Heterosmilax

Heterosmilax
	Heterosmilax japonica
Systematics
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Stingray family (Smilacaceae)
Genre :	Heterosmilax
Scientific name
	Heterosmilax
	Kunth

The plant genus Heterosmilax belongs to the family of the mosquito family (Smilacaceae). The approximately 13 species occur in tropical and subtropical Asia .

description

Appearance and leaves

Heterosmilax species grow as evergreen, more or less woody, perennial climbing plants . They form rhizomes or tubers as permanent organs. The bare stem axis is not reinforced with spines (in contrast to Smilax ).

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is winged in the lower or upper area depending on the species and has an abscission separation zone above the base and two tendrils in the lower area . The simple and entire leaf blades are usually ovate or elongated-lanceolate. There is a network-like nerve with five to nine main nerves, the outermost ones running along the leaf margin.

Inflorescences and flowers

Heterosmilax species are dioecious, separate sexes ( dioecious ). In the axils of foliage leaves or scale-like bracts , dold-like inflorescences that contain many flowers stand over mostly flattened inflorescence axes . The unisexual, relatively small flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. The bracts are fused to form a bottle-shaped tube that opens only with three short bract teeth. In the male flowers there are usually three or six, rarely nine or twelve, fertile stamens . The stamens are fused in the lower area or along their entire length and form a "synandrium". The egg-shaped anthers are free and point inwards. In the female flowers are three carpels an upper constant, dreikammerigen ovary grown. There are one or two ovules per ovary chamber . The female flowers contain three sessile, short stigmas, which are usually curved back, and three or six needle-shaped staminodes .

Fruits and seeds

The fleshy, spherical berries turn black when ripe and contain one to six seeds. The dark brown seeds have an oily endosperm .

Chromosome numbers

In three examined species, n = 16 and diploidy were determined as basic chromosome numbers .

ingredients

There are saponins present.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Heterosmilax was established in 1850 by Karl Sigismund Kunth in Enumeratio Plantarum Omnium Hucusque Cognitarum , 5, p. 270. Type species is Heterosmilax japonica Kunth . The generic name Heterosmilax is made up of hetero for different and the generic name Smilax ; this refers to the fact that these two genera are similar, but differ. Synonyms for Heterosmilax Kunth are: Oligosmilax Seem. , Pseudosmilax Hayata .

The genus Heterosmilax belongs to the Smilacaceae family , previously it was classified in the Liliaceae family. A revision of the genus Heterosmilax was made by Tetsuo Koyama in A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Heterosmilax (Smilacaceae) in Brittonia , Vol. 36, No. 2, 1984, pp. 184-205. Incorporation into the Smilax genus is controversial. According to R. Govaerts, the species belong to the genus Smilax .

The Heterosmilax species are common in tropical and subtropical Asia. There are about eight species in China, four of them only there.

There are about 13 species of Heterosmilax :

Heterosmilax borneensis A.DC. (Syn .: Smilax sumatrensis (A.DC.) P.Li & CXFu ): It occurs in Borneo.
Heterosmilax chinensis F.T.Wang : It thrives in dense forests and thickets along valleys at altitudes between 300 and 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Sichuan and Yunnan .
Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maxim. : It occurs in Vietnam , China and Taiwan .
Heterosmilax japonica Kunth : It occurs in northeastern India , Bhutan , China, Taiwan and Japan .
Heterosmilax longiflora K.Y.Guan & Noltie : This endemic thrives on forested hills only in Xishuangbanna Dai Zu Zizhizhou in southern Yunnan.
Heterosmilax micrandra T.Koyama : It thrives in dense forests at altitudes between 400 and 500 meters only in southern Hainan .
Heterosmilax micrantha (flower) Bakh.f. (Syn .: Smilax micrantha flower ): It occurs on Java .
Heterosmilax paniculata Gagnep. (Syn .: Smilax paniculata (Gagnep.) P.Li & CXFu ): It occurs from Cambodia to Vietnam.
Heterosmilax pertenuis (T.Koyama) T.Koyama (Syn .: Smilax pertenuis T.Koyama ): It is native to Thailand .
Heterosmilax polyandra Gagnep. : It occurs in India, Laos , Thailand and southern Yunnan.
Heterosmilax seisuiensis (Hayata) FTWang & Tang : It only thrives in Taiwan at altitudes of around 1300 meters.
Heterosmilax septemnervia F.T.Wang & Tang : It occurs in China and Vietnam.
Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. : This endemic occurs only in Binchuan Xian in western Yunnan.

swell

Liang Songyun (梁松筠) & Tetsuo Koyama: Heterosmilax , p. 115 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5 (Description and Distribution Sections)
Tetsuo Koyama in A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Heterosmilax (Smilacaceae) in Brittonia , Volume 36, No. 2, 1984, pp. 184-205. (Sections Description and Systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Liang Songyun (梁松筠) & Tetsuo Koyama: Heterosmilax , p. 115 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven ( Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tetsuo Koyama in A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Heterosmilax (Smilacaceae) in Brittonia , Volume 36, No. 2, 1984, pp. 184-205.
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ ^a ^b Heterosmilax at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 30, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heterosmilax. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 30, 2018.
^ Heterosmilax in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 30, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Heterosmilax - collection of images, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Liang Songyun (梁松筠) & Tetsuo Koyama: Heterosmilax , p. 115 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven ( Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5

[Koyama1984-2] Tetsuo Koyama in A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Heterosmilax (Smilacaceae) in Brittonia , Volume 36, No. 2, 1984, pp. 184-205.

[biodiversitylibrary-3] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-4] Heterosmilax at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 30, 2013.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Heterosmilax. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 30, 2018.

[GRIN-6] Heterosmilax in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 30, 2013.