Heishan
The District Heishan ( Chinese 黑山县 , Pinyin Heishan Xiàn ) is located in the southwestern province of Liaoning in the People's Republic of China . He belongs to the administrative area of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhou . Heishan has an area of 2,487 km² and in 2019 had around 643,800 inhabitants. 78.9% of them were Han Chinese , 19.5% Manchu , the remainder mostly Mongols , Hui Chinese , Xibe and Koreans . The future spaceman Zhang Xiaoguang from Baichangmen attended the 3rd Heishan County High School and graduated from high school in 1985.
history
The Heishan area has been inhabited since the Neolithic ; Corresponding finds have been made in more than twenty locations in the area of Daxing Township, Fangshan Township and the Dahushan Street District. The objects found there are assigned to the Hongshan culture (4700–2900 BC). A lapis lazuli ornament with a pig's head at the end is considered by archaeologists to be an early form of the so-called " pig dragons " made of jade, as found about 50 km further north in Chahai .
In the Bronze Age, the population density in today's district increased; Corresponding finds have been made in more than a hundred places. For example, bronze objects from the community of Yingchengzi and the large community of Baichangmen could be assigned to the Western Zhou dynasty . In addition, in the district were knife coins from the Warring States Period found (then the area of Heishan belonged to the state Yan ). Finds from a burial ground in the municipality of Duanjia could be assigned to the Western Han Dynasty . There were also remains of a city wall made of rammed earth . Therefore, the archaeologists assume that this was the administrative seat of the Han period Wulü (无 虑 县).
During the Wei Dynasty in 238, fierce fighting broke out between Gongsun Yuan , the defiant governor of what is now Liaoning Province , and General Sima Yi , who was dispatched to restore control of the central government. After Gongsun Yuan was defeated in September 238, Sima Yi had most of the Chinese living there forcibly evacuated south. In the Jinzhou area , only the Changli Commandant (昌黎 Komm), with its administrative headquarters in what is now Yi County , remained; Heishan was now largely deserted.
Around 910 the Kitan -Khan Yelü Aboka conquered the area and had the city of Jinzhou built by Chinese prisoners of war in 911–926. After defeating the Korean kingdom of Balhae in 926 , he had Koreans relocated to Jinzhou on a large scale (today Koreans make up the fourth largest ethnic minority in Jinzhou). With that, the population of Heishan grew again. After the Jurchen defeated the Kitan in 1125 and founded the Jin dynasty , Wangping County (望 平县) was founded in Heishan in 1189, with its administrative headquarters in what is now Jiangtun.
In 1387, at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty , Wangping County was dissolved again and the area was instead covered with a dense network of fortresses. The Zhenjing Fortress (镇静 堡) was built in today's Baichangmen municipality, the Zhen'an Fortress (镇 安 堡) in today's Weichengzi (韦 城子 村) village in the Badaohao municipality, the Zhenyuan Fortress (镇远 堡) and in the Heishan street district in the street district of Dahushan the fortress Zhenning (镇宁 堡). In addition, there are remains of signal towers throughout the district. In the end, however, the Ming dynasty had nothing to oppose the troops of the Manchu Khan Aisin Gioro Abahai . At the Battle of Jinzhou in 1641/42 (松 錦 之 戰), the invaders killed around 60,000 of the 125,000 Chinese soldiers stationed there or sent as reinforcements. After the rest had surrendered, some of them were accepted into the Green Standard as mercenaries . After the final victory over the Ming Dynasty in 1644, Manchu soldiers of the Eight Banners were stationed in Heishan and were soon followed by their families. The arable land of the Ming-era fortified villages (屯) was confiscated and distributed to Manchurian aristocrats, who also had their families descended and farmed the land with purely Manchurian staff.
The Manchurian Qing dynasty was strongly racist. From 1688 the Chinese were not allowed to settle in the area beyond the Great Wall , Manchuria could only be entered with a special permit. This regulation was not lifted until 1860, which led to a large influx of internally displaced people from Shandong , Hebei and Henan . According to statistics from 1911, of the 18.41 million inhabitants of Manchuria, around 10 million had a migration background. The population growth initially led to an economic upswing. So Xinlitun, Heishan and Jiangtun developed into major trading centers. But there was also a sharp increase in crime. In order to get the situation under control, the Zhen'an County (镇 安县, meaning “protect the peace”) was founded, with its administrative headquarters in the then large community of Heishan. There should be no legal vacuum where “the emperor's whip was not enough” (鞭长莫及). Since there was also a Zhen'an County in Shaanxi Province at that time , the Jinzhou County was renamed "Heishan" in January 1914.
Administrative structure
At the municipality level, the district consists of two street districts , 15 large municipalities and four municipalities (as of 2019). These are:
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Web links
- County government website (Chinese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c 人口 民族. In: heishan.gov.cn. June 12, 2020, accessed July 17, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 司 晓 帅: 张晓光 同学 回忆 ： 2 毛钱 车费 成就 其 航天 梦. In: chinanews.com. June 10, 2013, accessed July 17, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ Willow Palisade. In: britannica.com. May 23, 2014, accessed on July 19, 2020 .
- ↑ 历史 沿革. In: heishan.gov.cn. June 12, 2020, accessed July 16, 2020 (Chinese).
- ↑ 2019 年 统计 用 区划 代码 和 城乡 划分 代码 ： 黑山县. In: stats.gov.cn. Retrieved July 17, 2020 (Chinese).
Coordinates: 41 ° 41 ′ N , 122 ° 7 ′ E