Kunrei system

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The Kunrei system ( Japanese 訓令 式 , kunrei-shiki , German "ordinance system") is a transcription system for the Japanese script , which was ordered in 1937 by the Japanese government. Another name is Mombushō system ( 文部省 式 , Mombushō-shiki , from Mombu-shō , dt. Ministry of Education ), because it is used in the primary school books of the Ministry of Education. A revised version was issued in 1954 . The Kunrei system is a modified version of the Nippon system and was intended to help standardize the spelling with Latin characters. The system partially underlays some letters (s, t, d, h, z) sound values ​​that result from the Japanese systematics, but which they do not have anywhere else. It was standardized as ISO 3602 in 1989 by the International Organization for Standardization .

Japanese school children learn the Kunrei system first and then the Hepburn system .

Kunrei paraphrase for Hiragana and Katakana

a i u e O ya yu yo N
Individual graphs
( Gojuon ) 		Digraphs
( Yoon )
- あ ア a い イ i う ウ u え エ e お オ O ん ン n
k か カ ka き キ ki く ク ku け ケ ke こ コ ko き ゃ キ ャ kya き ゅ キ ュ kyu き ょ キ ョ kyo
s さ サ sa し シ si す ス see below せ セ se そ ソ so し ゃ シ ャ sya し ゅ シ ュ syu し ょ シ ョ syo
t た タ ta ち チ ti つ ツ do て テ te と ト to ち ゃ チ ャ tya ち ゅ チ ュ tyu ち ょ チ ョ tyo
n な ナ n / A に ニ ni ぬ ヌ nu ね ネ no の ノ no に ゃ ニ ャ nya に ゅ ニ ュ nyu に ょ ニ ョ nyo
H は ハ Ha ひ ヒ Hi ふ フ hu へ ヘ hey ほ ホ ho ひ ゃ ヒ ャ hya ひ ゅ ヒ ュ hyu ひ ょ ヒ ョ hyo
m ま マ ma み ミ mi む ム must め メ me も モ mo み ゃ ミ ャ mya み ゅ ミ ュ myu み ょ ミ ョ myo
y や ヤ ya ゆ ユ yu よ ヨ yo
r ら ラ ra り リ ri る ル ru れ レ re ろ ロ ro り ゃ リ ャ rya り ゅ リ ュ ryu り ょ リ ョ ryo
w わ ワ wa ゐ ヰ ゑ ヱ を ヲ
Single graphs with diacritics
( Gojūon with Dakuten and Handakuten ) 		Digraphs with diacritics
( Yōon with Dakuten and Handakuten )
G が ガ ga ぎ ギ gi ぐ グ gu げ ゲ ge ご ゴ go ぎ ゃ ギ ャ gya ぎ ゅ ギ ュ gyu ぎ ょ ギ ョ gyo
z ざ ザ za じ ジ zi ず ズ to ぜ ゼ ze ぞ ゾ zo じ ゃ ジ ャ zya じ ゅ ジ ュ zyu じ ょ ジ ョ zyo
d だ ダ there ぢ ヂ づ ヅ で デ de ど ド do ぢ ゃ ヂ ャ ぢ ゅ ヂ ュ ぢ ょ ヂ ョ
b ば バ ba び ビ bi ぶ ブ bu べ ベ be ぼ ボ bo び ゃ ビ ャ bya び ゅ ビ ュ byu び ょ ビ ョ byo
p ぱ パ pa ぴ ピ pi ぷ プ pu ぺ ペ pe ぽ ポ po ぴ ゃ ピ ャ pya ぴ ゅ ピ ュ pyu ぴ ょ ピ ョ pyo


Alternative spelling

The alternative spelling may (according to the order) be used where this spelling has become naturalized abroad, i.e. usually according to the Hepburn system .

  • し - shi
    • し ゃ , し ゅ , し ょ - sha , shu , sho
  • つ - tsu
  • ち - chi
    • ち ゃ , ち ゅ , ち ょ - cha , chu , cho
  • ふ - fu
  • じ - ji
    • じ ゃ , じ ゅ , じ ょ - yes , ju , jo
  • ぢ , づ - di , you
    • ぢ ゃ , ぢ ゅ , ぢ ょ - dya , dyu , dyo
  • か - kwa
  • が - gwa
  • を - where

Long vowels

Long vowels are marked with a macron (¯). Due to the lack of a macron in some keyboard layouts , in which it cannot be generated with certain key combinations, a circumflex (^) is often used. (The German standard keyboard layout T2 contains the macron as the dead key AltGr + Tand thus enables the correct use of the Kunrei system.)

The following vowel combinations are used to represent long vowels within a word:

A + A

  • お 婆 さ ん（お ば あ さ ん）: o + ba + a + sa + n = obāsan - grandma

I + I

  • 新潟（に い が た）: ni + i + ga + ta = Nīgata - Niigata
  • 美味 し い（お い し い）: o + i + si + i = oisī - tasty
  • お 爺 さ ん（お じ い さ ん）: o + zi + i + sa + n = ozīsan - grandpa

U + U

  • 数学（す う が く）: su + u + ga + ku = sūgaku - mathematics
  • 注意（ち ゅ う い）: tyu + u + i = tyūi - caution

E + I

In Sino-Japanese words (onyomi), e + i becomes a long ē :

  • 学生（が く せ い）: ga + ku + se + i = gakusē - student
  • 経 験（け い け ん） ke + i + ke + n = kēken - experience
  • 制服（せ い ふ く）: se + i + hu + ku = sēhuku - uniform

There is no contraction for words of Japanese origin :

  • 姪（め い）: me + i = my - niece
  • 招 い て（ま ね い て）: ma + ne + i + te = maneite - call and then

E + E

  • お 姉 さ ん（お ね え さ ん）: o + ne + e + sa + n = onēsan - (older) sister

O + U

  • 学校（が っ こ う）: ga + (t) + ko + u = gakkō - school
  • 東京（と う き ょ う）: to + u + kyo + u = Tōkyō - Tokyo
  • 勉強（べ ん き ょ う）: be + n + kyo + u = benkyō - learn
  • 電報（で ん ぽ う）: de + n + po + u = denpō - telegram
  • 金曜日（き ん よ う び）: ki + n + yo + u + bi = kin'yōbi - (day of the week of Venus ) Friday

O + O

  • 大船（お お ふ な）: o + o + hu + na = Ōhuna - Ōfuna
  • 遠 回 り（と お ま わ り）: to + o + ma + wa + ri = tōmawari - detour

In the case of capital letters, the vowels can also be strung together:

  • 大阪（お お さ か）: o + o + sa + ka = Ōsaka or Oosaka - Osaka

Further writing rules

End- n (ん)

The ending nん (Katakana: ン) is always written as n .

  • 音 楽（お ん が く）: ongaku - music
  • 勉強（べ ん き ょ う）: benkyô - learn
  • 新聞（し ん ぶ ん）: sinbun - newspaper
  • 電報（で ん ぽ う）: denpô - telegram

If a vowel or y-sound comes after an n , an apostrophe is used to avoid ambiguity.

  • 金曜日（き ん よ う び）: kin'yôbi - Friday
  • 慎 一（し ん い ち）: Sin'iti - Shin'ichi (name)
  • 四日（し に ち）: siniti - four days

Small tsu (っ)

The darning sound, which is indicated by the small tsuっ (Katakana: ッ), is written with a doubling of consonants:

  • 学校（が っ こ う）: gakkô - school
  • 日本（に っ ぽ ん）: Nippon - Japan (ancient pronunciation; 日本 is usually read に ほ ん ( Nihon ))
  • 仰 る（お っ し ゃ る）: ossyaru - say (politely)
  • 一致（い っ ち）: itti - match

Capitalization

The beginning of a sentence and proper names are capitalized. Nouns can be capitalized.

  • 私 は 学校 に 行 き ま す（わ た し は が っ こ う に い き ま す）。 : Watasi wa gakkō / Gakkō ni ikimasu. - I go to school now.
  • こ こ は 横 浜 で す（こ こ は よ こ は ま で す）。 : Koko wa Yokohama desu. - This is Yokohama .

See also