Humiriaceae
| Humiriaceae | ||||||||||||
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Vantanea guianensis , illustration |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Humiriaceae | ||||||||||||
| A.Juss. |
The Humiriaceae are a family in the order of the Malpighiales (Malpighiales) within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). With the exception of one species, all around 50 to 55 species occur only in the Neotropic . Many species are used by humans.
description
Appearance and leaves
They are evergreen woody plants ranging in size from small shrubs to large trees . The secondary growth in thickness is based on a conventional cambium ring . The cork cambium is initially superficial. The young branches are angular.
The alternate and spiral or two-lined leaves on the branches are divided into a short petiole and a leaf blade. The leaves can smell aromatic. The leathery leaf blades are simple with pinnate and reticulate veins. The leaf margins are smooth, notched or serrated. The stomata are anomocytic or paracytic. If stipules are present then they are only small and fall off early.
Inflorescences and flowers
Mostly zymous partial inflorescences are arranged in lateral or rarely terminal panicle total inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers radial symmetry or something zygomorph and fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The five durable sepals are fused in the lower area to a thick tube or cup; the free part consists of five or three (because often two are suppressed) calyx lobes. The five thick petals are free and stand together like roof tiles or twisted; they can be permanent or ephemeral. There are 10 to 30 or in Vantanea 40 to 100 stamens . The stamens (filaments) standing in one to five circles are fused together over a large part of their length to form a tube or bundles, but they are not fused with the petals. All of the stamens can be fertile or some of them have been converted to staminodes . The pollen grains usually have three or seldom apertures and are seldom porous or mostly colporated. There is an intrastaminal disc.
Usually five (four to seven) carpels are fused to form an upper, (four to seven) mostly five- chamber ovary. Each ovary chamber has one or two pendulous, epitrope or anatropic, bitegmic, crassinucellate ovules . The stylus ends in a (four to seven) mostly five-lobed or rarely simple scar.
The mostly one, rarely two-seeded stone fruit has a more or less fleshy exocarp and a woody endocarp , which is often carved through channels, these channels can be filled with resinous substances. The seeds have an abundant oily endosperm and a slightly curved or straight embryo. The fruits are eaten by rodents (Rodentia), tapirs , primates , birds and bats , so the diaspores are spread through endochoria .
distribution
With the exception of a tropical West African species ( Sacoglottis gabonensis (Baill.) Urb. ), All other species occur only in the Neotropic . The center of biodiversity is the Amazon basin . They mainly thrive in lowland or mountain rainforests.
Different genera could be described in fossil form, but Herrera et al. 2010 discarded all fossil records outside of South America as non-family.
Systematics
Adrien Henri Laurent de Jussieu summarized in Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaires Flora Brasiliae meridionales (quarto ed.) 2, p. 87 the species of the genera Humirium (today Humiria ), Helleria (today classified in Vantanea ) and Sacoglottis together for the first time in the new Humiriaceae family. The Humiriaceae were previously placed as a subfamily in the Linaceae , but are now considered as an independent family. A synonym for Juss. is Houmiriaceae Juss.
The Humiriaceae family contains eight genera with about 50 to 55 species:
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Duckesia Cuatrec. : With the only kind:
- Duckesia verrucosa (Ducke) Cuatrec. : The homeland is northern Brazil .
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Endopleura Cuatrec. : With the only kind:
- Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. : The homeland is northern Brazil.
- Humiria Aubl. : With about four species in Colombia , Venezuela , Guiana , Suriname , French Guiana , Peru , Brazil.
- Humiriastrum (Urb.) Cuatrec. : With about twelve species in Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, French Guiana, Ecuador , Peru, Brazil and Bolivia .
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Hylocarpa Cuatrec. : With the only kind:
- Hylocarpa heterocarpa (Ducke) Cuatrec. : The homeland is northern Brazil.
- Sacoglottis Mart. : With about nine species in Costa Rica , Trinidad , St. Vincent , Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Suriname, French Guiana and Brazil.
- Schistostemon (Urb.) Cuatrec. : With about seven species in Venezuela, Guiana, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru and Brazil.
- Vantanea Aubl. : With about 16 species in Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, French Guiana, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia.
use
The wood is used by many species . The medicinal effects of some species have been studied; the bark and / or the leaves are used as drugs . They have edible fruits. The balsamic sap and the oil from the seeds are used.
swell
- The family of humiriaceae in APWebsite. (Section systematics and description)
- The Humiriaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
- Fabiany Herrera, Steven R. Manchester, Carlos Jaramillo, Bruce MacFadden, Silane A. da Silva-Caminha: Phytogeographic history and phylogeny of the Humiriaceae , In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 171, No. 4, 2010, p. 392 -408. (Section systematics, distribution and description)
- Luiz Carlos da Silva Giordano: Neotropical Humiriaceae at Neotropikey. (Section systematics, description and use)
Individual evidence
- ↑ First publication of the family name scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
- ↑ The Humariaceae at GRIN.
Supplementary literature
- José Cuatrecasas Arumi: A taxonomic revision of the Humiriaceae . In: Contributions from the United States Herbarium , Vol. 35, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1961
- Urania plant kingdom, flowering plants 1 from The large colored encyclopedia Urania plant kingdom , Berlin, Urania-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-332-01169-3
- Pérez-Consuegra, N., Góngora, DE, Herrera, F., Jaramillo, C., Montes, C., Cuervo-Gómez, AM, Hendy, A., Machado, A., Cárdenas, D., Bayona, G . (2018). New records of Humiriaceae fossil fruits from the Oligocene and Early Miocene of the western Azuero Peninsula, Panamá. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana , 223.
