Glory of the sleeve

Today's Krefeld district of Hüls (since early modern times "Flecken Hüls" ) was an independent municipality, which was initially incorporated into the former district town of Kempen in 1970 and then to Krefeld in 1975. The core location is based on the glory belonging to the von Hüls (de Hulse) knight dynasty , arising from their allod , i.e. H. Ownership - first recorded as Ministeriale in 1112. At the beginning, the family lived in an "old" castle in Hülser Bruch , which was replaced in 1455 by a new building a little closer to the site . The glory was a subordinate rule of the Archbishopric (Elector) of Cologne , to whom the Hülser knights - and their subordinates - were obliged to serve and argue.

Coat of arms - red sea leaf without stem - and crest of the Knights of Hüls

The northern district , the so-called Hülsisch-Moersische Strasse , is a specialty, which came to the county of Moers in the course of an inheritance division in 1363 around 1410 with the (lost) Papenburg ( house on Eynde ) - and subsequently arrived their successors Orange and Prussia; its residents were thus subject - unlike the nucleus of the Electorate of Cologne - to the Moersian, later the Orange, jurisdiction until the French era . The repeal of the sovereign nobility rights by the French in 1806 and the subsequent amalgamation of the Hülsisch-Kurkölnischen place with the Moersisch-Oranischen district meant the end of the glory and the emergence of the municipality Hüls .

Hülsdorn (Ilex / holly) - the eponymous shrub for the glory of Hüls

Part 1: Glory of Hüls - from the beginning to Katharina von Hüls (1565)

The name Hüls is derived from the Hülsdornbusch (also Ilex) - which often appeared in the area around the village in the Middle Ages. The settlement and constitutional roots of Dorf und Herrlichkeit Hüls were not based on a manorial village association, but arose from the allodial ownership of a servant family proven since 1165, which later became knightly and whose power base was acquired through acquisition and lien policy until the 15th century has expanded quasi sovereign powers.

Glory Hüls - Allod in the hands of ministerials

The first known bearers of Hüls names are associated with an "old" (submerged before 1455) first Hüls castle in Hülser Bruch (near the current outdoor swimming pool, on Landwehrgraben), which is indicated by today's hallway / street name. In the protection of the castle, a constantly growing settlement was built on a dry channel on the border of the Bruch lowlands, which by 1500 AD already had more than 80 farms in the town center. It was about clay-beam half-timbered houses mostly with thatch roofing.

The second “actual” castle (today preserved as a restored ruin with rooms for cultural purposes) was built from 1455 by Friedrich von Hüls , with the permission of Cologne Archbishop Dietrich II. Von Moers : “ So he may bawen a house on the broich hinder hulß ". The brick built moated castle with walls and towers had a two-story main house on a raised vaulted cellar, its own prayer chapel and was surrounded by a moat and outer bailey.

Hüls Castle after the restoration in 2007

After the death of the last Hüls mistress Katharina - two years after her husband Godert Haes von Konradsheim zu Sollbrüggen - the main line died out without heirs in 1565 and related foreign aristocratic houses installed bailiffs in the castle (as official residence). The castle was damaged several times by wars and bad weather, in 1868 the tower collapsed after a storm and lightning strike; Only poorly made, the building then fell into ruin.

The Hüls house - recent findings

Archaeological investigations from 2011 and findings from 2015 suggest that the old castle (at the outdoor pool) was a refuge or a ski jump (similar to the ski jump at Vinnbrück ), also because of its immediate location on the Landwehrgraben .

The original Hüls house could have been in the area of ​​the “Klausur” begining monastery ; This is also suggested by a donation, according to which the knight Friedrich von Hüls bequeathed a garden to the monastery in 1419 , where the stables used to stand and where the nuns are supposed to live . If the stables were - as can be assumed - part of the knightly estate, then the estate itself was also located at this point near the center of the village and the church. Another indication is a document from 1144, which speaks of a “house of prayer in the fortified shell ” ( oratorium in castro hulse ). Prayer houses and castle chapels were usually located in the vicinity of a manor - today's successor church to this prayer house is located directly next to the Beguine Monastery.

In 2004, shards from the 12th and 14th centuries were found in the excavation of the current castle ruins, probably from the demolition of the former Hüls house, which was used for the construction of the nearby (today's) Hüls castle .

Genealogy of the house of Hüls

The men in Hüls used a red, stemless lily pad as a coat of arms and a silver ram's head as a helmet ornament . The stemless water lily leaf has been documented as a seal image since 1294. Later, a green leaf with a stem came up as a jury's seal - which has been preserved to this day in a slightly different form as the seal and coat of arms of the place. For the first time in 1122 and from 1388 to 1565, the family tree of the Hülser knights can be shown completely:

• 1112: With Rethere de Holese , a member of the Hüls family is mentioned for the first time. In 1116 this (now: Reterus de Holse) is explicitly mentioned as a ministerial in connection with the notarization of a donation. Until 1131 there are further mentions of this Retherus.

• 1167 to 1182: during this period there are several mentions of Leonius de Hulsen and Johannes de Hulse.
• 1222 to 1277: other members of the Hüls house are documented, such as Herimannus, Henricus (miles = knight), Geldolfus (frater), Johannes and Gozwinus.
• 1288: Knight Gottfried von Hüls is captured as a vassal of Archbishop Siegfried von Westerburg in the Battle of Worringen . At the foot of the Tönisberger Heights, in a branch path to the bend in the B9, there is a commemorative monument to the so-called Treaty of Vinnbrück , in which the knight Gottfried (among others) tied himself as a vassal to the Archbishop of Cologne.

From 1308 to 1565, Katharina died - with her husband Godert Haes the last mistress in Hüls - all names of the lineage resident in Hüls have been consistently documented (first year in each case first known mention):

• 1308/24: Geldolf (I) von Hüls, Drost zu Liedberg
• 1343: Walrave von Hüls oo Stine von Kessel
• 1363: Geldolf (II) von Hüls oo 1365 Jutta von Rode (on Haus Rath near Krefeld-Elfrath)

(In 1398, Geldolf II donates a piece of land for the construction of the Beginenkloster "Klausur")

Geldolf's brother Matthias pledged the inheritance he had received in 1363, the “Moersische Straße” with the so-called Papenburg , around 1410 to the Counts of Moers - from which ownership and religiously motivated entanglements should arise in later years.

• 1392: Friedrich (I) von Hüls 1st oo Agnes de Rade, 2nd oo Jutgen van Hogepath
• 1417: Geldolf (III) von Hüls oo Katharina von Stammheim

(In 1428, Geldolf III sets the statutes for another Beguine monastery, the "Cäcilien-Konvent" built around 1420).

(At the time of Geldolf III, the consecration (consecration) of the Hüls parish church takes place around 1434 - a new building or an extension of the old church)

(Geldolf III built the Hülser Herrenmühle in 1443, a windmill in the field on the way to Kempen; a horse mill was added later)

• 1445 Friedrich (II) von Hüls 1st oo Eva von Harff, 2nd oo Johanna von Boedberg

(Friedr. II is the builder of today's 2nd castle, the construction of which was approved by the Archbishop in 1455)

• 1474 Friedrich (III) von Hüls oo 1488 with Petronella Schenck von Nideggen - with this marriage one half of the glory Walbeck comes to Hüls.
• 1488 Katharina von Hüls and Walbeck oo 1517 Godert Haes von Conradsheim zu Sollbrüggen

(In 1492, during Katharina's childhood, the witch trial falls, in which the maid Nesgen tho Range is sentenced to death at the stake by Inrath )

Settlement of the glory of Hül in the 16./17. Century; the center of the Electorate of Cologne was already intensively settled from 1300, the Moers district above it only from the 16th century; The rows of farmers on Brustert and Bruckerschen Strasse as well as the Steeg and Orbroich farmers can be traced back to the year 1400 - sketch and information from Lichtenberg / Kaiser.

Katharina's husband Godert Haes came from a respected aristocratic family - officials and lawyers - from the Sollbrüggen house in Krefeld-Bockum; Through skillful legal and inheritance transactions, he knew how to expand the property and lands of the Hüls family - so the family came into the possession of Steprath Castle near Walbeck. Katharina's marriage remained childless - her foster son "Valenus" von Geldern (the biological son of a cousin of Katharina) could later not take over the inheritance due to inheritance disputes.

Godert Haes was a follower of the Elector / Archbishop Hermann V von Wied , who resigned his office after unsuccessful reformatory efforts under pressure from Pope and Emperor. The Hüls knight Haes was also known as a promoter of the Reformation. It is said about him that he repeatedly harassed the sisters of the Cäcilienkonvent because of religious differences. In 1559, the pastors of Hüls and the surrounding area complained that the Lord of Hüls had given the Anabaptists the opportunity to preach in front of a larger audience at his castle. There is no evidence that Godert Haes tried to prevent the Hüls Corpus Christi procession by force of arms and was only prevented from doing so by the Steeger Rifle Society.

When his will was drawn up in 1544, well-known supporters of the Reformation were present as witnesses. a. Bertram von der Lipp called Hoen (Drost zu Krefeld) and Cornelius von Boedberg (Hereditary Marshal of the Duchy of Geldern). Also to the leanings of the Reformation Kempener governor of the elector, bailiff of races Mountain , as well as the openly confessed in 1560 to the Reformation Count Hermann von Moers the Hülser Mr. maintained good relations. The Moers counts also promoted the Reformation in the northern part of the village that came to them in 1363, called the Hülsisch-Moersische Strasse .

Godert Haes died in 1563 at the age of 70. His widow had his epitaph (tombstone) built in the Catholic "Moderkerk". After this old parish church has been demolished, the tombstone will first be placed on the castle ruins, later on Konventstrasse, where the sandstone quickly weathered and was lost at some point. Long lost, the stone was found again in the years after 2010 and has been restored as far as possible.

Katharina dies two years after her husband (around 70 years). In her will she named her foster son and godson Godert, Valenus (Weilland) von Geldern, son of her cousin Adelheid zu Arcen and the late Reyner von Geldern as heir. Valenus cannot take over his inheritance, however, as some relatives of the Hüls line (Bernhard and Johann von Hüls zu Haus Rath near Elfrath) occupy the castle. Valenus tries - in vain - to enforce his claims in a lawsuit; apparently he dies shortly afterwards.

Hüls - Electorate of Cologne

Although Electorate of Cologne Under rule did not constitute an archbishopric fief, although it is a loan similar "employment" of Hülser men against the Electorate of Cologne was. That the rule of Hüls could dispose of their own property independently of the elector is shown u. a. in the transfer of part of the place (in connection with inheritance divisions around 1360) as "Moersische Straße" to the Counts of Moers.

Community and Jurisdiction

From the beginning, the Hüls gentlemen were entitled to certain judicial rights (lower jurisdiction) over the people who had settled on their allod under the protection of the castle since 1300. The Archbishop retained a judicial presence in the Hüls Schöffenbank: a bailiff as a silent judge, with the mayor appointed by the Hüls rule taking the chair. Two of the seven lay judges (hyen) had to come from the elector's six estates in Hüls. The archbishop received the so-called “Vogtsdrittel” from the penalties, the Hüls rule two thirds - the same division applied to market duties and fines (fines) that were incurred during the two annual fairs. The Elector's bailiff in Kempen was responsible for executing offenders convicted in Hüls. At times the Hüls gentlemen were also pledged the rights to high jurisdiction, for example between 1489 and 1574 - during this time the so-called "Hüls witch trial" took place. The residents of Hüls had to follow the “chime” (the call for military service) for the state contingent.

Although Hüls was never elevated to a city, the place had city-like structures and rights, including a. for weekly markets and two annual markets. In the 15th century the place was provided with circumferential ditches and in the 16th century secured with ramparts and gates, whereby both districts, the Hülsisch-Kurköln "Kern" as well as the "Moersische Straße" were separated by their own circumferential ditches and by gates and Transitions were interconnected.

From court files is u. a. handed down:

• 1387: Geldolf von Hüls has " beaten Tielken Melgs to hulse doit " - the archbishop absolves him of all guilt.
• 1462: a wisdom of the Kempen jury confirms the Hüls court rights.
• 1489: Archbishop Hermann von Hessen pledged the high jurisdiction to Hüls for 600 guilders - until it was redeemed in 1574 (this means that capital crimes in Hüls can also be negotiated, including the witch trial against Nesgen tho Range)
• 1491: Friedrich von Hüls buys former goods of the house of ter Aare (Traar) from the Teutonic Order.
• 1492: Witch trial against Nesgen (Agnes) tho Range from the Rangeshof am Inrath, a court that is subject to tax at Hüls. Under torture, she declares that she has laid three hairs each from women, cows and pigs as well as three eggs as an evil magic under the Dörpel (Steig) of two farms over which cattle were driven, and followed the devil to Hülserberg and Crakau Castle To have ridden Krefeld. Although she recalls at the fire stake, the Kempen court upholds the verdict and she is burned at the stake as a witch.
• 1566: The Hüls lay judges declare that there are two annual markets (twe frayhidenn) in Hüls "from alders" - on St. Valentin and St. Vitus, three days before and three days after.
• 1574: Archbishop Salentin von Isenburg redeems the high jurisdiction pledged to the rule of Hüls since 1489.

Model of the glory Hüls (Krefeld) from the Museum Center Burg Linn - shows the place after 1600

Landwehr

In the 13./14. In the 18th century, "Landwehr" (ditches, ramparts and shrub hedges) were laid out in the whole of the Electorate of Cologne to protect against enemy attacks, as was the case around 1372 in Hüls. The Hülser Landwehr ran from the Honschaft Benrad to the Bruch lowland, followed the Flöthbach along the "Greith" to the north (today this brook - also known locally as "Dreew" - partly flows in the old Landwehrgraben). The Hülser Landwehr had several passages ("trees") that were operated by tree keepers:

• Vinnbrücksbaum (today Kleverstr., B9)
• Laackbaum (Lookdyk)
• Pod tree (Boomdyk)
• Ratchet Tree (Steeger Dyk)
• Bovisbaum (old country road to Krefeld)
• Wintersbaum (Drügstrasse)

Church and monasteries

The first church was probably the castle chapel. Around 1300 a (small) church was built in honor of St. Cyriakus on the market, which was expanded in 1434 and a bell tower was added in 1483. In 1496 the church was badly damaged in a storm. The church was a daughter church of Kempen until the 16th century. After arson and storms, there were several reconstructions, until the large parish church of today was built in 1870.

The following important key data on church history are mentioned in a document up to the time of Katharina von Hüls:

• 1188: News about a castle chapel in Hüls and in Eppinghoven, part of the Hüls rule
• 1255: Rudolf (sacerdos) zu Hüls is named as spiritual master
• 1300: a small church in honor of St. Cyriac is built on the Merkt
• 1336: The Hüls parish has its own "Sprengel" and is thus a "parish" whose jurisdiction beyond the scope of the glory of Hüls also includes surrounding farmers.
• 1337: a rector Leo from Hüls joins the Kamp monastery
• 1375: a Cyriakus altar in Hüls is mentioned, later a Katharinen altar follows
• 1434: Consecration / consecration of the parish church in Hüls; probably an extension or a new building on the site of the previous small church.
• 1468: in these years Kempen was still the mother church: terminally ill Hülsern their last unction was donated from Kempen. For the year 1500 the Cyriakus patronage is attested for the Hüls parish.
• 1481: a pastor Wilhelm von Hüls is mentioned as an altarist at the Cyriakus altar - possibly a relative of the Hüls knights.
• 1483: a new bell tower is built
• 1496: the church tower collapses in storms, also destroys the church - afterwards rebuilding.
• 1500: The separation from the Kempen mother church takes place. The parish now has a part of the so-called “tithe” - there are 6 altars: St. Cyriakus, Katharina, Holy Cross, Sebastianus, Antonius and Madonna; In addition to the pastor, at least 3 vicars are active. 700 communicants are counted.
• 1529: Johannes Ingenray vom Brusterhof (in towards Rade) becomes 33rd abbot of Kamp monastery. He dies in 1563. His coat of arms: two husk leaves (holly).
• 1569: "Heretics" destroyed pictures in the Hüls church.
• 1585: in the Truchsessian War the church is sacked and there is a larger new building.

Hülser tertiary monasteries

In Hüls there were two women's monasteries since the end of the 14th century, both of which began as so-called beguinages and whose sisters, as tertiary nuns, adopted the “third rule of St. Francis” over time. Both of the Hüls monasteries were not poor; In 1513 they were able to lend the Herrlichkeit Krefeld a larger capital of around 150 gold guilders - at an interest rate of 5% annually.

In 1802 both monasteries were "abolished" by the French.

The exam (Kluus)

In July 1398 the Archbishop of Cologne certified the beguines Gertrud von Limburg and Odilia von Goch the permission to build a hermitage (reclusorium) - called in Hüls Kluus . The squire Geldolf von Hüls donated the space to the Incluses (clusenerse), who were subsequently called Beguines - women religious without religious vows. The rector of the Hüls parish was allowed to supervise the salvation of the women. A direct transition to the parish church was created.

Between 1474 and 1476 the beguines of the cloister adopted the "Third Rule of St. Francis", the so-called Tertiary Rule, combined with the subordination to the main monastery of the Regular Tertiary St. Nikolaus in the Trift in Bedburdyck, founded in 1401 and focused on healing activities (near Neuss).

• In 1482 the enclosure becomes independent from the Hüls parish; the small monastery chapel has its own small altars and there is its own cemetery.
• In 1486 the cloister was granted the right to grant a 100-day indulgence for visitors to the monastery chapel.
• The monastery grounds were continuously expanded until 1507. In addition to taking care of their religious change according to the statutes of the order, the sisters devote themselves to charity, taking in people who can no longer support themselves (occasionally in return for bequeathing their belongings). Income comes from land ownership, processing of flax and sheep's wool and from home-brewed beer.
• In 1548 the enclosure was largely destroyed by fire (across the neighboring house); then rebuilt.

The Cecilia Convention

Around 1420 another beguinage came together in Hüls. A Stine Heilweghs transferred her property to the Beguines (baguta) Hilla van Stroe, administrator of the Beguines Convention. The Haagsche Hof in Kapellen was one of them. Immediately after the foundation, the sisters accepted the “Third Rule of St. Francis”.

• In 1427 the Hüls knight Geldolf gave the Beguines a garden behind the convent. There are around 18 to 20 sisters at this point. The convent is - like the "enclosure" - placed under the supervision of the tertiary monastery at Bedburdyck.
• In 1461 the chapel of the convent was consecrated; there is now its own cemetery and a 40-day indulgence has been awarded.
• In 1468 the monastery became independent and separated from the Hüls parish. The holy oil for anointing the sick is now also kept in the monastery chapel.
• 1523 on August 15th there is a lightning strike in the convent, which destroys large parts. The reconstruction takes place until 1524.
• In 1549 the weaving house, which was destroyed by storms, is put back into operation

The nuns made their living by weaving and other textile work; Property and the admission of people in need of care and boarders in return for bequests in their wills brought additional means of subsistence.

Archery

In the parish of Hüls are for the 15./16. Century proven foundations of at least 3 rifle brotherhoods:

• 1464: St. Sebastianus Rifle Brotherhood Hüls
• 1537 Steeger Bachelors Shooting Society "Wohlgemuth"
• 1597 Orbroich Bachelors' Society of St. Kilian

According to tradition, in 1475 the Archbishop of Cologne issued a founding decree on riflemen; at this time the "Sebastianer" in Hüls had already been founded. According to the explanations of the former pastor Edmund Göhn from Hüls there was " in dat Kirspel Hulse vyff Broderschafte ", namely in addition to those mentioned:

• the Hülser bachelors
• the Gastendonker brotherhood

The rifle brotherhoods founded as Catholic communities were (also) societies, but had their tasks in the community, from fires to escort processions to the Landwehr. Etymologically, the word “shooter” comes from “shooting” and not from “be-protect”. The “shooting” of the rifle king and the rifle silver that has been cultivated over generations have a long tradition. The use of the Steeg rifle brotherhood against the Hüls knight Godert Haes when he tried to prevent the Corpus Christi procession in Hüls around 1550 is known - but not proven by documents.

Hülsisch-Moersische Strasse until 1565

A special feature was the area north of the core town, the so-called “Hülsisch-Moersische-Straße” from 1412, which came under ownership - and from the county’s point of view, “state sovereignty” - to the county of Moers and was therefore no longer part of the glory of Hüls.

Matthias von Hüls, the brother of the knight Friedrich, had bequeathed the goods he inherited in 1363 (the Papenburg and associated lands) to the Counts of Moers when he died in 1412 at the latest. They transferred it to the Orange in 1600 as the successor to the County of Moers, and then in 1702 to their successor Prussia . The area was not significantly populated until after the 15th century. a. of religious refugees from other areas - until 1715 the small exclave had 60 families, of which 5 were Protestant , 16 Mennonite and some were Jewish . In 1798 the "Moersische Straße" was united with the Electoral Cologne core town of Hüls by the French .

• 1363: The inheritance of this year Matthias be awarded eleven properties of leguminous (brother of the knight Friedrich) from the site, in addition to some goods in the Honschaft Benrad and the glory of Krefeld and the north "Hof gen Eynde" (Papenburg) in Parish of Hüls, including lands.

• 1412: The "Moersische Straße" (beginning north of today's street "Am Beckshof") was initially arable and pasture land and was only settled step by step after 1450 - there was an increased influx after the church Reformation that began around 1517 due to people being displaced in other places Lutherans , Reformed and also Jewish settlers. The later synagogue was in this district.

• 1430: after the "hoff tot Papenborch" is a Geldrian fiefdom for some years for unknown reasons, in 1430 Wolter von Hüls (Schultheiss zu Kempen) and his son are enfeoffed with it. In the next generation, the Moers counts once again have control of the castle and the surrounding area.

• 1461: For this year there is a document according to which Count Vinzenz von Moers sold "Heren Matthes Hoff bej Huls" to Rudolf Momm (aldermen and mayor in Arnhem) for redemption. It is not known whether there is a connection to the Hülser line Mommen / Momm, based at today's Mommenpesch. The property then goes to Rudolf Momm's widow. The right of repurchase of the knight Friedrich von Hüls is not redeemed. The sons Walram and Rudolf Momm of the Arnhem aldermen remained connected to Haus Papenburg.

• 1509: Documents date from the period up to 1529, according to which a Momm heir (Rudolf from the Schwarzenstein line) and another Rudolf (from the Rodentoorn line) again offered the Papenburg and Land to the Moers counts to redeem the pledge. These accept and with it the estate and land finally become Moersisch.

• The Moers counts saw their property not only under "property law", but under "state sovereignty" aspects, i. H. they viewed the small district of Hüls as a Grafschafter enclave in the Electoral Cologne area - which was never fully recognized by the Hüls “Electoral Cologne” subordinates, but was largely tolerated.

• 1567: The Moerser Counts declare that Moersische Strasse is the responsibility of the Grafschaft Moerser Court of Neukirchen - to the chagrin of those affected, who have to take the arduous and unsafe route through the swampy quarry in legal cases.

Cover of the Hüls bearing book from 1630

Part 2: Hüls stock book from 1630

The formative development of the Hülsisch-Kurkölnischen core town with market, Niederstrasse and Hochstrasse was largely completed by 1550. A largely closed development developed by 1630. In the area of ​​today's Bruckerschen Strasse from Rektoratsstrasse, another row of houses was built during this period by building gaps.

According to an evaluation of the goods listed in the Hüls camp book from 1630 to 1750 , the glory comprised three complexes to be constitutionally separated (which until 1661 comprised around 110 farms with 800 inhabitants); the splintered property of about 400 acres was divided into:

A) the electoral district of Hüls (the core town above the Hüls castle around the market)

B) the settlement area of ​​Moersische Strasse with Papenburg (belonging to the county of Moers)

C) Homesteads and lands outside the fortified village (Bruckerhöfe, Brusterhöfe) as well as the farming communities Steeg and Orbroich.

Although the rule of Hüls practically exercised sovereign rights, they did not levy any sovereign taxes such as Bede, Simpel or Schatz - these were reserved for the electoral office of Kempen.

To A) Electoral Patch Hüls :

The farmsteads in the core area stretched since the 13th century between Heerstraße in the west (today's Klever Straße) and the first "old" castle in Bruch (near today's open-air swimming pool) in the east, attested to since 1144.

After a wall surrounding a ditch and earth wall had already existed in earlier years, the village settlement was surrounded with ditches, walls and gates in 1624 with the permission of the elector.

• Around 1657 there were 57 farms within the core quarter. Another 18 farmsteads were located directly outside the ramparts.
• Of these 75 farms, 57 were goods for the benefit of the Hüls family. The successors of a deceased rider had to pay a recognition fee to the Hülser rule, called "treatment" - the "first hand" per acre of land usually 3 guilders, the "second hand" half. Furthermore, a "construction day" (manual or clamping service) had to be performed on St. Margaret (July 13th), and contributions in kind were due on different dates: u. a. on “Fasteloovend” oil or wax as well as smokers (as a smoke collection fee), on St. Martin (November 11th / 12th) geese and / or capons (castrated roosters) were given.

Old courtyards of glory Hüls (after 1550) with the names of the sitters - sketch and information from Lichtenberg / Kaiser / Mellen

• There were also ten Kurmud estates, probably the oldest courtyards in the center of the village on the Konventsstraße settlement axis. The Kurmud was a tax amount fixed on the court, which in the event of death had to be paid by the heirs, again “two hands” (man and woman): usually 6 gold guilders from the “first hand”, three gold guilders from the “second”. In addition, twice the amount of annual “driving interest” had to be paid.

• six of the Hüls personal profit goods did not belong to the Hüls rule, but to the elector: five on Niederstrasse, one (Mumkens) directly in front of the mill gate. They paid their dues to the electoral cellar in Kempen. Two out of seven lay judges in Hüls court banks came from these courts.

To B) Settlement area of ​​the Hülsisch-Moersischen Straße :

This area, which came to the Moers counts after 1400 as part of an inheritance division from 1363 together with the later submerged “Papenburg” (Hof an gen Eynde), joined the north wall (the “Gatz” - today's street “am Beckshof”) to the north on. This district was only sparsely populated until the 16th century, then more intensively. At the time of the transition of the county of Moers to Nassau-Orange (around 1600), the district became a collecting basin for religious refugees (Lutherans, Reformed, Mennonites, Jews) who contributed to the boom of the entire place with their traditional economic connections. The location and ownership history of the individual farmsteads can only be traced more clearly since 1674.

• The list of residents from 1665 lists 53 households in the Hülsisch-Moersische district, nine of them Mennonite families; the textile sector is represented with 34%, the trade with 17%, the handicraft with 15%, also agriculture with 15%. In addition to Catholic, Mennonite and Reformed households, there were Jewish families, some of whom have been handed down as butchers.

To C) Homesteads and lands outside the fortified town :

The numerous other possessions in Hüls were scattered across the surrounding area between Krefeld, Kempen and Moers. These farms - which were subject to the Hüls jurisdiction and the state command - had been acquired by the Hüls knights over the centuries through purchases and inheritance. The most important of these goods are:

• 41 goods that were in principle “Hüls enclaves”. These included

• the "Bruckerhöfe" in the south
• the farms at the "Bruckstatt" (on the Brustert) in the north - all mostly personal goods.
• as special forms goods of the honors Benrad (with the farming community Steeg) and Orbroich

There were exceptions to the taxes:

• The Broster-Hof was not subject to compulsory service to Hüls, but to the Hülsdonk house (near Willich).
• Seven other farms were also “exempt from duty” for Hüls, paid personal gain to the gentlemen of Quadt-Büllesheim, but had to follow the Hüls “bell strike” (call for defense): Gyßel, Everts, Porth. Meyser, Fattbenders, Schicks, Brucker.
• Four of these goods (Meyser, Fattbenders, Schicks, Brucker) were so-called "Teutzsche Goeder" - they had previously been transferred from the Ter Aare (Traar) house to the Teutonic Knight Order ; In 1491 Friedrich von Hüls acquired these farms, which after the death of Katharina von Hüls (after 1565) were bequeathed to the Quadt-Wickrath line and from there to the Quadt-Büllesheim line. The farms were part of the Perdtsfort farm in the Uerdingen district, which was also formerly owned by Hüls.

• Several farms between the village of Hüls and the glory of Krefeld, of which only four have been passed down as names: Raedt-Rohr, Plankker (am Plankerdyk), Calweyen-Queryen, the "Mary" (Meyen). These goods were hereditary interest from the Lords of Cloudt (from Moers), but belonged to the glory and thus jurisdiction of von Hüls, had to perform servant services and to follow the “chime”.

22 of the goods mentioned made landlord taxes to the Hüls rulership, but were not subject to Hüls jurisdiction - that is, they belonged to the Hüls “parish”, but only to a limited extent to the “glory”. These included in particular:

• Goods in the Benrad community (with the Steeg farmers)
• Goods in Orbroich and further away in Amte Kempen

• the most important of them: Botz, Gather, Stephans, Haesen. Bawens, Neefers, Bleix-Weefers, Krissgens, Enger, Hausmanns, Vein, Klein-Morte.
• Some were in the glory of Krefeld, u. a .: Vang, Strucken, Heucken (am Heukendyk), Wilhelms, Minges, Ploentges, Geremis and Ranges (Rangenhof am Inrath, against whose maid Nesgen tho Range a highly regarded witch trial was conducted around 1492).

Honors and farmers

There were close connections between the glory of Hül and the neighboring honors and farmers.

• The Honschafdt Benrad (an inland clearing) was a clearing area of ​​the 11th / 12th. Century. In the high Middle Ages it was one of the six electoral Cologne honors in the Kempen district and consisted of the farmers:

Steeg

Velthusen

Weiden (Wyden)

Widderath

Bennert

Steeg and Velthusen belonged to the parish of Hüls, the other farmers to Kempen and St. Tönis.

• The Orbroich and Broich honors stretched north of Benrad - an area that stretched from today's Kempen district of St. Hubert, bypassing Hüls, to the Niepkuhlen east of the Hülser Berg. The western part belonged to the parish Kempen, the eastern part to the parish of Hüls; this part was separated from St. Hubert in 1936 - as Orbroich farmers - and came to the municipality of Hüls. To the north of Orbroich, the Vinnbrück customs post was located as a border hill to the county of Geldern.

Since the early days there have been dependencies of the peasants on the glory of Hüls, in particular in terms of property and tax law. In 1816, Hüls was merged with Benrad to form the Hüls mayor; from 1823 to 1853 there was a joint mayor's office with Hüls, Benrad (including Steeg), St. Hubert (Broich / Orbroich) and Tönisberg, and in 1936 the farmers were incorporated into Hüls.

Farmers Steeg

The Steeg farmers reached the core area of ​​the rule Hüls, with their northeastern tip up to near the wall and ditch in front of the Hülser market. The current triangle “unterm Steeg”, “am Kleckers” and “Krüserstraße” (with side streets) as well as the area south of the Steeger Dykes between “Tönisvorster Straße” and “Krefelder Straße” and there the area “Botzweg / am” counted to the historical farmers Schützenhof ".

From the tax reform 1659–1669 and the underlying stock registers, the names and locations of a number of farms are known that already existed in the 14th century, some of which have since perished. The Steeger Höfe paid sovereign taxes mainly as "treasure" to the Electoral Cologne office of Kempen; in addition, Kurmuds or body profit levies to various institutions, u. a. to the gentlemen von Hüls.

Old farms of the Steeg (Hüls) farmers with the names of the sitters, proven since 1400 - sketch and information from Lichtenberg

In 1627 the farms were divided into the following tax:

• Plow = 12 thalers / half plow = 8 thalers / Beilmann = 2 thalers
• Treasure = sovereign property tax
• Kurmud = payment to the landlord on the death of the rider, to be paid by the heirs (“two hands man and woman”): 6 gold guilders from the “first hand”, three gold guilders from the “second”.
• Body gain = in the event of death, the heirs had to "win the property again" (treatment) - the "first hand" usually paid 3 guilders per acre of land, the "second hand" half.
• Driving interest = risk allowance (due in case of late payment)
• Driveway = transfer of ownership to the landlord
• Vacation = permission to marry (had to be obtained from the landlord)

The “old Steeger farms”, documented as early as 1400, include around 25 properties (see map “Farmers Steeg”), some of which have passed, others still exist as buildings, a few of which are used purely for agriculture.

Orbroich farmers

The old Orbroich farmers reached as far as Vinnbrück , a ski jump and customs office at the Landwehr crossing in the north of Hüls, which separated Kurköln from the Duchy of Geldern . Over the years, the two peasant communities Orbroich and Broich initially developed into the church village of St. Hubert. In 1936 major parts of Orbroich were incorporated into Hüls. In 2010 Orbroich was about 270 hectares and there were still 9 agricultural and 2 forestry operations. An old mansion on the western edge of Orbroich, the Gastendonk House, already existed at the time of the early Hüls rule, but had no genealogical connection with it.

• The Gastendonk originated on a Donk (dune in the swamp), the lords of Gastendonk are first mentioned in 1274.
• The aristocratic seat with manor house, outer bailey and moat was listed in the Moers fiefdom register, with two thirds of Ridderath's tithe in the parish of Hüls.
• The house came from Engelbert von Orsbeck to Johann van Eyell, husband of his daughter, who was enfeoffed by Moers in 1449. In 1622 the house came to Konstantin von Neukirchen (called Nievenheim). In 1683 the Gastendonk changed to Franz-Heinrich von Hemmerich, in 1707 to the von Francken-Siersdorpff family and later to the von Clave`-Bouhaben family.
• Today the - appropriately rebuilt - facility is used for residential purposes.

Part 3: Glory of Hüls - Katharina's legacy until the French era (1815)

Katharina's and Godert's foster son and godson Valenus (Weilland) von Geldern - a son of the Baroness von Arcen, a cousin of Katharina's - could not take over the inheritance that was intended for him in 1565; He was denied access to the castle and the goods by members of the Hüls lines outside of Germany (in particular the Lords of Hüls zu Haus Rath near Elfrath). He likely passed away in the years after.

The heirs - external noble relatives

The inheritance - and thus the legal succession over the glory of Hül - was divided into 19 parts around 1570 AD and came to the following houses:

• 8 parts to the von Hüls zu Rath (Rath house near Elfrath)
• 8 parts to the von Harff zu Geilenkirchen
• 1 part to that of Palant zu Breitenbend
• 1 part to that of Eynatten zu Wiedenau
• 1 part to the von Wylich auf Winnenthal

Testament of Catharina von Hüls - used in 1566 in the inheritance dispute of the Valenus von Geldern against foreign claims

Certificate of the will of Catharina von Hüls made out in early German handwriting - beginning with: " in Godtes na (h) men Amen .... "

By 1794 there were several shifts in the shares due to sales, marriages and successions, which finally turned out as follows:

• 11 shares for Harff's house
• 5 1/3 shares in Kleist's house
• 2 2/3 shares in the house of Bourscheidt.

The community of heirs was represented in Hüls by mayors (later bailiffs), who initially exercised their office in the castle, but moved to the town after the castle began to fall into disrepair; Due to the effects of the war, bad weather and the “ravages of time”, the Hüls castle fell into disrepair. In 1686 the roof collapsed, which the then mayor Johann Heinrich Groß reported:

• “ Anno 1686 on Pingstnacht is behind in the large kitchen here in the house, the stove and chimney with a thunder-like bang from above through the tach, three sölleren ... struck into the locker. All wood, stone, earth, iron ... utensilia next to lienenwand and 12 and 13 painted rye smashed ... "

The castle fell into ruin in the period that followed - until it was "uncovered" between 1954 and 1958 under Professor Albert Steeger with the help of the Hüls school children. From the year 2000 the ruins were cleared of vegetation by members of Hüls associations and parts of the mansion were rebuilt. In 2002 the tower was renovated and heavy wooden ceilings were installed. In the meantime, the castle and the park behind it have been restored to such an extent that they are accessible for events, open air stages and the castle tower as a registry office for weddings.

Status of the Electorate of Cologne under the foreign heirs

The income of the community of heirs consisted of taxes on houses and land, personal gain and Kurmud fees, tribute to Jews and court sentences. The respective mayor was responsible for holding the court, monitoring compliance with orders and collecting the tax rates. The list of mayors who were appointed up to 1798 has been handed down:

1600 Johann Bütgen

1639 Melchior Lübler

1677 Johann Heinrich Groiss

1695 Leonhardt Henn

1728 Heinrich Hamecher

1730 Johann Friedrich Doetsch

1745 Engelbert Porth (Holtmann)

1752 Carl Johannes Doetsch

1770 Anno Laurenz Roosen (until 1798)

The structure of the judiciary, inherited from the time up to Katharina von Hüls, was retained; there was still the elector's presence at courts - by a bailiff as a "silent judge" - and the appointment of two of the seven lay judges of electoral estates.

• The Simpel was one of the main sources of income for the ruler of the Electorate of Cologne, and there was also the tax “Zeell” and the “community fee”. The Hülser also had to serve for the livelihood of the community servants, for the bridge and gate closers and the community messenger (the Hölschen Bott). In addition, the elector placed other services on the residents, some had to be ready for tensioning and clearing services (construction days) when building dykes on the Rhine. The people of Hüls also had to do construction work for the electoral town hall in Kempen. For the poor there was a poor fund into which a small group of wealthy families had to pay.
• The customs posts were expanded. Those at Vinnbrück, Laak-Baum and Hülser Baum (Pait-Brücke) were served by a customs officer from the Electorate of Cologne; the owners of Papenburg (Grafschaft Moers, later Orange), whose properties included Moersische Strasse, levied an additional duty on Moersische Strasse.
• The mill rights lay with the Hülser lordships, on the one hand, and on the other hand the elector asserted claims as a feudal lord - a constant dispute.

The aristocratic community of heirs shared their burdens among the residents of certain streets:

• Konventsstrasse had to turn the hay
• to fence the hay down Niederstrasse
• the market residents had to look after the Herrenbenden (broken willows)
• the Bruckerhöfe had to fence in the “long peel”.

Hüls was a joint municipality (total municipality) which, in addition to the walled place, also included rural courtyard rows (Brusterhöfe, Bruckerhöfe). The neighborhoods were divided into "Rotten" (13 in the core area, outside 7 Rotten), which were responsible for emergency services and regulatory tasks, but also formed pumping and well neighborhoods. Women are also mentioned as members of the Rotten. A committee made up of mayors, lay judges and people in common, under the supervision of the mayor, discussed important local issues.

In 1636, the archbishop pledged electoral rulership rights to one of the co-heirs, Wilhelm von Metternich zu Schweppenburg, who until 1667 exercised local authority through various interventions in the electoral district of Cologne.

From 1676 there is a copy of an “ original brieff der freijheijdt Huls ”, in which their rights were laid down. Hüls did not have city rights, but - after 1600 - a mayor. As early as 1624, the elector had approved the securing of the place with new ramparts, ditches and gates. Like the castle, Hüls had a solid wall at its disposal. There were privileges for two cattle fairs and two fairs; Such freedoms that could develop into a city were called “market towns”. Around 1608, Hüls has more inhabitants than Krefeld, which has already become a town.

Community ownership and community

Even before 1583 the place was fortified with trenches and gates. After the meanwhile "razing" by citizens of Kempen, who were angry with the up-and-coming Hüls, around 1637, the fortifications were renewed as

• " Whether the earth is a little wall with hameyen (barriers) erected in front of the gates to keep the roaming squads and parties ".
• Also in 1659 there is talk of a "fortress Hüls", in 1671 palisades were bought in Neuss for reinforcement.

Parts of the Hülser Bruch were "common property " ( common land ) - in times of need the Hülser co-owners privatized parts of the common land, so in 1660 land "im broich" came to the Momm / Mommen families, who owned the local Mummen Feyn (Mommen Venn, today Mommenpesch - "Pesch" = Stockhol twig). The Mommen took part in the construction of the new church tower. Other projects were also started:

• 1649: a new kax (pillory) is placed on the market, which was there until the 19th century (French period).
• 1661: According to a description of land taxation, Hüls has 111 houses (inside and outside the market town) without Moersische Straße. The two monasteries, rectory and vicarage and Haus Hüls are tax-exempt.
• 1665: A new fountain is built on the Quartelnmarkt. There were a total of 11 wells in the village.
• 1667: the lay judge and church master Bertram Kauffmanns builds the house at Markt 15 with a baroque stepped gable. The house is later inhabited by the Schultheißen and referred to as the Schultheißenhaus.
• 1732: Elector Clemens August confirms the traditional horse and cattle markets on St. Vitus (June 16) and St. Nicholas (December 5) - in 1566, however, St. Valentin (February 14) and St. Called Vitus. In 1908 the markets are closed.
• 1764: Hüls set up two mail car lines (between Cologne and Kleve).
• 1797: The last death sentence on Galgendyk near Hülser Berg is carried out (against the robbers Koken from Vorst and Schink from Krefeld).

Economy and handicraft in the part of the Electorate of Cologne

Agriculture was dominant in Hüls around 1665. On the short stretch between Markt and Gatz, there were also seven inns and taverns in 1660 - an indication of the importance of the town with its connection to the Heerstraße from Krefeld to Geldern.

There are no merchants (apart from a shopkeeper who sells cloth and spices) in the district of the Electorate of Cologne before 1665; there were bakers, fusel distillers, beer brewers, around 1700 already cloth shears, linen weavers, wool weavers and tailors as well as 13 spinners. Individual pottery families can be identified as early as 1650, but this craft did not flourish in Hüls until the middle of the 18th century.

• four households were classified as very wealthy (Kauffmanns, Meiser, Boms and Poort - all local lay families with their own property)
• twenty-four households were considered wealthy,
• forty-eight families had poor to poor incomes,
• forty-six were poor or very poor.

Above the entrance area of ​​the Beguine Monastery "Klausur" - below view from the inner courtyard to the church

Church and monasteries after 1565

The Hülser parish (the parish) was now detached from the Kempen mother church with its own parish; the church building and the tower were extended and renewed several times due to bad weather and fires.

• 1636: The church tower collapses and is rebuilt.
• 1641: The Hüls parish (the parish) has 800 communicants. There are "6 heretics" on Moersische Strasse and "one" in the village. The church has four altars: Cyriacus, Maria, Katharina and Antonius.
• 1641: Since Krefeld no longer has a Catholic pastor, many Krefelders come to the Hüls Church.
• 1642: During the Counter Reformation , the pilgrimage to Kevelaer develops, some of which lead through Hüls; the "Kevelaer Madonna" made by the Hülser Pottbäckern becomes a popular picture motif for sale.
• 1660: Reconstruction of the Hüls church tower after the church had already been restored.
• 1665: Construction of a school building that is leaned against the south side of the church tower built in 1660. Later the wall to the church is broken through to expand the church space.
• 1703: Renovation of the interior of the parish church with baroque furnishings (altar, pulpit, upper stalls).
• 1703: The convent monastery and the convent church are badly damaged in a fire. Then rebuilding
• 1713 to 1737: the church gets a baroque interior.
• 1870: Construction of today's large parish church on the site of the old church.

Development of the Hülsisch-Moersische district

Although Moersische Strasse was separated from the part of the Electorate of Cologne by ditches and troughs, there were always mutual contacts during the day - albeit not always of a friendly nature Jews) had settled in the Moersian part, new connections, trade relationships and ideas came into the place, which contributed to the upswing in the Electoral Cologne part. "Everything possible" was traded, for example the (Mennonite) trader Lemmen (also owner of the Speickenhof) is listed in a tax list as " trades in all kinds of things , such as potash, fabric, linen, fish ". It is similar with the Mennonite families Simons, Te Neues, Niepers, Flickertz, Selbach and Fenners.

The elector tried in vain to curb the contacts of his Catholic subjects " with the desolate servant " and temporarily closed the gate between the districts.

The small Moersische, later Oranisch / Prussian enclave had around 50 house locations in 1665, starting north of the "Gatz" (today: at Beckshof). The Gatz itself and the courtyards lying on it, although north of the trench, were still part of the Electoral Cologne core town. A wall ran around the Moersian part in the 17th century (in the north still in front of the later “Neustraße”) - to the electoral Cologne Hüls there was a little gate at the Gatz. The Papenburg and the surrounding country with some cottages were also part of the Moersian property; but the adjacent Brusterhöfe were again Hülsisch-Kurkölnisches area. The Brusterkirchpfad led through a little gate in the northern part of Moers through this at the Gatz back into the Electoral Cologne area.

The Moersian center was the (today so called) Bottermaat from whom the "Fette Henn" led down to the Bruch. Most of the houses of Mennonite, Reformed and Jewish families were lined up from the Bottermaat to the north, alongside apartments for Catholic residents. A synagogue was built near the Jewish houses in 1680 (which was destroyed in an arson attack during the Nazi era).

Throughout the 17th century there were disputes between Kurköln and the Hüls aristocratic families on the one hand and the county of Moers and Orange on the other about the “rightful” sovereignty in this small area. Especially since there was a “political” and a “property-related” component.

• In her will, Walburga von Moers-Neuenahr had appointed Prince Moritz of Orange as the “sovereign” successor
• She bequeathed her “possessions” (courtyards, properties, including Papenburg) to Balthasar von Millendonk. Between 1600 and 1602 he tried several times to pay homage to himself in a "sovereign" manner, which the Orange people immediately suppressed and instead of Millendonk's pillory put their own.
• In 1666, the Millendonk estates came to the widow of the general security officer of Nievenheim as a "Nievenheim share" - the Moersich-Orange suzerainty remained unaffected.
• The Moers part received its own "mayor" - which the part of the Electorate of Cologne had already had for 100 years - in the 18th century.

Orange period in the Hülsisch-Moersischen part

On October 28, 1594, Walburga, Countess von Moers, bequeathed her county (and thus Krefeld and the northern part of Hüls) to her relative Moritz von Oranien with the obligation to promote the goals of the Reformation in Hüls as well.

• While the residents of the Kurkölnischen core town were bound to the Hülser or Kempener court, the residents of Moersische Strasse had to go to the Moerser Untergericht in Neukirchen - for which they had to cross the break and swampy area for negotiations.
• Some disputes were tried twice, once in Hüls and a second time in Neukirchen, whereby the respective underdogs often did not recognize the guilty verdict of the “foreign” court.

• 1674 came z. B. on a legal dispute between the Catholic family Rosen and the Mennonite family Lemmen (because of insults): Rosen sued the (Electoral Cologne) Hüls court, Lemmen appealed in Neukirchen.
• Because of mutual denominational reservations, Hüls Catholics, Mennonites and Protestants could never agree on a uniform line towards Kurköln or Moers-Orange.

After Walburga's death, Moritz von Oranien enforced the Orange judiciary on the Hülsisch-Moersische Strasse in 1604.

• 1662: Amandus von Myllendonk pledges his inherited properties in Papenburg and in the Moersian part of Hüls to Margarethe von Mirbach, the widow of the general security officer of Nievenheim.
• 1665: The population list from 1665 lists 53 households in the Hülsisch-Moersische district, nine of them Mennonite families; the textile sector is represented with 34%, the trade with 17%, the handicraft with 15%, also agriculture with 15%. In addition to Catholic, Mennonite and Reformed households, there were Jewish families, some of whom have been handed down as butchers.
• 1700: In the Moersian part, a new street is built to expand the town (Neustraße, today Kauffmannsstraße)

Prussian times in the Hülsisch-Moersischen part

After the death of the Orange-born Wilhelm III on March 19, 1702, the Prussians took over the County of Moers and thus also its exclaves Krefeld and the Moers settlement part of Hüls.

• 1768: Prussia orders Moersische Strasse to the Krefeld court.
• 1733: Baron von Asbeck, Nievenheim heir of the Papenburg property, sells the site; the castle is now in ruins. The actual Sohlstatt (the estate) is today a ground monument.

Since 1790 no Reformed or Mennonites have been included in tax lists in Hüls. Since expulsions are not written anywhere, it is possible that these were assimilated in the course of the Counter-Reformation that also began in Hüls or that they left the place because of unfavorable prospects.

Families Rosen / Roosen

The families Rosen (on the one hand) and Roosen (on the other hand) were of particular importance to Hüls. The lay judge family Roosen lived in the district of Electoral Cologne, the other, economically very successful in the 17th century (Rosen) in the district of Moers. According to tradition, immigrated from the county of Moers as "Catholic religious refugees", later head of Moersische Strasse.

• The Roosen family from the part of the Electorate of Cologne goes back to H. Stolzenhauer, who married an E. tho Middels, heiress of the Gasthaus zur "groossen Roes" at Hülser Markt. Peter Constantin Roosen from this line founded the Seidenmanufactur Roosen & Co. in 1760, which after the economic upswing around 1780 employed house weavers in Hüls, St. Tönis and Wachtendonk and had trade connections as far as Italy.

• In 1784 the two families were united through marriage.
• Anno Laurentz Roosen was the last bailiff of Hüls (1770 to 1798)

Wars and occupations

Both Hüls districts were exposed to acts of war and troop occupations several times from the 17th century.

• 1583: Beginning of the Truchsessian War. Archbishop Gebhard Truchseß von Waldburg had converted to Protestantism (in order to marry his mistress, the Protestant Countess von Mansfeld) but wanted to remain elector and archbishop. In the resulting war (also the Cologne War), Count Adolf von Neuenahr, who was allied with the Truchseß, occupied and fortified Hüls in 1583.

Battle of Hüls (1583) drawing by the artist Franz Hogenberg from the 16th century

For a detailed description see

→ Main article : Battle of Hüls (1583)

• Tradition tells of a limping horse which the besieged Reformed soldiers, laden with images of saints, drove to the besiegers; they drove it back loaded with a gallows.
• The Catholic camp under the Auxiliary Bishop Friedrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg storms in vain against Hüls in the battle of Hüls (mainly in the area Lookdyck / Orbroich / Vinnbrück ) and is defeated by the Moersern as this external reinforcement.
• 1583 to 1590: after the battle both parties take turns in possession of Hüls several times; There is looting and devastation, the church and steeple are damaged by fire - the monastery priests flee to Kempen for a few years.

• 1601: Orange troops occupy Hüls.
• 1619: The core town is "separated" from Moersische Strasse by a wall on the border with Gatz (Mittelstrasse / am Beckshof) with a small passage through it. This limit was retained until the end of the feudal period.
• 1621: Spanish troops of General Spinola unite with the troops of Count Heinrich van den Bergh in Hüls and after 6 days break out from there against the state (Dutch) troops.

Detail of a Tranchot map from 1807; shows in the lower area the electoral Cologne district, above the Moersisch-Oranische, which is largely populated at this time. The courtyard row of the Brusterhöfe can be seen at the top.

The Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648 also left its mark in Hüls in individual skirmishes and troop marches.

• 1624: Elector Ferdinand allows the partially destroyed fortifications of the Electoral Cologne district that were already in place during the Truchsessian War to be moderately expanded and gates to be built.
• 1636: Elector Ferdinand pledged the high jurisdiction (including pensions and inclines) in the electoral district of Cologne to one of the noble heirs of Hüls, Wilhelm von Metternich zu Schweppenburg, for 800 thalers until 1667.
• 1642: With the Hessian War, the Thirty Years' War also reached Hüls. On the area between St. Tönis, Kempen and Hüls, a battle takes place on the Hülser Heyde between the imperial under General Lamboy and the Hessian-Weimar-French troops under Count Guebriant; whose troops win and pillage Hüls.
• 1701 to 1714: During the War of the Spanish Succession, Hüls once again experienced troops moving through and billeting. In 1712, 200 grenadiers from Margrave Albrecht's regiment celebrated their conquest of the city of Moers in Hüls.
• 1756 to 1763: In the Seven Years' War, with Prussia and Great Britain / Kurhannover on the one hand, and the Austrian Habsburg monarchy with France and Russia on the other, almost all major European powers of that time fought.

• 1758: The Prussians form in Hüls; then they defeat the French in the battle of the - southwest located - Hückelsmey .

Green sea leaf with stem - today's coat of arms of Hüls

French period from 1792 / end of the glory of Hül

As French period the 1792-1815 by the impact of which is the French Revolution dominated epoch called.

• 1794: In the left Lower Rhine area of ​​Germany, French revolutionary troops begin to occupy villages and towns. The French also quartered in Hüls and set up a hospital in the Hüls convent monastery.
• 1798: in Hüls introduction of the French administrative organization - formation of the Maire de Hüls (union with the Hülsisch-Moersischen Strasse and Benrad) - belonging to the canton of Kempen, abolition of the Hüls jury
• In 1802 the French secularized both Hüls monasteries and released the sisters.
• In 1860 the sovereign rights of the nobility are abolished - the previous Hüls lordships lose their possessions or sell their properties.

This ends the historical glory of Hül.

After the rise of Napoleon in 1799 (on the 19th Brumaire VIII of the revolutionary era) and his subsequent defeat as emperor, the borders in Europe were redefined at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. The Rhineland - and with it the municipality of Hüls - come to the Kingdom of Prussia.

See also

• Hüls Castle
• Hüls (Krefeld)
• Hölsch plot
• Hülser Berg

References and literature

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Hans Kaiser: formation of territories in ... Kempen, Oedt, Linn / Hüls - allod in the hand of ministerials . Verlagshaus Lapp, Mönchengladbach 1979 / pp. 147–148.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Werner Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / gentlemen from Hüls 1100–1565 / page 16f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Werner Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / successor families 1565–1798 / page 35f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
4. ↑ Hülser Heimatblätter 2015, issue 62; Paul Schumacher in: The Hüls House. Pages 941–943, Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Söhne, publisher: Heimatverein Hüls eV, Krefeld 2015.
5. ↑ Hülser Heimatblätter 2015, issue 62; Paul Schumacher in: The Hüls House. Pages 941–943, Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Söhne, publisher: Heimatverein Hüls eV, Krefeld 2015.
6. ↑ Hülser Heimatblätter 2015, issue 62; Paul Schumacher in: Das Haus Hüls, pages 941–943, Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Söhne, publisher: Heimatverein Hüls eV, Krefeld 2015.
7. ↑ Hülser Heimatblätter 2015, issue 62; Paul Schumacher in: Das Haus Hüls, pages 941–943, Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Söhne, publisher: Heimatverein Hüls eV, Krefeld 2015.
8. ↑ Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - The Lords of Hüls / page 468f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-6- 2 .
9. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (Hrsg.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - court situations / page 475f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-6-2 .
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Werner Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / successor families 1565–1798 / page 21f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
11. ↑ Catholic parish Hüls (Hrsgb) 125 years of new parish church St. Cyriakus . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1995.
12. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - Parish Hüls and Köster / Page 477f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181- 6-2 .
13. ^ Wolfgang Wegner: Rüdiger zu Dijk. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1273.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - Church and Monasteries / Page 480f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-6 -2 .
15. ↑ ^{a b} Herbert select: Riflemen in Hüls - in Hülser Mitteilungen No. 47 / page 469f. Publisher H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls, 2000.
16. ↑ Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - The Lords of Hüls / Page 473f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-6- 2 .
17. ^ ^{A b} Hans Kaiser: formation of territories in ... Kempen, Oedt, Linn / Hüls - allod in the hand of ministerials. Chapter stock book . Verlagshaus Lapp, Mönchengladbach 1979 / pp. 150–151.
18. ^ ^{A b} Hans Kaiser: formation of territories in ... Kempen, Oedt, Linn / Hüls - allod in the hand of ministerials. Chapter stock book . Verlagshaus Lapp, Mönchengladbach 1979 / pp. 152–153.
19. ↑ ^{a b c d} Josef Lichtenberg: Farms of the Steeg farming community - in Hülser Mitteilungen No. 22 / page 128f . Publisher H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1975.
20. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 1. Guido Rotthoff - The Middle Ages / VIII Hüls - Benrad, Orbroich / page 483f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-6 -2 .
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / Herren von Hüls after 1565 / page 129f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
22. ↑ ^{a b c} Feinendegen / Vogt (Hrsg.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate Cologne / Page 635f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181-7-0 .
23. ↑ Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate of Cologne / Page 642f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181 -7-0 .
24. ↑ Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate of Cologne / Page 652f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181 -7-0 .
25. ^ Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / Herren von Hüls after 1565 / page 80f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
26. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate of Cologne / Page 645f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3 -9804181-7-0 .
27. ↑ Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate of Cologne / Page 648f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3-9804181 -7-0 .
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Mellen: Hüls - a chronicle / Herren von Hüls after 1565 / page 89f . Verlag H. Kaltenmeier Sons, Krefeld-Hüls 1998, ISBN 3-9804002-1-2 .
29. ↑ ^{a b} Feinendegen / Vogt (ed.): Krefeld - the history of the city, Volume 2. Dieter Hangebruch - The rule of Hüls in the 17th and 18th centuries / Electorate of Cologne / Page 6455f, Verlag van Ackeren, Krefeld 2000, ISBN 3 -9804181-7-0 .
30. ^ Karl Hirschberg: Historical journey through the county of Moers Publisher: Steiger, Moers, 1975, p. 72.