansion of the Roman Empire . The cult of Isis originally comes from Egypt , the deity Mater Magna goes back at least to the Asian goddess Cybele (see Isis and Osiris cults and Cybele and Attis cults ). Both cults already had a longer tradition in the Roman Empire: Cybele / Mater Magna had been around since the end of the 3rd century BC. Venerated in Rome . Isis had long been part of the pantheon in the Egyptian pharaonic empire . The Roman world came into contact with the Isis cult through the Ptolemies and the Hellenistic culture . Partly banned in the Roman Republic and at the beginning of the imperial era up to Tiberius , the Isis cult finally established itself under Emperor Caligula . In the new province of Germania superior with its provincial capital Mogontiacum, however, these cults were new.
Ever since the founder of the Flavian imperial family, Emperor Vespasian , received his rule in Alexandria from the Egyptian deity Serapis , the Flavians had a close relationship with oriental cults. The Egyptian goddess Isis was a representative of the imperial cult, comparable to the position of Venus in the Julian imperial family . In this context , bricks with military brick stamps found on site suggest a building commissioned by the state for the practice of cult sponsored by the emperor.
The sanctuary was fundamentally rebuilt several times over the next 200 years and, after the construction of the first city wall around 250, was also located within the protected city area. Towards the end of the 3rd century AD, possibly even later, the cult of Isis and Mater Magna was no longer practiced in Mainz. The sanctuary was abandoned and the building complex fell into disrepair. Concrete reasons for the cessation of cult activities are not known. Datable finds are mainly from the 1st and 2nd centuries and prove the active use of the sanctuary during this period. The further processing of the extensive finds may enable a more precise dating of the useful life of the sanctuary.
Probably due to its peripheral location in early medieval Mainz, the area lay fallow for a long time. Beginning with the construction of the monastery of the poor Poor Clares after 1330 and the construction of the Wamboldter Hof , which was similar in time, the area was built over with monastery complexes and patrician courts in the Middle Ages .
Rediscovery, excavation and rescue
In 1999 one of the last inner-city areas with buildings from the 1950s was to be upgraded in terms of urban development. In order to build a shopping arcade, the existing buildings were demolished and a correspondingly large construction pit dug for the foundations. The construction project was accompanied by the State Office for Monument Preservation Rhineland-Palatinate , Mainz Office. Since the Roman road ran from the legionary camp in the direction of the Rhine bridge in this area (parts of it were exposed during the excavations), the archaeologists involved reckoned with typical strip houses and smaller workshops from Roman times.
At a depth of five meters, two archaeologically important findings were unexpectedly found at the end of 1999 : the remains of a sanctuary from Roman times and a burial site from the Hallstatt period that was around 700 years older than that . During the subsequent archaeological excavations, both the building complex of the sanctuary and a woman's grave in the Hallstatt burial site, dated 680–650 BC. BC, documented. The excavations lasted around 17 months and ended in early 2001. For further archaeobotanical and archaeozoological evaluation, 15 tons of soil were removed from the excavation area, in addition to 49 m³ of other recovered finds.
Initially it was planned to remove the structural remains after the archaeological documentation and to continue with the construction work on the shopping arcade. The Mithraeum on the ball court , which was discovered in the 1970s and also dates back to the 1st century, suffered a similar fate , which - inadequately documented - was irretrievably destroyed during the construction work. Resistance to these plans and a newly founded citizens' initiative, the Initiative Römisches Mainz e. V., collected several 10,000 signatures for the preservation of the sanctuary within a short time.
A permanent conservation of the sanctuary and its inclusion in the newly built shopping arcade was achieved. Because of a planned underground car park construction at this point, however, the finds had to be relocated . The structural remains of the sanctuary were dismantled in an elaborate process and moved several meters. The city of Mainz and the state of Rhineland-Palatinate shared the costs of 3.43 million euros. Since the festive opening on August 30, 2003 - an estimated 25,000 visitors came to the city center of Mainz - the sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna can be visited in the so-called Taberna archaeologica in the basement of the Römerpassage Mainz.
The ancient sanctuary
The sanctuary was not a Greco-Roman temple . A columned hall is missing, as is the usual rectangular floor plan of this type and the large central interior. Instead, it was a sacred area with a surrounding wall and various types of buildings, some of which had a small-scale layout of the rooms. Over the course of around 200 years, the district has been rebuilt several times, sometimes fundamentally. The sanctuary was built in the last third of the 1st century AD on previously undeveloped land along the main road from the legion camp on the Kästrich towards the Rhine bridge. At that time, the embankments of the Hallstatt graves could still be seen on the site. The builders therefore probably considered it a “holy district” and the sanctuary was deliberately created at this point. A carefully walled shaft, which was deliberately led into the center of the tomb under the sanctuary, testifies to this.
A side path led from a main road to the sanctuary. In the area there was a latrine and simple half-timbered buildings . These were equipped with stoves and fountains that suggest they were used as meeting and cult rooms. The first system also included two smaller rectangular temples. Later renovations date to the 2nd century and enlarged the sanctuary to an area of approx. 16 × 16 m. Two equally large interiors were surrounded by other, smaller rooms. In the central axis there was a central well room (on the far right in the plan), which probably played a role in the cult establishment. From the central axis to the well room, the only door opening in the otherwise deeply torn masonry could also be detected. Possibly the well room served as a source for the "holy Nile water" required in cult operations. In the building complex, opposite the main rooms, three solid stone plinths were found. They probably served as altars. In the inner courtyard area belonging to the sanctuary, there were also numerous fireplaces with burned sacrificial goods and depot pits.
The buildings were all half-timbered buildings with stone-walled base zones. The wickerwork walls were, however, enhanced by applying plaster and painting it. Hundreds of brightly painted plaster and stucco fragments were found during the excavations . A larger wall fragment shows parts of the image of Anubis with a herald's staff and palm on a red background , as described in Apuleius in ancient literature . Remains of whitewashed stucco fragments were also found in situ on the base walls . The floor of the sanctuary apparently consisted only of rammed earth, as no screed residues were found during the excavations. The buildings were covered with roof tiles and wooden shingles. Among the bricks found, the high number of military stamps was surprising, for example the "Mainz House Legion " Legio XXII Primigenia , Legio I Adiutrix or Legio IV Macedonica . Interdisciplinary research enabled the localization of Roman building ceramics with brick stamps for the production provenance Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ).
Archaeological presentation
In the course of rescuing the structural remains, the sanctuary was salvaged and preserved as it was built in the 2nd century. The sanctuary was built into the basement of the Römerpassage at a depth of five meters (corresponds to the depth of the find) and in the exact former orientation to the Roman road. Together with the office of the Initiative Römisches Mainz e. V. on the ground floor, the rooms that were opened in August 2003 are also known as Taberna archaeologica . The presentation of the sanctuary with the most important finds from the excavation was elaborately implemented with the help of modern museum education methods and multimedia technology. Visitors can walk through and see the remains of the sanctuary built in the center of the room from all sides via a glass walkway. Various images of Isis and Mater Magna are projected in the middle of the remains of the wall by means of slide projection. In addition to the showcases, multimedia components clearly convey individual thematic aspects. A film production shows a re-enacted ritual scene with an Isis priest and a Roman woman who secretly lets a fellow citizen be cursed. Finds exhibited in the original are integrated into the game scenes as replicas . An audio sequence is played at regular intervals in which Claudius Secundus (spoken by the Mainz cabaret artist and musician Lars Reichow ), a citizen of Roman Mainz, reports on the cult of Isis and the Saturnalia in Roman Mainz in 69 AD. A slide series and several computer terminals with additional interactive information and archaeological games for children complete the multimedia concept. Ten display cases built into the wall and closed with a liftable flap show original finds from cult events and explain the context. Information boards, etc. a. a plan of the Roman Mainz according to current knowledge are also part of the small museum exhibition.
Description of selected individual finds
Dedicatory inscriptions
In addition to altars, several consecration stones or parts of them were found during the excavations . On the one hand, they made it possible to clearly determine which deities the sanctuary was dedicated to. On the other hand, with the help of the inscriptions, the reference to Vespasian and thus the initial dating of the sanctuary could be secured.
The following are the three most important dedicatory inscriptions:
- Fragment of a tabula ansata (tablet with two handles) made of sandstone attached to a wall. The inscription mentions Vespasian, who was Roman Emperor from July 1, 69 to June 23, 79:
Original text translation [--- Primi] genius ---
[--- Imp (eratoris) Ve] spasiani Aug (usti)
[--- procur] atoris a [r] carius
[--- Matri] deum ex im [p] erio
[eius ---] posuit"(First name) Primigenius (shave)
... of the emperor Vespasianus Augustus
... of the procurator's treasurer
... had (the building with the inscription) built for the (great) mother of gods at her behest
. "
- Completely preserved tabulae ansatae with almost identical dedicatory inscriptions for Mater Magna and Isis Panthea:
Original text translation Pro salute Augustorum
s (enatus) p (opuli) q (ue) R (omani) et exercitus
Matri Magnae Claudia Aug (usti) l (iberta) Icmas
et Vitulus Caes (aris) sacer (dote) Cla (udio) Attico (l) ib ( erto)“For the well-being of the emperors
(and) of the Roman senate and the people and the army
, Claudia Icmas, freedman of the emperor, and Vitulus, imperial slave, under the priest Claudius Atticus, (also) freedman, have for Mater Magna (have this stone set
) . "Pro salute Augustorum et
s (enatus) p (opuli) q (ue) R (omani) et exercitus
Isidi Pantheae Claudia Aug (usti) l (iberta) Icmas
et Vitulus Caes (aris) sacer (dote) Claud (io) Attico lib (erto)" Claudia Icmas, freedmen of the emperor, and Vitulus, imperial slave, under the priest Claudius Atticus, (also) freedmen , for Isis Panthea (have this stone set) for the well-being of the emperors
and the Roman senate and the people and the army ."
The responsible archaeologist Marion Witteyer concludes from the explicit mention of all state-supporting institutions (emperor, senate, people and army) in the last two inscriptions to a politically explosive cause for the foundation. The restoration of public order after a crisis situation, triggered with the participation of the Mainz legions , may have been the cause of this consecration and the foundation of the sanctuary. This conclusion is supported by the already mentioned accumulation of bricks with military stamps, which at that time were considered so-called fiscal goods. They indicate that the construction measures either had a public character or at least were subsidized by the state with the provision of building materials.
Escape tablets
The finds directly related to the sanctuary include 34 escape boards that were found in sacrificial pits. Almost 600 similar tablets are known worldwide, the Mainz find doubled the number of escape tablets found in Germany so far. The deciphered tablets from Mainz consistently contain magic spells . Almost without exception, people are cursed for embezzling valuables or money, but in one case also a rival in a love affair. The implementation of such magical practices as the writing of curses by priests of the sanctuary did not take place in public, but only in secret due to the prohibition by Roman jurisprudence. As the number of escape tablets found and other finds that can be classified in this context show, the "curse upon request" for appropriate remuneration was obviously part of the priests' everyday business, at least at times.
The rolled or folded tablets can be dated to the end of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century. Their size ranges from 3 × 5 cm to 10 × 20 cm. A tablet was found wrapped around a chicken bone, which, as a so-called "sympathetic agent", was supposed to increase the magic and, until this discovery, was only detectable in Egypt. They are described in Latin in the capitals or capitals italics, which were widespread at the time . While only two tablets contain cursing texts in vulgar Latin , twelve tablets are decorated in classical Latin and rhetorically. For the purpose of divine assistance, Mater Magna and the Attis, who was admired together with her, were invoked individually or as a couple. Some of the escape tablets have meanwhile been translated, with older readings being repeatedly replaced by new, more correct readings.
- Text of an escape sign:
Original text translation Prima Aemilia Nar-
cissi agat quidquid
conabitur quidquid aget
omnia illi inver-
sum sitsic illa nuncquam
quicquam florescat
amentita surgat a-
mentita suas res agat
quidquid surget om-
nia interversum sur-
gat Prima Narcissi
aga (t) como (do) haec carta
nuncquam florescet"Whatever Prima Aemilia,
Beloved of Narcissus, will
try whatever she will do, everything shall be
wrong with
her.They shall never
anything can flourish,
brought to the mind,
it is to their mendacious things do.
Whatever happens to her should all turn
out wrong.
The prima of Narcissus
is said to end up in this way, in that this tablet will
never blossom. "
"Magic Dolls"
The discovery of two clay figures, so-called magic dolls, provides further insights into the magical and cultic world of the sanctuary. These are two roughly modeled male figures that were sculpted free-hand. They were deposited in a ditch or well in the area of the sanctuary. Both figures have several puncture holes over the entire body, e.g. B. in the area of the heart. This ritual piercing should serve to conjure up a certain spell against the desired person, usually a love spell. One of the figures was also broken, the two halves twisted against each other. This should represent the cursing person's wish that the person be disoriented until the spell takes effect. In the larger clay figure (see illustration on the right) a lead tablet was also found, which should clearly identify the person for the goddess: It bears the Romanized Celtic name Trutmo Florus Clitmonis filius ("Trutmo Florus, son of Clitmo").
Bronze figure "Male dwarf"
One of the most valuable found objects is the small bronze figure of a male dwarf. Probably originated in the 1st century BC. At the time it was brought to the sanctuary, it was already an antique. The figure is of high artistic quality and made in full bronze . Toenails and fingernails are made of silver.
The figure shows a scantily clad dwarf with a cloak and a hair tie, who stands slightly on his back. The outstretched left hand was probably holding an unknown object, the right hand leads to the curly-haired head. The figure may represent a drunken participant in a cult celebration.
Hallstatt women's grave
During the excavations in the area of the sanctuary, the archaeologists unexpectedly came across a Hallstatt burial mound field. All graves were surrounded by trenches and covered with a mound of earth. Several of the graves found were uncovered. However, these were disrupted by the construction activity that followed the burial. An exception was a chamber grave, which was opened by grave looters at a later time, but was relatively productive. According to the findings of later investigations, the grave could be referred to as a Hallstatt women's grave of a socially superior personality. Items of personal equipment from the dead were found, such as B. jewelry, a tableware service and remains of the death board . The skeleton, which was not found in the anatomical association, was almost completely preserved, but parts of it were heavily fragmented. The finds from the women's grave thus allowed both dendroarchaeological and anthropological investigations.
Dendroarchaeological studies
The 2.20 × 0.9 m death board has been well preserved in the sterile Rhine sand of the floor of the burial site. Investigations by the Laboratory for Dendroarchaeology in Trier allowed the wood used and thus the burial to be dendrochronological dating from 680 to 650 BC. The date of the find in this period is considered unique in Rhineland-Palatinate and the finding is the oldest wood find so far from archaeological excavations in Rhineland-Palatinate.
Anthropological research
The anthropological examination of the skeletal remains found revealed that the person buried was a woman between 35 and 45 years old. The person was not very muscular and rather graceful during his lifetime, but with a determined height of 159 cm corresponded to the average for women at the time. The cause of death could not be determined from the skeletal remains. The only pathological changes were signs of wear and tear in the right knee joint ( osteoarthritis ) as well as heavy tartar deposits on the teeth, especially on the molars.
Based on the fragmented but completely preserved skull, it is planned to reconstruct the face using forensic medicine methods.
Other finds
In addition to the larger finds mentioned, there are a number of other small finds. Other stone finds include, for example, consecration altars and reliefs of various sizes with inscriptions or sculpture fragments. The numerous stucco, plaster and brick fragments promise further indications of structural details of the excavated object. The consecration offerings customary in everyday cult are available in large numbers: portraits of other gods, in particular Mercurius and Venus , made of bronze or clay, also mass-produced clay models of particularly popular subjects such as lovers or animal figures (as a substitute for "real" animal sacrifices) as well as coins made from coin offerings or bone needles and bronze miniature axes. Male clay figures in ancient armor and appropriately marked dedicatory inscriptions came from the Pausarii , the sanctuary's military personnel who are organized in cult associations.
The number of oil lamps found in the sacred area is exceptionally high at around 300. All lamps show traces of soot at the burn hole and were therefore in use. Most of the lamps were found lying on burnt sacrifice sites. Here they were laid down after the sacrifice process was over. Large-format oil lamps were part of the sanctuary's furnishings and were used to illuminate the rooms.
The large number of offerings found in burnt offering or disposal pits is archaeologically significant: animal bones from hens and birds, charred remains of baked goods, stones from stone and pome fruit, nuts, grain, dates and figs, remains of pine cones, chicken eggs, etc. There are also finds of cult dishes such as incense goblets or donation vessels as well as profane dishes, probably for cult meals.
Archaeological Findings
The comprehensive evaluation of the archaeological findings, their connections and their scientific interpretation is still ongoing. A presentation of the first research results has been announced, but has not yet been published. The archaeologists involved in the evaluation have, however, already carried out part of the work and made a number of statements about the find.
Until now, science was not aware that the cult of Isis had penetrated the northern provinces of the Roman Empire so early . The clearly ascertainable time of the sanctuary in the last third of the first century AD, i.e. in the time of Emperor Vespasian, meant that the previous doctrine had to be revised. The Mainz sanctuary was also the first to be found outside of Italy, a sanctuary jointly consecrated to the two oriental deities. In Mogontiacum the cult of Isis was not attested until then or only through small finds, the cult of Mater Magna only from the end of the 2nd century AD. The invocation of Attis, who can be assigned to Mater Magna, is also documented for the first time in the Mainz escape tablets.
A large number of findings were made during the excavations. The women's grave in the cemetery of the Hallstatt period occupies a special position and is viewed separately from the sanctuary. The Mainz grave is given a special place in Iron Age research in the context of dendrochronology.
In connection with the sanctuary, dedicatory inscriptions were found whose foundation text and the dates resulting from it allow information about regionally significant political events. Other outstanding epigraphic testimonies are the leaden escape tablets that were found, which together with the found magic dolls give an insight into the magical and ritual cult world of the simple provincial Romans, which is prohibited and illegally practiced under Roman law. Fire altars, small finds of consecrated offerings and sacrificial depots provide detailed information on the implementation and organization of the officially practiced cult for Isis and Mater Magna. For example, in addition to the usual offerings such as terracottas or small bronzes, untypically many bones of adult roosters and songbirds were found among the burnt victims , which apparently were the preferred sacrificial animals in the sanctuary. Typically, hens were sacrificed to oriental deities, the sacrifice of songbirds was unknown until then.
Overall, with the Isis and Mater Magna sanctuaries found in Mainz, another important detail of the Roman history of the city was discovered. There are still reliable findings, for example about the location of the seat of the provincial governor, the forum , the amphitheater and above all the sacred area with the temple complexes for the imperial god Jupiter or Juno from Mogontiacum.
literature
- Marion Witteyer: Divine building site - the cult site for Isis and Mater Magna under the Römerpassage in Mainz. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3150-9 .
- Gerhild Klose, Katharina Angermeyer: Isis holds court. A Roman festival for the opening of the cult site of Isis Panthea and Mater Magna in Mainz. In: Ancient World . Volume 34, No. 4, 2003, pp. 521-524, ISSN 0003-570X .
- Marion Witteyer: The sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna. Brochure from the State Office for Monument Preservation, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-8053-3437-0 .
- Jens Dolata, Marion Witteyer: Audience- oriented history mediation: the staged site of the sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna in Mainz. In: State Office for the Preservation of Monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate - Department of Archaeological Preservation of Monuments (ed.): Archäologie in Rheinland-Pfalz 2004. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2005, ISBN 3-8053-3551-2 , pp. 40–43.
- Jürgen Blänsdorf : The Defixionum Tabellae of the Isis and Mater Magna sanctuary in Mainz. Mainzer Archäologische Schriften (published by the General Directorate for Cultural Heritage Rhineland-Palatinate, Directorate State Archeology Mainz), Vol. 9, Mainz 2012, ISBN 978-3-935970-09-9
Web links
- Initiative Römisches Mainz - Rubric: The Sanctuary ( Memento from February 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- mainz.de - Isis and Mater Magna sanctuary
- Archeology Directorate Mainz - Sanctuary
- Jürgen Blänsdorf : List of publications with publications on research on the Mainz Fluchtäfelchen (Chapter X: Archeology, PDF document; 135 kB)
- 360 ° panorama of the sanctuary ( Memento from January 4, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- Katja Zipp: The lady from the Hallstatt period under the sanctuary for Isis and Magna Mater. ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- Sybille Bauer: The Mainz Römerpassage as a holy place - the early Iron Age tomb in the Roman temple district of Isis and Magna Mater. ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
Remarks
- ↑ Titus Livius , 29, 10, 4-11, reports that during the war with Carthage, after consulting the Sibylline books, the cultic meteorite stone was brought to Rome by Pessinus in Phrygia.
- ↑ Cf. Maarten J. Vermaseren: The cult of Cybele and Attis in Roman Germania . Stuttgart 1979.
- ^ Tacitus , Historien 4, 82.
- ↑ Marion Witteyer: Divine building site - the cult site for Isis and Mater Magna under the Römerpassage in Mainz. P. 14. According to Flavius Josephus , Jüdischer Krieg 7, 123f. Vespasian spent the night before his triumph with Titus in the Temple of Isis ( Iseum Campense ) in Rome.
- ^ Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche : A Mithraeum in Mainz. In: Archäologie in Rheinland-Pfalz 2002. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, pp. 75–78; Ingeborg Huld-Zetschke: The Mithras cult in Mainz and the Mithraeum at the Ballplatz (= Mainzer Archäologische Schriften Vol. 7) General Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Directorate for Archeology, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-935970-05-1 .
- ↑ Gerhild Klose, Katharina Angermeyer: Isis holds court. A Roman festival for the opening of the cult site of Isis Panthea and Mater Magna in Mainz. In: Ancient World . 34. Vol. 5, 2003, pp. 521-524.
- ↑ a b c Sybille Bauer: The Mainzer Römerpassage as a holy place - the early Iron Age grave complex in the Roman temple area of Isis and the Magna Mater. ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Apuleius, Metamorphoses 11, 8ff.
- ↑ Reading from Géza Alföldy and Gerd Rupprecht , taken from Marion Witteyer: Das Heiligtum für Isis und Mater Magna. Brochure Archaeological Monument Preservation Mainz 2004, p. 14 ff.
- ^ AE 2004, 1014 .
- ↑ The addition [dispens] atoris is also possible .
- ↑ AE 2004, 1015 and AE 2004, 1016 .
- ^ Marion Witteyer: The sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna. Brochure Archaeological Monument Preservation Mainz 2004, p. 11 and 17.
- ↑ Jürgen Blänsdorf, in: Novitas member magazine of the Initiative Römisches Mainz, edition I, 2004.
- ↑ AE 2004, 1024 . Reading after Jürgen Blänsdorf, 2003, taken from Marion Witteyer: The sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna. Brochure Archaeological Monument Preservation Mainz 2004, p. 47.
- ^ AE 2005, 1128 .
- ↑ Katja Zipp: The Hallstatt Lady under the sanctuary for Isis and Magna Mater. ( Memento from January 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ AE 2004, 1020 , AE 2004, 1021 , AE 2004, 1022 .
- ^ Marion Witteyer (ed.): The sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna. Verlag Philipp von Zabern Mainz, ISBN 978-3-8053-3334-4 (work in progress).
- ^ According to Archaeological Monument Preservation - Mainz Office , Research heading: Sanctuary.
- ^ Marion Witteyer: The sanctuary for Isis and Mater Magna. Brochure Archaeological Monument Preservation Mainz 2004, p. 57 ff.
Episcopal Cathedral and Diocesan Museum | German Cabaret Archive | Carnival Museum | Garrison Museum | Gutenberg Museum | Sanctuary of Isis and Mater Magna | Art gallery | Kupferberg Museum | State Museum | Mini press archive | Museum of Ancient Shipping | Museum of Local History | Museum of Mombach Local History | Museum Gonsenheim | Museum in the Schillerschule | Natural History Museum | Roman-Germanic Central Museum | City Archives and City Coin Cabinet | City History Museum | Brick museum in the old brickworks
Coordinates: 50 ° 0 ′ 4.86 ″ N , 8 ° 16 ′ 4.69 ″ E
